The potential of hydrocarbons generation in the Chia Gara Formation at Amadia area, north of Iraq

Sixteen rock samples of outcrop of Chia Gara Formations from the type locality area, south of Amadia, North Iraq showed evidences for hydrocarbon generation potential by palynological studies. These analyses include age assessment of Upper Jurassic (Tithonian) to Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) age based on assemblages of mainly dinoflagellate cyst constituents. Qualitative studies are done in this study by textural microscopy used in assessing amorphous organic matter for palynofacies type belong to kerogen type A of Thompson and Dembiki (Int J Coal Geol 6:229–249, 1986) which contain brazinophyte algae, Tasmanites, and foraminifera test linings, as well as the dinoflagellate cysts and spores, deposited in dysoxic–anoxic environment. The palynomorphs are of dark orange and light brown, on the spore species Cyathidites australis, that indicate mature organic matters with thermal alteration index of 2.7–3.0 by Staplin’s scale. These characters and total organic carbon of 0.5–8.5 wt% have rated the succession as a source rock for high efficiency for generation and expulsion of oil with ordinate gas that charged mainly oil fields of Tawqi. Some oil is released from the Chia Gara Formation to charge the Cretaceous–Tertiary total petroleum system.     

川西上侏罗统遂宁组沉积相特征

川西地区在晚侏罗世遂宁期处于稳定坳陷阶段,构造活动相对较弱,主要沉积一套稳定的鲜紫红色泥（页）岩夹长石岩屑细-粉砂岩地层,构成了一个相对独立和完整的沉积旋回。根据不同级次基准面旋回分析,川西遂宁组可划分出1个长期层序、3个中期层序（对应于遂宁组的3个岩性段）和十余个短期层序。以各中期层序的上升和下降相域为编图单元编制的沉积相图表明：遂宁期川西地区以广泛发育被湖湾分隔的曲流河三角洲沉积体系为特征,并形成各自相对独立的储、盖组合和油气聚集成藏条件。遂宁期沉积演化具明显受基准面旋回控制的继承性,遂宁期早期（遂宁组一段沉积时期）,基准面不断上升,沉积作用以进积→加积为主,沿龙门山前缘发育有小型冲积扇或带状剥蚀区,向前分别在丰谷、新都、回龙镇各发育1套大且稳定的三角洲;遂宁期中期（遂宁组二段沉积时期）,随着基准面由缓慢上升转为下降,沉积作用由加积→退积→加积演化,遂宁期早期形成的3个三角洲分裂成4～5个发育较均衡的三角洲;遂宁期晚期（遂宁组三段沉积时期）,随着基准面不断下降,沉积作用由加积→进积演化,三角洲不断向湖推进,同时,由于受陆源物质供给不均衡的影响,该时期川西地区三角洲发育有较大变化,除在德阳发育1个较稳定的三角洲外,在新都发育的三角洲逐渐消亡,而在新津则由浅湖沉积逐渐演变为大型三角洲沉积。     

洛带气田上侏罗统遂宁组沉积相及含气地震响应特征

洛带遂宁组气藏为新发现气藏,已提交天然气探明储量上百亿立方米。洛带遂宁组沉积环境以季节性浅水湖为主,发育进积型三角洲前缘亚相沉积,有利的沉积微相是三角洲前缘水下分流河道、河口砂坝和席状砂。物源来自川西坳陷西侧的龙门山,其中坳陷东坡的新都—洛带地区处于中部的砂泥岩互层的三角洲相带,在斜坡带上形成了大型的遂宁组岩性圈闭。洛带地区遂宁组具有多套储盖组合,又靠近下伏烃源岩,对天然气的富集和保存十分有利。通过合成记录的标定、Jason反演表明,遂宁组含气砂岩的地震响应模式为“强波谷、中—强波峰,低波阻抗”模式;砂泥互层型的地震响应是“强中弱”。该大型岩性气藏的发现,说明川西地区浅层气仍然具有大的勘探前景,遂宁组气藏将是浅层扩展评价勘探和风险勘探的重要目标。     

Iron mineralization in the Garagu Formation of Gara Mountain,Duhok Governorate,Kurdistan, NE Iraq: geochemistry,mineralogy and origin

The iron mineralization is hosted in carbonate beds of the Garagu Formation (Early Cretaceous) at Gara Mountain, Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region, NE Iraq. The Garagu Formation is composed of a series of limestone and siltstone beds with iron-rich beds in the middle part. The iron-rich limestones are iron-rich oolitic grainstone and bioclastic wackestone with hematite and goethite minerals. Geochemical results drawn from this study indicate that the percentage of iron in these beds reaches 19.73 %. Moreover, petrographical investigation of thin and polished sections reveals the presence of different types of fossils, indicating an open marine interior platform depositional environment. Different iron minerals, including hematite, goethite, siderite, pyrite and magnetite, were identified in the sections, and their geneses were related to syngenetic and diagenetic processes. The geochemical distribution of major and trace elements, as well as the V/Ni, V/(V+Ni), V/Cr and Sr/Ba ratios, indicates a reducing environment during the precipitation of carbonate sediments and a subsequent oxidizing condition during the concentration of iron minerals via diagenesis.     

西藏羌塘盆地北部托纳木地区上侏罗统雪山组沉积相

羌塘盆地地处藏北高原,其南、北边界分别为班公错一怒江缝合带与拉竹龙一金沙江缝合带,盆地面积约18×104km2,可进一步分为羌北坳陷、中央隆起带和羌南坳陷3个二级构造单元.双湖托纳木地区地处羌北坳陷南部,与中央隆起带毗连,广泛发育上侏罗统雪山组沉积,垂向上由3个沉积旋回组合构成,总体显示为一个向上变粗的充填序列.雪山组发育扇三角洲相和冲积扇相,其中雪山组一段为前扇三角洲亚相沉积;二段为扇三角洲前缘亚相和扇三角洲平原亚相沉积,扇三角洲前缘亚相分为水下分流河道、河口坝和远砂坝沉积,扇三角洲平原亚相发育天然堤和分流河道沉积;三段为冲积扇相沉积,包括扇端和扇中沉积.雪山组沉积的物源来自西南部的中央隆起带.     

伊拉克H油田上白垩统Hartha组孔隙型碳酸盐岩储层成岩相特征及地质建模

孔隙性生物碎屑灰岩是中东地区主要储层类型之一,具有非均质性强、孔隙类型差异显著且微观孔隙结构复杂等特征.成岩作用是造成上述特征的重要原因,成岩相研究是综合分析成岩作用对储层影响的重要方法.针对伊拉克H油田上白垩统Hartha组缓坡相生物碎屑灰岩,开展了岩心成岩作用表征、成岩相划分及孔喉特征分析、成岩相测井响应及神经网络...     

Sedimentology of the Baluti Formation in the Galley Derash,Amadiya, North Iraq: insight on carbonate turbidite facies and their depositional environmental

The Baluti Formation is exposed succession of the Rhaetian age (Upper Triassic). These strata are interpreted herein for the first time to redeposit in a deep marine setting (distally steepened carbonate ramp/medial to distal slope) on the northwestern margin of the Neo-Tethys. The Galley Derash section is apparently continuous with no evidence for either subaerial exposure or submarine erosion. The absence of erosional scours in the study area confirms emplacement of these strata below both fair-weather and storm wave base. Event beds, particularly those resulting from sediment gravity flows, dominate the Rhaetian interval. The Upper Rhaetian strata are primarily assigned to the Galley Derash Valley. It records an upward transition from moderate-scale, olistolith-bearing debris flow deposits (debrite) to medium-/thin-bedded turbidites remobilized as sediment slumps/slides. The succession is dominated by medium- to thin-bedded calcareous turbidites and hemipelagic suspension deposits. Very low fossil assemblages, particularly stromatolite fragments, and planktonic bivalves occur within some intervals in the section. Rapid and relatively continuous sedimentation is attested to by the thickness of the section, the abundance of calcareous turbidites, and the thin nature of the intercalated hemipelagic beds. Low content of badly preserved fossils and evidence of continuous and rapid sedimentation refer to alteration by tectonic disturbances or diagenesis. This makes the Baluti Beds as a supplementary section for the Rhaetian successions in Iraq.     

西藏羌塘盆地上侏罗统索瓦组油藏发现及地球化学特征

在青藏高原羌塘盆地发现规模较大的上侏罗统索瓦组油藏带,主要分布在双湖南、鸭湖、才多茶卡及阿木错一带。利用抽提、分离、GC—MS等地球化学分析手段详细分析了油苗的族组分、有机质来源,沉积环境以及成熟度。生物标志化合物参数分析表明油藏中有机质沉积环境为具有一定盐度的还原性较强的环境,其中,才多茶卡油藏有机质的来源主要为低等水生生物;而双湖南、鸭湖油藏有机质来源则具有低等水生生物和高等植物共同输入;阿木错油藏中有机质以陆源有机质的贡献为主。成熟度参数分析显示油藏样品有机质热演化已达到低成熟—成熟阶段,说明烃源岩的成熟度均已达到生油门限,暗示这些烃源岩曾经有过一定规模的生烃。双湖地区古油藏普遍受自北向南的逆冲推覆构造影响,而位于逆冲推覆构造根带的北羌塘地块索瓦组地层出露较好且具有良好圈闭条件。因此,双湖地区索瓦组古油藏的发现及地球化学特征对于北羌塘盆地上侏罗统油气资源的勘探具有重要指示意义。     

川西坳陷中段中侏罗统上沙溪庙组层序岩相古地理及砂体展布特征

为了更为精细地刻画出川西坳陷中段中侏罗统上沙溪庙组的古地理和砂体展布特征,笔者以高分辨率层序地层学理论为指导,建立了研究区上沙溪庙组高分辨率层序地层学划分方案,并进行了高分辨率层序地层格架的搭建。在此基础上以中期旋回层序为编图单元,进行了系统的古地理和砂体展布特征研究。发现川西坳陷中段中侏罗统上沙溪庙组可以划分为1个长期和4个中期(M1,M2,M3,M4)沉积期。M1和M2沉积期,研究区以发育曲流河三角洲—湖泊沉积体系为特征;M3和M4沉积期,研究区转变为以发育冲积扇—冲积平原—辫状河三角洲—湖泊沉积体系为特征,砂体的展布主要分布于两个地区:大邑—温江地区和中江地区,前者砂体主要发育于M1,M3,M4 3个中期旋回,后者砂体主要发育于M1,M2,M3 3个中期旋回。     

Sandstone grain size characteristics of the Upper Jurassic Emuerhe Formation in the western region,Mohe Basin (NE China)

The Upper Jurassic Emuerhe Formation was developed with abundant sedimentary facies types in the western section of the Mohe Basin. Based on the systematic sampling and detailed observation on the Emuerhe Formation of this section, the research on the sandstone grain size characteristics of the Emuerhe Formation was carried out with the grain size parameters features (Mz, SK₁, K_G and σ₁), the sensitive components parameters features (SCPGS, SCGSR and SCPV) and the grain size analytical graphs features (grain size frequency curves, grain size cumulative curves, probability cumulative curves and C–M plots). The comprehensive analytical results illustrate that the hydrodynamic energy of the Emuerhe Formation (three times fan delta facies, two times sandy shallow lake microfacies and five times turbidite deposit) in the western section gradually reduced from bottom to top. In addition, the hydrodynamic energy of each fan delta facies gradually enhanced from bottom to top. Based on the analysis of the hydrodynamic conditions of the Emuerhe Formation in the western section, the hydrodynamic conditions evolution history of this section can be divided into five sedimentary phases, namely respectively for the fan delta sedimentary phase, the first‐time sandy shallow lake microfacies sedimentary phase, the short‐term deep lake subfacies sedimentary phase, the second‐time sandy shallow lake microfacies sedimentary phase and the relatively stable deep lake subfacies sedimentary phase from bottom to top. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Organic geochemical characteristics and depositional environments of the Jurassic coals in the eastern Taurus of Southern Turkey

In this study, organic matter content, type and maturity as well as some petrographic and physical characteristics of the Jurassic coals exposed in the eastern Taurus were investigated and their depositional environments were interpreted.The total organic carbon (TOC) contents of coals in the Feke–Akkaya, Kozan–Gedikli and Kozan–Kizilinc areas are 24.54, 66.78 and 49.15%, respectively. The Feke–Akkaya and Kozan–Kizilinc coals have low Hydrogen Index (HI) values while the Kozan–Gedikli coals show moderate HI values. All coal samples display very low Oxygen Index (OI) values. The Kozan–Gedikli coals contain Type II organic matter (OM), the Feke–Akkaya coals contain a mixture of type II and type III OM; and the Kozan–Kizilinc coals are composed of Type III OM. Sterane distribution was calculated as C₂₇ > C₂₉ > C₂₈ from the m/z 217 mass chromatogram for all coal samples.T_max values for the Feke–Akkaya, Kozan–Gedikli and Kozan–Kizilinc coals are 439, 412 and 427 °C. Vitrinite reflectance values (%R_o) for the Feke–Akkaya and Kozan–Kizilinc coal samples were measured as 0.65 and 0.51 and these values reveal that the Feke–Akkaya and Kozan–Kizilinc coals are at subbituminous A or high volatile C bituminous coal stage. On the basis of biomarker maturity parameters, these coals have a low maturity.The pristane/phytane (Pr/Ph) ratios for the Feke–Akkaya, Kozan–Gedikli and Kozan–Kizilinc coals are 1.53, 1.13 and 1.25, respectively. In addition, all coals show a homohopane distribution which is dominated by low carbon numbers, and C₃₅ homohopane index is very low for all coal samples. All these features may indicate that these coals were deposited in a suboxic environment.The high sterane/hopane ratios with high concentrations of steranes, low Pr/Ph ratios and C₂₅/C₂₆ tricyclic ratios > 1 may indicate that these coals formed in a swamp environment were temporarily influenced by marine conditions.     

Vitrinite reflectance as a tool for determining level of thermal maturity for the Upper Jurassic Naokelekan and Barsarin Formations in Sargelu location,Kurdistan Region,NE Iraq

Ten samples from the Upper Jurassic Naokelekan and Barsarin Formations in an outcrop section near Sargelu Village were studied to evaluate their thermal maturity using vitrinite reflectance method. The studied beds appeared to be mature and within the oil generation window (0.79–1.25 % vitrinite reflectance in immersion oil (Ro)). Some of the reflectance histograms showed bimodal distribution indicating existence of nonindigenous populations which were all ignored during the measurements of the mean value of Ro. Comparison between the results obtained from vitrinite reflectance method and some other methods like pyrolysis and gas chromatography showed variations which finally more reality believed to be for the vitrinite reflectance method.     

吐鲁番-哈密盆地胜北(SB)地区中上侏罗统地震相与沉积相分析

选用频率、振幅、连续性及内部反射结构 4个地震参数 ,对吐鲁番—哈密盆地SB(胜北 )地区中上侏罗统主要层系进行了地震相分析 ,作出了地震相平面分布图。经过综合解释 ,把地震相转换成了沉积相。该区中晚侏罗世主要发育冲积扇、泛滥平原、扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲及湖泊沉积。     

Sedimentary cycles and facies architecture of aeolian–fluvial strata of the Upper Jurassic Guará Formation, southern Brazil

The Upper Jurassic Guará Formation comprises an 80–200 m thick continental succession exposed in the western portion of the Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil). It comprises four distinct facies associations: (i) simple to locally composite crescentic aeolian dune sets, (ii) aeolian sand sheets, (iii) distal floodflows, and (iv) fluvial channels. The vertical stacking of the facies associations defines several 5–14 m thick wetting-upward cycles. Each cycle starts with aeolian dune sets followed by aeolian sand sheets deposits and culminating in either fluvial channels or distal flood strata. Within some cycles, aeolian sand sheets are absent and fluvial deposits rest directly above aeolian dune facies. The transitions from one facies association to another are abrupt and marked by erosive surfaces that delineate distinct episodes of sediment accumulation. The origin of both the wetting-upward cycles and the erosive surfaces was controlled by the ground-water table level, dry sand availability and aeolian and fluvial sediment transport capacity variations, related to climatic fluctuations between relatively arid and humid conditions. Preservation of the fluvial–aeolian deposits reflects an overall relative water table rise driven by subsidence.     

川西邛崃县白马庙气田上侏罗统蓬莱镇组沉积相及砂体展布研究

本文认为白马庙气田上侏罗统蓬莱镇组的主要沉积相类型为湖成三角洲和湖泊沉积。通常有2～3条主分流河道自北西方向进入研究区，三角洲属河控型鸟足状三角洲；滨、浅湖相构成了湖泊相的主要亚相类型。三角洲前缘为该区的优势亚相，砂体展布明显受控于水下分流河道、河口坝和远砂坝等微相，指状砂坝、复合式砂坝是该区蓬莱镇组Ⅲ、Ⅳ段(主力产气层段)的有利储集体。今后，基于沉积微相研究的砂体展布精细研究始终是该气田地质研究的重要课题之一。     

Third-order depositional sequences controlled by synsedimentary extensional tectonics: evidence from Upper Triassic carbonates of the Carnian Prealps (NE Italy)

ABSTRACT The Upper Triassic platform-margin deposits of the Carnian Prealps fail to show the succession of the two global sea-level lowerings predicted for the Norian and Rhaetian by the Haq global sea-level curve. In both cases a relative sea-level rise occurs, a discrepancy that can be explained by an increase in tectonically controlled subsidence, a consequence of the plate-scale rifting in the NW Tethys Gulf preceding oceanic spreading in the Jurassic. Pulses of tectonic subsidence followed by relative quiescence are capable of generating depositional sequences similar in gross geometry and duration to the third-order eustatic cycles of Haq et al . The Late Triassic part of the Exxon global sea-level curve, partly derived from correlatable strata within the same palaeogeographical domain, is likely to reflect pulses of tectonically induced subsidence rather than eustatic sea-level changes.     

鄂尔多斯盆地下侏罗统富县组沉积体系及古地理

富县组是鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系最早沉积的地层,其发育在由印支运动所造成的凹凸不平剥蚀面上,沉积以填平补齐为特点,与下伏三叠系延长组呈不整合接触关系。富县组沉积厚度变化大,岩性差异明显,岩相复杂。沉积相在空间上变化较大,为河流相和冲积扇相沉积。     

Sedimentological and depositional environment studies of the Mauddud Formation, central and southern Iraq

Nineteen subsurface sections and a large number of thin sections of the Mauddud limestone (age Albian?CEarly Cenomanian) were studied to unravel the depositional facies and environments. The allochems in the Mauddud Formation are dominated by bioclasts (reach 23%) and peloids (reach 60%), whereas intraclasts are less abundant (reach 2.3%). The sedimentary microfacies of the Mauddud Formation includes lime mudstone, wackestone, wackestone?Cpackstone, packstone, packstone?Cgrainstone, in addition to dolostone lithofacies and green shale lithofacies. These microfacies have been deposited in shallow warm marine environment of varying salinities and energy levels. Cementation, neomorphism, dolomitization, compaction, and dissolution are observed affecting variably both ground mass and particles. The formation displays various extents of dolomitization and is cemented by calcite and dolomite. Dolomitization increases toward the north of the study area and exhibits different textures. Similarly cementation shows a variety of textures. In addition, authigenic minerals, such as glauconite and pyrite, are scattered within the groundmass and along solution surfaces. The formation has gradational contact with the underlying Nahr Umr Formation but is unconformably overlain by the Ahmadi Formation, despite local conformity. Thus, the vertical bioclast analysis indicates that the Mauddud Formation is characterized by four major depositional cycles, which control the distribution of reservoir quality as well as the patterns of calcite and dolomite, cement distribution. Petrographical study shows that the fossil represents the main Allchem, Peloids, whereas intraclasts come second in abundance. Calcite (more than 50%) and dolomite (as diagenetic products, range between 20% and 50%) are the predominant mineral components of Mauddud Formation. Fossils were studied as an environmental, age, and facial boundary indicators. Five major depositional microfacies are recognized. These depositional microfacies have been subdivided according to their primary and diagenetic constituents into ten submicrofacies. The determined four major depositional cycles were representing normal sequential regression from base upward. The lateral analysis shows the same regressive cycle and by using the lithofacies association concepts to build the depositional model of the Mauddud Formation environment.     

Petrological and geochemical interpretation of Triassic–Jurassic boundary sections from northern Iraq

Triassic–Jurassic sedimentary successions (Baluti and Sarki formations) in northern Iraq record a variety of environmental changes that may be related to global Triassic–Jurassic (Tr/J) boundary events. The diversity of some benthic fauna decreases through the transitional boundary beds. The coastal marine environment of the lower part of the Baluti Formation is followed by shallower tidal flat and supratidal marginal marine environments at the transitional boundary with the Jurassic‐age Sarki Formation. The alternating calcareous mudrocks and dolomitic limestones of the transitional succession are overlain by a succession of calcareous mudrocks and dolomicrites that form a dolocrete bed in the latest Triassic. The early Jurassic carbonates (lower part of Sarki Formation) were deposited in a shallow‐marine to lagoonal environment. Geochemical evidence supports this interpretation. TOC% increases towards the Tr/J boundary and the lower part of the Sarki Formation. This increase can be interpreted as resulting from the primary precipitation of dolocrete as palaeosol horizons. The variations in the oxygen isotope ratios mainly reflect the facies and diagenetic effects. Th/K ratio is generally constant and shows an increase in the calcareous mudrock beds of the upper part of the Baluti Formation, possibly related to the degradation of K‐bearing clay minerals. Low Th/U ratios are due to the depletion in thorium, typical of many marine carbonates rather than to an increase in authigenic uranium. This explanation is also corroborated by the presence of abundant fossils in some of the studied carbonates. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A facies geological test of stable isotope interpretation of the Upper Permian depositional environment in West Spitsbergen

Lithofacies analysis of two transgressive sequences within the Kapp Starostin Formation (Upper Permian, West Spitsbergen), indicates considerable differences in seawater chemistry between their depositional environments. The onshore part of the sequence represented in the Vøringen and Svenskeegga Members is largely calcareous, with allochthonous and corroded siliceous materials. In contrast, in the equivalent sequence within the Hovtinden Member, silica is ubiquitous whereas carbonate materials include mainly corroded bioclasts. These differences are consistent with predictions of the oceanographic model of ‘overfed’ and ‘hungry’ oceans proposed previously on the basis of carbon and oxygen stable isotope analysis.