水平电偶极源层状模型垂直磁场全区视电阻率计算方法

利用水平电偶极源层状模型电磁场公式系统计算了不同收发距、不同层状地电模型的电磁场分量,给出了由循环互相关法辨识出频率响应,并计算全区视电阻率的方法.利用水平电场Ex分量和垂直磁场Hz分量计算了全区视电阻率,与层状模型大地电磁测深卡尼亚视电阻率和可控源音频大地电磁测深卡尼亚视电阻率进行比较,水平电场Ex分量和垂直磁场Hz分量全区视电阻率均能很好地反映出地电特征,且垂直磁场Hz分量全区视电阻率与层状模型大地电磁测深卡尼亚电阻率在低频段有相似的频率响应特征.对于大埋深基底,Hz分量全区视电阻率在小收发距条件下就能有较好的响应.垂直磁场分量进入近区的频率低于水平电场进入近区的频率,更有利于在小收发距条件下进行大深度勘探.     

Spatial distribution of nitrate and related factors in the High Plains Aquifer,Texas

Utilizing geographic information systems (GIS) and statistics, objectives of this study were to evaluate: (a) the spatial distribution of nitrate concentrations in groundwater, and (b) associations between nitrate concentrations and: proximity to playa lakes, hydraulic conductivity of soil, well depth, and land use in the High Plains Aquifer, Texas. Data were compiled from wells sampled during 2000–2008. Nitrate concentrations in approximately 9% of wells exceeded the maximum contaminant level for drinking water. Concentrations were generally higher beneath urban and agricultural land, under permeable soil, and in shallow wells (especially in the southern part of the study area). However, concentrations were lower near playa lakes. While playas focus recharge to groundwater, denitrification in reducing environments lower nitrate concentrations beneath them. This study identifies areas vulnerable to nitrate contamination that warrant continued monitoring and mitigation efforts.     

Thermal decay of carbonate dimension stones: fabric,physical and mechanical changes

This paper deals with the effects of thermal stresses on selected carbonate rocks used as dimension stones. They are Mesozoic calcareous and dolomitic rocks cropping out in Apulia (southern Italy) that, for their physico-mechanical and aesthetic properties, have always been finding a large application both as ornamental stones and as simple construction materials; their use is attested not only in Italy, in works of archaeological, historical and artistic interest too. The cause–effect relationships of thermal degradation were studied by means of an artificial accelerated ageing test, in order to provide a perspective about the decay of carbonate stones due to diurnal and seasonal temperature fluctuations, as well as thermal shocks during events of fire development. The stone samples were subjected to thermal cycles in a muffle furnace, ranging from 100 to 700 °C; after each cycle, several non-destructive and semi-destructive tests were carried out: mass and volume measurements, mercury intrusion porosimetry, sclerometer tests, ultrasonic tests, thin-section observations and determination of chromatic alterations through image analysis and Munsell charts method. In this way, the qualitative and quantitative modifications induced in fabric, physical and mechanical properties were discussed. The results highlight the fundamental role of depositional and diagenetic fabric that, together with mineralogical composition, represents the most significant discriminating factor in the response of the stone to thermal stresses.     

Occurrence of rare borate minerals: Veatchite-A,tunellite, teruggite and cahnite in the Emet borate deposits,Turkey

The Emet borate deposits were formed in two separate basins, possibly part of an interconnected lacustrine playa lake, in areas of volcanic activity, fed partly by thermal springs and partly by surface streams. The borates are interlayered with tuff, clay and marl. Limestone occurs above and below the borate lenses. Sediments in both basins are similar but borate minerals show different mineralogical and geochemical features in the two basins.The Emet borate deposits are the only deposits known to contain any of the minerals veatchite-A, tunellite, teruggite and cahnite. Principal minerals are colemanite, with minor ulexite, hydroboracite and meyerhofferite.Thermal springs associated with local volcanic activity are thought to be the source of the borates. The initial brines from which the borates crystallized are deduced to have been high in sulphite and sulphate, low in chloride, and hence it is assumed that the initial brines were fed at all times by abundant calcium and boron with minor amounts of arsenic, strontium and sulphur. Realgar, celestite and native sulphur are almost ubiquitous in borates and sediments, and appear to have formed at all stages during deposition and diagenesis.The early colemanite, meyerhofferite, ulexite and teruggite nodules were probably formed directly from brines penecontemporaneously within the unconsolidated sediments below the sediment/water interface, and continued to grow as the sediments were compacted. Later generations of colemanite occur in vugs, veins and as fibrous margins to colemanite nodules. Tunellite appears to have formed during diagenesis with enrichment of Sr in some places. Diagenetic alterations include the partial replacement of colemanite by veatchite-A, cahnite, hydroboracite and calcite.     

新疆库米什盆地硝酸盐型盐湖中锶离子迁移富集规律研究

新疆库米什盆地是典型的硝酸盐型盐湖分布区,盆内盐湖中Sr2+的含量明显比新疆其他盐湖要高,但对该地区盐湖中Sr2+的迁移富集规律尚未开展深入研究.本文以库米什盆地硝酸盐型盐湖为研究对象,探讨了研究区硝酸盐型盐湖中Sr2+的迁移富集规律.研究结果表明:①库米什盆地水体和沉积物中的Sr2+均具有自北西至南东向逐渐迁移富集的...     

Calciturbidite composition related to exposure and flooding of a carbonate platform (Triassic, Eastern Alps)

The compositional variation of calciturbidites (Pedata/Pötschen Formation), deposited adjacent to the Dachstein Formation carbonate platform in the Triassic Hallstatt Basin, was analysed using detailed field measurements and point-counting of thin sections. The 35 m long section is located in the Northern Calcareous Alps of Austria. Six point-count groups were distinguished separating basinal from platform-derived input. Summary statistics, cluster and correspondence analysis of the point-count data reveals a close relationship between the biota present on the Dachstein carbonate platform and the calciturbidite composition. The variations in turbidite composition are attributed to fluctuations in sea level and resulting flooding and exposure of the platform, which alternately created and destroyed shallow-water habitats on the platform top.     

Stratigraphic position and significance of carbonate rocks related to neoproterozoic glacial horizons of the Urals

Some Neoproterozoic glacial deposits of the Urals associate with cap carbonates and carbonateterrigenous members. In addition, carbonate lenses and layers are observed in glacial series. Cap carbonates are characterized by quite variable textures and structures; because of this, it is considered that they were formed under different conditions and in the course of various processes accompanying glaciations and deglaciations. Cap carbonates have a regional stratigraphic significance. Multiplicity and complex age structure of glacial events in the Neoproterozoic do not allow us to apply cap carbonates for interregional correlations and construction of the general stratigraphic scale of the Neoproterozoic without additional biostratigraphic, geochronological, and chemostratigraphic control.     

The effect of drying and wetting cycles on the mechanical properties and particle breakage of carbonate sand

Acta Geotechnica - For islands in marine environments, groundwater levels vary due to the influence of tides. As a result, the external environment of backfilled carbonate sands on islands...     

Chemical and boron isotopic compositions of tourmaline from the Paleoproterozoic Houxianyu borate deposit,NE China: Implications for the origin of borate deposit

The Houxianyu borate deposit in northeastern China is one of the largest boron sources of China, hosted mainly in the Paleoproterozoic meta-volcanic and sedimentary rocks (known as the Liaohe Group) that are characterized by high boron concentrations. The borate ore-body has intimate spatial relationship with the Mg-rich carbonates/silicates of the Group, with fine-grained gneisses (meta-felsic volcanic rocks) as main country rocks. The presence of abundant tourmalinites and tourmaline-rich quartz veins in the borate orebody provides an opportunity to study the origin of boron, the nature of ore-forming fluids, and possible mineralization mechanism. We report the chemical and boron isotopic compositions of tourmalines from the tourmaline-rich rocks in the borate deposit and from the tourmaline-bearing fine-grained gneisses.Tourmalines from the fine-grained gneisses are chemically homogeneous, showing relatively high Fe and Na and low Mg, with δ¹¹B values in a narrow range from +1.22‰ to +2.63‰. Tourmalines from the tourmaline-rich rocks, however, commonly show compositional zoning, with an irregular detrital core and a euhedral overgrowth, and have significantly higher Mg, REE (and more pronounced positive Eu anomalies), V (229–1852 ppm) and Sr (208–1191 ppm) than those from the fine-grained gneisses. They show varied B isotope values ranging from +4.51‰ to +12.43‰, which plot intermediate between those of the terrigenous sediments and arc rocks with low boron isotope values (as represented by the δ¹¹B = +1.22‰ to +2.63‰ of the fine-grained gneisses of this study) and those of marine carbonates and evaporates with high boron isotope values. In addition, the rim of the zoned tourmaline shows notably higher Mg, Ti, V, Sn, and Pb, and REE (particularly LREEs), but lower Fe, Co, Cr, Ni, Zn, Mn, and lower δ¹¹B values than the core. These data suggest that (1) the sources of boron of the borate ore-body are mainly the Paleoproterozoic meta-volcanic and sedimentary rocks, and (2) the ore-forming fluids should be the high temperature metamorphic fluids related to the amphibolite-facies metamorphism of the Paleoproterozoic foldbelt, which leach boron from the boron-rich meta-volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Liaohe Group, and the boron-rich metamorphic fluids subsequently interacted with the marine Mg-rich carbonates and evaporates, forming borate deposit, the tourmaline overgrowth in the rim and the tourmaline-rich rocks.     

First principles simulations of the stability and structure of grain boundaries in Mg2SiO4 forsterite

Our understanding of how grain boundaries (GBs) can dramatically influence key mineral properties such as creep and diffusion depends on knowledge of their detailed atomic and electronic structures. For this purpose, we simulate different types of tilt GBs, (0l1)/[100], (1l0)/[001] and (012)/[100] modeled with stepped and non-stepped surfaces in Mg₂SiO₄ forsterite using a first-principles approach based on density functional theory. Our results suggest that several configurations arising from Mg-terminated planes with tilt angles ranging from 16° to 67° are energetically competitive over the entire pressure regime (0–17 GPa) studied. At the ambient pressure, the predicted important features of the boundaries include distorted bonds (Si–O and Mg–O distances changed by 1 and 4 %, respectively), coordination defects (four and fivefold Mg–O coordination), and void spaces (0.2–0.9 × 10^?10 m³/m²). Also, the interface induces splitting of electronic states from the conduction band and kinks at the top of the valence band. These structural and electronic features continue to exist at higher pressures. The formation enthalpy and excess volume for each boundary configuration studied were shown to systematically increase and decrease, respectively, with pressure. The predicted energy range (0.8–1.7 J/m² at zero pressure) widens by a factor of two at 17 GPa (1.1–2.8 J/m²). The presence of low-density and structurally distorted regions imply that these GBs can serve as primary impurity segregation sites, fast diffusion pathways, and electron-trapped regions, which all are relevant for mantle rheology.     

Nature of the diffusion, generation, and drift of the geomagnetic dipole from 1900 to 2010

It will be shown below that the main axial dipole component suffers magnetic diffusion only, so it tends to be diminished by a factor of e per 2110 years. This time interval allows us to specify the value of the core’s conductivity and estimate roughly the configuration for the current source of the axial dipole in the core and the minimal time before the upcoming inversion (excursion). The dipole component perpendicular to the axis of revolution is less than the main axial component by an order of magnitude, and has generating, drift, and diffusion components as well. This generating component is characterized by two intervals of growth by a factor of e, 98, and 540 years, which allow us to estimate the a-effect. The drifting component consists of differently directed waves enveloping the globe for 46 000 years, which leads to estimation of the w-effect. The nature of inversion dynamics is also estimated.     

Theories, principles, and methods for the statistical prediction of mineral deposits

The statistical prediction of mineral deposits can be described as follows:Basic Theories— (1) similarity-analogy, (2) differences and anomalies, (3) ore-forming factors, andBasic Principles— (1) comprehensive prediction, (2) relationship between the prediction scale and the parameter scale, (3) distribution of mineral parameters, (4) quantitative prediction, (5) assessment, and (6) discovery rate analysis, andBasic Methods.     

Vanadium,manganese and iron in the carbonate rocks of the Rohtas formation

The environmental conditions that prevailed during the formation of the Rohtas carbonates have been delineated on the basis of the Eh-pH diagrams for V, Mn, Fe⁺² and Fe⁺³ compounds. The high content of vanadium in the insoluble residue is indicative of the prevalence of reducing environment. During early-diagenesis manganese seems to have been mobilised from the soft sediments. Higher manganese content in the carbonates is a result of late-diagenesis. Prior to late diagenesis, ferric iron appears to have been precipitated from the waters while manganese remained in solution, and this process accounts for the low iron content of the carbonates.     

Some features of the evolution of carbonate accumulation in the earth’s history: Communication 1. Evolution of the intensity, mechanism, and setting of carbonate accumulation

Marine and oceanic carbonate accumulation during the Vendian-Cambrian was mostly controlled by the life activity of organisms, which either constructed skeletons and directly transferred carbonates into sediments or created geochemical environments favorable for the precipitation of the carbonate substance. During the first third of the Paleozoic, the chemogenic and biochemogenic mechanisms of limestone formation were replaced by the biogenic one. In the dolomite formation, to the contrary, the chemogenic mechanism progressively replaced the biochemogenic mechanism and its pseudobiogenic modification. The carbonate accumulation occurred in the cyclic mode and its intensity increased with time to reach its peak in the Late Cretaceous. The main paleogeographic domains of carbonate accumulation also experienced changes. They were mainly represented by spacious shelf seas in the Paleozoic; by intraoceanic shoals, reefs and pelagic realm in the Mesozoic; and by the pelagic realm and, to a lesser extent, reefs in the main Cenozoic.     

Bucket structure in carbonate accumulations of the Maldive, Chagos and Laccadive archipelagos

Peritidal platforms rimmed by reefs, and raised reefs rimming deep lagoons, are characteristic morphologies of the tropical carbonate factory; their geometry contrasts sharply with the seaward-sloping shelves of siliciclastic margins. The structure has been compared to a bucket—stiff reef rims holding a pile of loose sediment. Remote-sensing data from the Maldive, Chagos and Laccadive archipelagos of the Indian Ocean show that ring reefs with bucket structure are the dominant depositional pattern from patch reefs of tens of meters to archipelagos of hundreds of kilometers in diameter, that is, over more than 4 orders of magnitude in linear size. Over 2.5 orders of magnitude, the bucket structures qualify as statistical fractals, exhibiting self-similar patterns and size distributions following power laws. However, most regional or genetic subsets of the data follow lognormal distributions and small subsets of lagoon reefs exhibit exponential distributions. Seismic data and boreholes in the Maldives indicate that the bucket has been a dominant depositional motif since the Oligocene. Ecological and hydrodynamic studies on modern reefs suggest that the bucket structure is a form of biotic self-organization: the edge position in a reef is favored over the center position because bottom shear is higher and the diffusive boundary layer between reef and water thinner. Thus, the reef edge has easier access to nutrients and is less likely to be buried by sediment. The bucket structure reflects these conditions. Karst processes have accentuated the surface relief of the buckets, particularly in the late Quaternary.     

1998年中国科技期刊总被引频次前500名排行表

(据1999年10月中国科技期刊引证报告,仅列与地质学有关的部分期刊)期刊名称二l}}期刊名称关{期刊名称关期刊名称釜科学通报23721地球物理学报659{地质学报409}地质论评388地震学报357}l}地球科学377}岩土工程学报362}{地球化学349南京大学学报334}冰川冻土331.{岩矿测试326}地质科学316古生物学报309{石油学报303{岩石学报299!岩石力学与工程学报272第四纪研究265}…}石油勘探与开发204}{{地质实验室2361I中国科学D辑227地震地质220{」}石油地球物理勘探220沉积学报218}中山大学学报202非金属矿199}}地学前缘194!海洋地质与第四纪地质193北…     

塔北哈拉哈塘奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储层发育特征及主要岩溶期次

位于塔北隆起中部的哈拉哈塘地区,具有良好的油气成藏条件,是近期塔北油气勘探的突破新区,勘探的主要目标是奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储层。本文通过对区域沉积、构造演化背景的分析,利用钻井、岩芯、地震等资料,对本区岩溶型储层的沉积和成岩作用特征进行了研究,探讨了储层发育的主要岩溶阶段、岩溶模式及主控因素。结果表明哈拉哈塘地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储层的主体在一间房组和鹰山组一段,储集空间主要为近层状分布的溶蚀孔洞/洞穴和裂缝,岩溶储层的发育主要受控于一间房组沉积末期的准同生期岩溶和志留系沉积之前的表生期(潜山+顺层)岩溶。前一期岩溶具有区域分布较均匀、规模较小的特点;后一期岩溶在前期岩溶的基础上发育,并根据古地貌的差异在平面上分为4个区:北部Ⅰ区一间房组直接暴露,发育古潜山岩溶;Ⅱ区一间房组之上覆盖了厚度不等的吐木休克组、良里塔格组和桑塔木组,岩溶主要受控于河流和断裂的下切及由北部Ⅰ区地表水补给的地下水顺层岩溶;南部的Ⅲ区和Ⅳ区发育顺层及沿断裂的岩溶和淡水与南部海水的混合水岩溶。在以上两期主要岩溶作用的影响下,哈拉哈塘一间房组和鹰山组一段地层发育近层状岩溶洞穴、孔洞、角砾孔和裂缝,形态多变,具有极强的非均质性。     

Genesis of fragmental carbonate rocks in the Mesozoic and Tertiary of Mallorca,Spain

Fragmental carbonate rocks are common in the Mesozoic and Tertiary succession of Mallorca, in the western Mediterranean. On the Formentor peninsula at the northeastern end of the Sierra Norte, two phases of fragmentation post-date Liassic platform carbonate and its subsequent reworking, and predate deposition of marine Burdigalian sediments. Phase 1 fragmentation resulted in brecciated rocks with angular fragments often little displaced, cemented by coarse calcite. Brecciated rock passes into veined or unbrecciated rock over short distances. These breccias are interpreted as the products of collapse during solution of an evaporite after uplift during the early Tertiary. Phase 2 fragmentation is related to the unconformity with Miocene sediments and is interpreted as a product of karstic processes operating prior to subsidence and deposition of Miocene marine conglomerates. Multiple brecciation is common, yielding complex fragmental rocks, but permitting a relative dating of the two phases and other depositional and structural events.     

Dolomitization of the Upper Jurassic carbonate rocks in the Geneva Basin,Switzerland and France

The Upper Jurassic carbonates represent important potential targeted reservoirs for geothermal energy in the Geneva Basin (Switzerland and France). Horizons affected by dolomitization, the focus of the present study, are of particular interest because they proved to be productive in time-equivalent deposits currently exploited in Southern Germany. The study is based on sub-surface samples and outcrops in the Geneva Basin. Petrographic analyses allowed to constrain the paragenesis of the Upper Jurassic units prior to discussing the cause(s) and effect(s) of dolomitization. Data reveal that the facies are affected by early and late diagenesis. All samples show at least two stages of burial blocky calcite cementation with the exception of those from the sub-surface, which display an incomplete burial blocky cementation preserving primary intercrystalline porosity. Dolomitization affected all units. The results point to an early dolomitization event, under the form of replacement dolomite. Dedolomitization, through calcitization and/or dissolution, is an important process, creating secondary pore space. Results of the present study favor a reflux model for dolomitization rather than the mixing-zone model suggested in earlier work. However, considering the geodynamic context, other dolomitization models cannot be excluded for the subsurface. The presence of secondary pore space might contribute to the connectivity of the porous network providing enhanced reservoir properties. These results are a first step towards a better understanding of the diagenetic history of the Upper Jurassic in the Geneva Basin. Moreover, it provides a reasonable framework for further geochemical analyses to constrain the nature and timing of fluid migration. The paragenesis and the dolomitization model hold the potential to help in ongoing exploration for geothermal energy beyond the Geneva Basin.