阿尔泰南缘中泥盆统北塔山组火山岩的矿物学研究

阿尔泰山南缘中泥盆统北塔山组火山岩极为发育。本文对富辉橄玄岩和玄武岩中的单斜辉石和橄榄石斑晶进行了矿物化学分析,并结合矿物的地质温压计和岩浆结晶模拟,约束了两种岩石中矿物的形成过程,推测了原始岩浆的演化过程。提出富辉橄玄岩和玄武岩的原始岩浆属于拉斑玄武系列,富辉橄玄岩中的高压单斜辉石来源于深部（40～50 km）,其结晶早于橄榄石;玄武岩中单斜辉石大多属于岩浆房结晶产物（30～40km）,其结晶晚于橄榄石;两种岩石中橄榄石均属于岩浆房结晶产物（30～40 km）。     

徐淮早白垩世埃达克质岩中含橄榄石单斜辉石岩的成因及其岩石学意义

报道了徐淮地区早白垩世埃达克质岩中首次发现的含橄榄石单斜辉石岩捕虏体的岩相学与矿物化学资料, 该类捕虏体显示堆积结构、块状构造, 主要由单斜辉石(~80%)、斜方辉石(~5%)、橄榄石(~5%)和普通角闪石(~10%)组成.橄榄石外侧发育有斜方辉石反应边, 角闪石沿辉石粒间分布, 呈嵌晶结构.矿物化学分析结果表明: 橄榄石的镁橄榄石分子值(Fo)=77.7~79.3, Ni=623×10-6~773×10-6; 斜方辉石的Mg#=75.6~80.2, Cr=161×10-6~684×10-6, Ni=79×10-6~708×10-6; 单斜辉石的Mg#=84.5~86.4, CaO=21.59%~23.13%, Al₂O₃=1.72%~2.44%.上述矿物与中、新生代玄武岩中橄榄石、斜方辉石和单斜辉石斑晶以及堆积成因辉石岩中的斜方辉石和单斜辉石成分类似.此外, 单斜辉石的稀土配分型式以相对富含中稀土元素的上凸型为特征, 稀土元素含量较低(∑REE=10.14×10-6~12.71×10-6), 无明显的铕异常(δEu=0.90~1.16), 类似于新生代玄武岩中单斜辉石斑晶.捕虏体中的普通角闪石的Mg#=74.0~80.4、SiO₂=43.2%~44.5%、Na₂O=2.04%~2.29%, 稀土元素分馏不明显, 显示亏损高场强元素(HFSEs, 如Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf), 富集Sr、Rb、Ba的特征, 与新生代玄武岩中角闪石捕虏晶成分不同.结合其嵌晶结构, 普通角闪石应是寄主岩浆贯入结晶的产物.综合上述特征, 可以看出含橄榄石单斜辉石捕虏体为镁铁质岩浆高压堆晶成因.结合华北克拉通东部早白垩世双峰式火山岩组合的出现, 推断含橄榄石单斜辉石岩捕虏体可能是早白垩世基性岩浆底侵的产物.      

徐淮早白垩世埃达克质岩中含橄榄石单斜辉石岩的成因及其岩石学意义

报道了徐淮地区早白垩世埃达克质岩中首次发现的含橄榄石单斜辉石岩捕虏体的岩相学与矿物化学资料,该类捕虏体显示堆积结构、块状构造,主要由单斜辉石(~80%)、斜方辉石(~5%)、橄榄石(~5%)和普通角闪石(~10%)组成.橄榄石外侧发育有斜方辉石反应边,角闪石沿辉石粒间分布,呈嵌晶结构.矿物化学分析结果表明:橄榄石的镁橄榄石分子值(Fo)=77.7~79.3,Ni=623×10-6~773×10-6;斜方辉石的Mg#=75.6~80.2,Cr=161×10-6~684×10-6,Ni=79×10-6~708×10-6;单斜辉石的Mg#=84.5~86.4,CaO=21.59%~23.13%,Al2O3=1.72%~2.44%.上述矿物与中、新生代玄武岩中橄榄石、斜方辉石和单斜辉石斑晶以及堆积成因辉石岩中的斜方辉石和单斜辉石成分类似.此外,单斜辉石的稀土配分型式以相对富含中稀土元素的上凸型为特征,稀土元素含量较低(∑REE=10.14×10-6~12.71×10-6),无明显的铕异常(δEu=0.90~1.16),类似于新生代玄武岩中单斜辉石斑晶.捕虏体中的普通角闪石的Mg#=74.0~80.4、SiO2=43.2%~44.5%、Na2O=2.04%~2.29%,稀土元素分馏不明显,显示亏损高场强元素(HFSEs,如Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf),富集Sr、Rb、Ba的特征,与新生代玄武岩中角闪石捕虏晶成分不同.结合其嵌晶结构,普通角闪石应是寄主岩浆贯入结晶的产物.综合上述特征,可以看出含橄榄石单斜辉石捕虏体为镁铁质岩浆高压堆晶成因.结合华北克拉通东部早白垩世双峰式火山岩组合的出现,推断含橄榄石单斜辉石岩捕虏体可能是早白垩世基性岩浆底侵的产物.     

藏南桑单林地区晚白垩世—始新世砂岩物源区分析

阿尔泰山南缘晚古生代火山岩十分发育,其中中泥盆世北塔山组为一套以中基性火山岩为主的火山－沉积岩系,并且其下部发育少见的苦橄岩和富辉橄玄岩。北塔山组富辉橄玄岩和玄武岩中存在着三种类型的单斜辉石：大斑晶辉石、小斑晶辉石和基质辉石。这三种类型的辉石在成分上有明显的差异,从大斑晶辉石—小斑晶辉石核部—小斑晶辉石边部和基质辉石,成分由富镁、钙向富铁方向演化,显示出拉斑玄武系列的特点。根据单斜辉石-熔体平衡原理计算了富辉橄玄岩和玄武岩中斑晶相辉石形成的温度和压力,前者变化范围主要集中在1345～1366℃和1.75～2.05GPa,其深度相当于58－67km,平均的地温梯度大约20～24℃/km,说明该区具有异常的热或地温梯度,这可能是导致本区斑岩铜矿形成的主要原因之一;后者的温度和压力都相对较低,分别为1129～1191℃和1.19～1.60Gpa,而相应的深度为39～53km,暗示着玄武岩是在相对低温低压的环境中形成的演化岩浆。单斜辉石的成分指示了其构造背景为岛弧环境。     

阿尔泰山南缘中泥盆世苦橄岩中单斜辉石的成分特征及其地质意义

岛弧苦橄岩非常稀少,但在阿尔泰山南缘却分布有世界上罕见的中泥盆世厚大苦橄岩层。本文对该地区苦橄岩及其共生的玄武岩中单斜辉石的矿物化学成分进行了电子探针分析,结果表明,苦橄岩中的单斜辉石全部为透辉石,玄武岩中的单斜辉石种属有普通辉石和透辉石两类,但玄武岩中的单斜辉石成分呈连续演化关系。根据单斜辉石-熔体平衡原理计算了苦橄岩中单斜辉石斑晶形成的温度和压力,其变化范围主要集中在1350～1387℃和16.6～21.3kPa,相应的深度为55～70km,大致代表了苦橄岩岩浆房的深度。与此不同的是,玄武岩中单斜辉石斑晶结晶的深度较苦橄岩浅,为37～41km,暗示玄武岩浆是在相对低压条件下分离结晶后形成的演化岩浆。基于单斜辉石的成分和演化,确定了该地区火山岩属亚碱性系列,其构造背景为岛弧环境。     

湖南益阳早前寒武纪镁铁质-超镁铁质火山岩的Sm-Nd同位素年龄

益阳地区出露的似层状 -层状镁铁质 -超镁铁质火山岩的时代归属有不同的观点。研究认为其主要岩石类型为玄武质科马提岩和拉斑玄武岩。岩石地球化学和同位素年龄显示 :玄武质科马提岩 Sm-Nd全岩等时线年龄为 ( 3 0 2 8± 47) Ma,属中、新太古代洋中脊 -岛弧火山岩 ;拉斑玄武岩年龄为 ( 2 2 1 6± 3 8) Ma,属古元古代。这一结果揭示了早前寒武纪在古扬子微板块(川中微板块 )东南有多岛弧洋盆 ,湖南深部地壳有绿岩基底。     

桂北中元古代的科马提岩

桂北四堡群的科马提岩,自下而上分为堆晶带、鬣剌带和冷凝带。它们分别由辉石质科马提岩、具鬣刺结构的玄武质科马提岩和淬碎熔岩组成。与国外太古代绿岩带科马提岩对比,岩石化学成分、分带性、特有的鬣刺结构及区域变质特征、含矿性等方面亟相似。但我国华南元古代科马提岩也有自己的特点,产于元古代古大陆边缘,化学成分为超镁铁—镁铁质,且以镁铁质为主。     

闽中早—中元古代科马提岩

闽中下一中元古界东华组绿片岩原岩主要为一套超镁铁质-镁铁质火山岩。其岩石学特征、岩石化学特征、区域变质特征和国外太古代的科马提岩极为相似；和桂北、湖南益阳中元古代的科马提岩也可对比，但变质程度较高，达低角闪岩相。该绿片岩自下而上分别为辉石质科马提岩、玄武质科马提岩，并伴生有拉斑玄武岩。它和上部卓地组中酸性、酸性火山岩组成一套完整的岩浆演化系列，且具有双模式特征。闽中早一中元古代科马提岩产于拉张盆地的构造环境。     

塔里木盆地南北缘新生代火山岩成因及其地质意义

塔里木盆地南北缘几个地方的新生代火山岩类具有贫硅富碱、特别是富钾的特点 ,均属于碱性火成岩系列。大部分样品SiO2 质量分数低于 5 3% ,全碱质量分数大于 3%。按照全碱 SiO2 的关系 ,它们可以划分为 3种类型 :钾质碧玄岩钾质粗面玄武岩钾质碱性橄榄玄武岩类、钾质橄榄安粗岩粗面岩类和钾质粗面玄武岩橄榄玄武粗安岩安粗岩类。岩石普遍含有橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜长石与黑云母等矿物斑晶 ,部分火山岩中见有辉石、金云母、角闪石高压巨晶 ,岩石地球化学特征与幔源捕虏体和高压巨晶的产出表明它们具有原生岩浆的性质。岩石地球化学参数的变异趋势暗示岩浆起源于深部流体强烈活动的地幔环境 ,而不是受控于分离结晶作用。岩浆活动受控于印度 -亚洲大陆碰撞构造体制派生的大型走滑体制 ,与大陆裂谷、地幔柱和陆内俯冲作用无关。     

新疆东昆仑达拉库岸镁铁-超镁铁岩的矿物化学及其属性

达拉库岸镁铁-超镁铁岩位于东昆仑造山带南带之喀拉米兰晚古生代沟弧系,由二辉橄榄岩、单辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉石岩、单辉岩、含长辉石岩和辉长岩组成。单辉橄榄岩和橄榄辉石岩中橄榄石均为贵橄榄石(Fo=84.55~89.08),其MnO含量为0.13%~0.29%,NiO含量为0.09%~0.28%;单斜辉石为透辉石和普通辉石,其MgO含量为15.12%~16.98%,Fe O含量为3.84%~5.34%,CaO含量为21.10%~22.95%;与蛇绿岩套中的同类岩石的橄榄石和单斜辉石成分存在较大差异,与夏日哈木和金川镁铁-超镁铁岩中同类岩石的矿物成分类似,表明达拉库岸岩体不是蛇绿岩套的组成部分,而是陆壳中的侵入体。单斜辉石成分表明其母岩浆为拉斑玄武质岩浆,可能形成于与俯冲有关的大陆边缘裂谷环境。达拉库岸岩体具有形成岩浆型铜镍硫化物矿床的条件。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.