Historical pollution trends in a disturbed, estuarine sedimentary environment, SW Sweden

The objective of this article is to determine whether pollution trends can be reconstructed from sediments in the outer Göta älv estuary. Detailed interpretation of heavy metal profiles in the recent sediment, in combination with profiles of ²¹⁰Pb- and ¹³⁷Cs-activity, organic carbon content and grain size distribution, allows estimation of historical trends. This is based on the assumption that only certain intervals, which can be identified, are disturbed. The sediment data are compared with archive data on historical trends in emissions of heavy metals. Special attention is given to mercury, which shows high enrichment over long periods of time. It is found that the most polluted sediments were deposited between 1930 and 1980, but that episodic discharges have also occurred more recently. Nevertheless, the effects of remediation since the 1970s are apparent.     

Reconstruction of long-term time series for commercial fisheries abundance and estuarine pollution loadings

Time series from 1880–1980 for the commercial landings of 35 species and associated fishing effort were reconstructed for the Hudson-Raritan Estuary, Potomac River, Delaware River, Connecticut River and Narragansett Bay. Time series for the same period were developed for indices representing pollutant loadings, developmental activities and habitat alterations for the five target river basins. These indices included representations of demography, sewage and industrial loadings, habitat factors, and nutrient, carbon, and sediment inputs. These data were the result of intensive data collection effort using county, state, and federal records to ascertain activities along individual water basins through time. Direct measures of loadings were used when available, and indirect indicators of loadings were implemented where appropriate. Missing data points from climatic and pollution time series were estimated by statistical modeling, interpolation, and assumption. A probabilistic method was developed to estimate relative stock abundance for each target species-estuary combination using estuarine-specific landings, regional landings, regional catch-by-gear, and regional effort.     

全球白垩系烃源岩分布及沉积环境*

烃源岩是油气生成的物质基础,白垩系烃源岩以29%的比例居全球各层系之首。通过古地磁与地理信息数据耦合,以及对所有白垩系烃源岩层位数据的统计和对比,恢复了白垩系烃源岩的分布特征,分析了其发育环境。结果表明：(1)白垩系烃源岩主要发育于阿普特阶—土伦阶(占白垩系烃源岩的52 63%)。(2)白垩系烃源岩主要发育于2种构造、沉积环境：陆表海环境(非典型被动陆缘)和裂谷环境。(3)白垩纪早期,烃源岩干酪根以Ⅰ型为主;白垩纪中期,烃源岩干酪根过渡为以Ⅱ型为主,Ⅰ型较少;白垩纪晚期,Ⅲ型干酪根烃源岩迅速增多。(4)白垩纪大陆裂解边缘出现富有机质沉积,上升流促进生物繁盛,高温、干旱的气候使陆表浅海区盐度较高,其还原环境有利于烃源岩的保存。     

断陷湖泊水下扇类型与分布模式*

水下扇是断陷湖泊中一种重要沉积类型,近年来受到关注度越来越高。海洋和湖泊中与重力流有关的各类扇体的术语很多,诸如深水扇、盆底扇、湖底扇、斜坡扇、滑塌扇和浊积扇等,而它们都是不同类型的水下扇。国内沉积学界对湖泊水下扇这一术语的合理性一直有争议,与之相关的术语有水下冲积扇、近岸水下扇和远岸浊积岸等。文中梳理了有关水下扇的一些术语的含义异同,进而明确了断陷湖泊水下扇的基本类型;明确提出了湖泊外部物源体系与内部物源体系,并由此建立了湖泊水下扇的沉积分布模式;最后讨论对比了水下扇、冲积扇及扇三角洲之间的沉积差异,以期为今后深入研究这一类型沉积体提供借鉴。     

临洪河口现代沉积环境及重金属元素的分布特征

对江苏北部临洪河口不同区域的表层与柱状沉积物进行了粒度分析、石英颗粒表面微细结构和沉积物的测年分析以及沉积物中的重金属含量分析．将河口划分为不同的沉积环境区．探讨了不同沉积环境中沉积物的粒度分布、石英颗粒表面微细结构、沉积速率以及重金属元素分布差异的原因。结果显示,临洪河口可以划分为低潮滩上的波浪与潮流强烈混合作用区、高潮滩上的弱潮流作用区、口门附近的潮流与河流强烈混合作用区和河道内河流与潮流弱混合作用区。重金属的含量在柱样的30～40cm深度呈现向表层递增的趋势,Hg的污染比较严重．其他元素基本无污染,整个河口区域的生态危害性严重;沉积物粒度分布不是该区域重金属分布的主要影响因素,城市污水排放量增加、氧化还原层位、沉降方式和不同沉积区的水动力环境是影响本区域重金属元素分布和累积的主要原因。     

新疆北部泥盆纪放射虫及其岩相分布和环境意义

<正> 我国放射虫研究起步较晚,虽然中、新生代放射虫研究已有一个良好的开端,但古生代放射虫的研究尚是有待进一步开拓的研究领域。本文有关新疆北部泥盆系放射虫资料绝大部分均为首次报道。 一、放射虫的产地、层位和赋存岩性:本区放射虫广泛发育于东、西准噶尔地区,在泥盆系下、中、上统均有分布,累计达79个层位。其中,东准噶尔下泥盆统9个层位、中泥盆统4个层位及上泥盆统30个层位;纸房中泥盆统2个层位及上泥盆统1个层位;西准     

广西平果沉积型铝土矿Ga的分布特征与沉积环境关联性探讨

广西平果上二叠统合山组沉积型铝土矿储量大,并以伴生稀散元素Ga为特色。从主量成分和微量元素角度研究平果铝土矿的地球化学特征、形成环境及其与Ga的相互关联性,对综合回收利用和提升矿床经济价值有重要帮助。通过对整个研究区内均匀采集的18件不同类型的矿石及铝土岩样品进行金属Ga和常量、微量元素测试,经统计学方法计算和相关性图解分析,发现样品中Ga平均含量已达到工业品位（0.002×10-2）。但在不同类型矿石中的富集程度不同:豆鲕粒状铝土矿>致密块状铝土矿>铝土岩。而且Ga含量与Al₂O₃含量呈显著正低相关性;与SiO₂含量呈显著负相关关系;与V含量呈显著正低相关关系;与稀土元素相关性不强,无明显规律性。通过对那豆沉积型铝土矿床古地理环境和不同类型样品Sr/Ba比值、Ga的富集、LREE/HREE比值分析发现:区内沉积型铝土矿主成矿期为较稳定、酸性、潮湿的滨海至浅海相环境;而且从二叠纪合山组早期的滨海相氧化环境逐步过渡到二叠纪合山组后期的浅海相还原环境。矿石类型则由早期的紫红色致密块状矿化变化为青灰色至灰黑色鲕粒状矿化。      

A baseline study of trace metals in a coral reef sedimentary environment,Lakshadweep Archipelago

Surficial and core samples collected from the sedimentary microenvironments of Lakshadweep Archipelago were analysed for their trace metal contents. The synoptical relations in spatial distributions with respect to environmental conditions such as pH, organic carbon and sediment texture were inter-correlated. Some of the metals exhibited good correlations with Fe/Mn, which reflect their similarity in distribution rather than anthropogenic enrichment. Inter-relating the variations in metal—pH relationships with metal—organic carbon, in general, those which exhibited positive correlations with pH, displayed negative interactions with organic carbon content and vice versa. Comparatively, higher values of Fe in the mangrove area of one of the islands highlight the possibility of precipitation of Fe as iron sulphides, which are common in mangrove ecosystem. Based on the contamination factors for Pb, Zn and Cd, as well as the geo-accumulation index of Cd, it can be generalised that some of the islands remain polluted with respect to these elements. An evaluation based on pollution load index shows that none of the islands surveyed for this study posed a serious threat in trace metal pollution. Bray Curtis similarity index was computed to find out the similarity among metals/islands, using non-transformed data of metal concentrations. Group linkage clustering technique was used for drawing dendrograms to show the similarity among them.     

兰坪盆地古近纪沉积相类型及沉积环境演化

通过对兰坪盆地野外露头及相关室内研究,分析了区内古近纪的沉积环境、层序特征、沉积相展布及其演化特征。认为古近纪主要发育冲积扇、河流、三角洲和湖泊环境。沉积建造为一个完整的盆地演化旋回:低位期,印度板块向欧亚板块的俯冲挤压造成兰坪走滑拉分盆地的形成,沉积了一套局限的湖盆相红色含膏盐细碎屑岩建造;湖扩期,挤压应力场转变为拉张应力场,湖盆扩大,大面积沉积了一套滨浅湖相紫红、砖红色砂泥岩互层沉积;湖缩期,受晚始新世喜马拉雅运动一幕的影响,应力场再次转变为强烈挤压,东西两侧造山带共同向盆地内推覆扩展,致使盆地范围明显缩小,仅在推覆体前缘形成一系列快速充填的小型山前陆相前陆盆地。层序古地理编图显示,蒸发岩发育于低位体系域,与低位期的沉积充填特点和气候有关,极具有找钾盐矿的前景。     

沉积环境对苏锡常地区潜水水质空间分布的影响分析

在全面的水质调查的基础上,对苏锡常地区采集潜水水样进行分析。测试结果表明：苏锡常地区潜水水质在空间分布上具有较为明显的分带性。通过分析认为：苏锡常地区潜水的水质在空间上的差异与含水层及其包气带的沉积环境有着密切的联系;基底构造的继承性差异沉降运动、气候冷暖交替引起的海面频繁升降以及河流、湖泊的搬运与沉积均对区内潜水水质的水化学特征的形成起到控制性作用。     

新疆柯坪地区志留系—泥盆系砂岩粒度分布特征及沉积环境

为了系统研究柯坪地区志留系—泥盆系沉积环境演化特征,采用沉积学、地层学的方法,重点以粒度分析为研究手段,对砂岩进行详细分析。通过研究识别出河控三角洲、扇三角洲、潮坪和滨岸4种沉积环境,每种环境都具有独特的粒度特征及概率累积曲线: 河控三角洲主要为典型两段式、一跳一悬夹过渡式、低斜多段式; 扇三角洲主要为上拱弧形式; 潮坪主要为典型三段式和多段式; 滨岸环境主要为高斜两段式、高斜多段式。从志留纪—泥盆纪,沉积环境由湿润的河控三角洲逐步转变为干燥的滨岸沉积,砂岩的成熟度也逐渐增加,表明柯坪地区逐渐远离物源区,逐步处于构造稳定的背景。     

Grain-size distribution characteristics and sedimentary environment of Silurian- -Devonian sandstone in Keping area of Xinjiang Province

In order to systematically study the evolution characteristics of Silurian- -Devonian sedimentary environment in Keping area, the authors analyzed the sandstone in detail through sedimentary, stratigraphic and grain size analysis. Four sedimentary environments, including river-controlled delta, tidal-controlled delta, tidal flat and coast, were identified, with their own unique grain-size characteristics and probability cumulative curves. River-controlled delta is featured with typical two stages, hop-suspension transition and low-skew multistage. Fan delta is featured with the upper arch arc. Tidal-controlled delta is featured with typical three stages and multistage. Coastal area is feotured with high oblique two stages and high oblique multistage. The sedimentary environment gradually changed from wet river-controlled delta to dry coastal deposit from Silurian to Devonian, with the increasing maturity of sandstone. This indicates that Keping area was gradually away from provenance area and in the background of structural stability.     

Association of trace metals with various sedimentary phases in dam reservoirs

In the present study sediment and water samples collected from Kowsar Dam reservoir in Kohkiluye and Boyerahmad Province, southwest of Iran, are subjected to bulk digestion and chemical partitioning. The concentrations of nickel, lead, zinc, copper, cobalt, cadmium, manganese and iron in water and bed sediment were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentrations of metals bounded to five sedimentary phases were estimated. On this basis, the proportions of natural and anthropogenic elements were calculated.The anthropogenic portion of elements are as follows: zinc (96 %)> cobalt (88 %)> iron (78 %)> magnesium (78 %)> nickel (78 %)> copper (66 %)> lead (63 %)> cadmium (59 %). The results show sediment contamination by nickel, cadmium and lead, according to the world aquatic sediments and mean earth crust values. Manganese and copper have strong association with organic matter and are of high portion of sulfide bounded ions. Finally, The degree of sediment contamination was evaluated using enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and pollution index (IPoll). The sediments were identified to be of high cadmium and lead pollution index. The pattern of pollution intensity according to enrichment factor is as follows; manganese (1.25) < copper (1.63) < zinc (1.93) < cobalt (2.35) < nickel (3.83) < lead (12.63) < cadmium (78.32). Cluster analysis was performed in order to assess heavy metal interactions between water and sediment. Accordingly, nickel, cadmium and copper are earth originated. Zinc, copper and manganese are dominated by pH. All the elemental concentrations in water and sediment are correlated except for sedimental copper.     

利用Mo-U等多指标判别黑色岩系中硅质岩形成氧化-还原环境的可行性分析及意义

硅质岩作为一种重要的沉积岩类型,是研究前新生代古海洋环境的重要手段,但其缺乏在氧化-还原环境方面的应用。同时硅质岩是黑色岩系的重要组成部分,拓展硅质岩在该方面的应用研究,有利于加深对黑色岩系形成机理的认识。本文综述了硅质岩的现有研究方法、黑色岩系中黑色页岩和硅质岩研究的局限性和互补性,并论述了将Mo-U等氧化-还原敏感金属多指标判别方法应用于硅质岩,用来判断氧化-还原环境和盆地局限性等方面的理论可行性。在分析扬子地块及其周缘黑色岩系及硅质岩研究现状的基础上,认为将在黑色页岩使用成熟的氧化-还原环境研究方法应用于互层的(热水沉积)硅质岩,理论上具有可行性,并在扬子地块西北缘若尔盖地区奥陶-志留纪黑色岩系中互层的黑色页岩和热水沉积硅质岩岩性组合中得到进一步验证。该方法的应用可深化对扬子地块西北缘黑色岩系沉积环境特殊性及其中U-Au-Ni-Mo-V多金属矿源层的认识。     

Vertical profiles of trace metals and acid-volatile sulphide in a dynamic sedimentary environment: Lake Ketel,The Netherlands

Fine-scale solid-phase trace metal and acid-volatile sulphide profiles are presented for sediment cores taken at four locations in Lake Ketel, a dynamic sedimentation basin of the river Rhine in The Netherlands. The purpose of this study was to relate these profiles to the dynamics of sediment transport in the lake. The internal cycling of solids in the lake affects the distribution of trace metals and acid-volatile sulphide in the sediments. Comparison of vertical profiles of trace metals and sulphide indicates significant spatial variation in the dynamics of sediment transport in Lake Ketel. The construction of a dredge spoil storage depot in 1996 seems to have significantly influenced the hydrodynamic and sediment dynamics in Lake Ketel. Consequently, deposition rates in Lake Ketel based on comparison of solid-phase trace metal concentrations in the sediments and historical levels in Rhine suspended matter can only be used as rough estimates.     

中国元古代碳酸盐岩微亮晶构造及形成的沉积环境约束

微亮晶构造(Microspar,Molar-Tooth Structure,简称MT)发育于全球各稳定克拉通的中、新元古代盖层碳酸盐岩中。微亮晶构造碳酸盐岩也发育于中国大部分地区的中、新元古代地层中。全球范围的中、新元古代微亮晶构造都表现显著一致的岩石学和沉积学特征。微亮晶构造呈肠状褶皱状等复杂形态。微亮晶由5~15μm的均匀、等粒状,规则或不规则多边形方解石或白云石组成。宿主沉积岩相岩石主要含有少量陆源碎屑物质的碎屑灰岩。微亮晶构造在阴极发光(CL)和背散射(BS)显微镜下显示,每个微晶方解石个体内部发育似棱形的晶核,其外为叠置的微晶方解石晶簇,说明微亮晶构造是围绕微晶核"增生"加大的集合体。微亮晶和宿主围岩电子探针测试表明,微亮晶Ca含量38%~40%,Mg、Al、Si、P、K、Fe含量小于0.2%,基质中粘土矿物含量和Si和Al的含量较高。微亮晶宿主岩相主要砂屑、粉屑和泥屑灰岩(白云岩)与含铁含泥灰质泥页岩,垂向岩相序列表现为向上变浅、变薄,其中频繁发育冲刷、充填和硬底(hardground)与压溶构造,以及平行层理,各种规模斜层理、波状层理-水平层理、粒序层理、同沉积揉皱构造和变浅与暴露构造等,反应了微亮晶构造碳酸盐岩的形成严格受沉积环境和微沉积岩相的约束,无一例外地发育于浅潮下带-潮上带(环潮坪)环境。微亮晶构造碳酸盐岩不仅是环潮坪沉积环境的指相标志,也是全球元古代时期特殊与重要沉积岩石类型,其形成受控于全球古地理和古海洋地球化学条件与背景,是中、新元古代时期全球变化的沉积记录,有益于全球对比和元古代古地理、大地构造重建。     

白庙气田沙三上亚段沉积环境与油气分布关系

白庙气田为一受兰聊断层控制的滚动逆牵引半背斜，是既受构造控制又受岩性影响的复合型圈闭。1980年发现白庙气田，且有沙二^下、沙三^上、沙三^中、沙三^下4套含油气层系，经过二十多年的勘探开发研究，气田的构造特征已基本查清。随着滚动开发工作的深入，由寻找构造圈闭转为寻找岩性地层圈闭将是今后地质研究工作发展的方向。白庙气田的勘探与试采情况表明沙三^上亚段是其主产层系。本文通过对白庙气田沙三^上亚段沉积环境的研究，重点讨论了沉积环境与砂体分布及储层特征的关系，进而指出油气聚集的有利相带。     

Absorption of metals on sedimentary and peat humic acids

Humic acids isolated from marine sediments were found to be effective in absorption of various metal ions through chelation, cation exchange and surface adsorption. The quantities of metal ions complexed varied from 40 to 205 mg/g of organic matter. In the presence of equal concentrations of Co, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn in the reaction media, humic acid and peatmoss, a rich source of humic compounds, showed preferential absorption for Cu. Copper constituted more than 50% of the metal ions complexed by organic matter. As compared with the other metal ions, its bonding strength was very firm because it could not be displaced by ferric ion or cation exchange reagents.Peatmoss, a rich source of humic acid, was found to absorb significant quantities of various metal ions. Under laboratory conditions each kg of peat absorbed about 1500 mg of various metal ions from solutions containing equal concentrations of Co, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn. However, in the field trials with sea water, absorption of metals was limited to Zn (28.7 mg/kg), Cu (3.66 mg/kg) and Fe (2.0 mg/kg). Under-saturation of sea water for transition metals and super-saturation for alkali and alkaline earth metals appears to be a bottleneck in the effective utilization of peat as a means of recovery of metals from sea water.     

The abundance of estuarine larval and juvenile fish in a South Carolina intertidal creek

The fall and winter population of larval fish in a small intertidal creek was measured. The creek was blocked at high tide, and the immature fish were captured in a channel net designed for consistent quantitative sampling as they left with the ebbing tide. A total of 573,739 individuals with a biomass (preserved wet weight) of 66.1 kg were captured during the eight month sampling period (October 1974–May 1975). Twelve families, 13 genera, and 16 species were represented, with five species comprising 99.3% of the fish captured. The five species were:Leiostomus xanthurus (53.5%),Lagodon rhomboides (31.7%),Brevoortia tyrannus (11.9%),Micropogon undulatus (1.7%), andMyrophis punctatus (0.5%). The net was efficient, the catch was seasonal, and the greatest larval abundance occurred in February and March.     

汾河裂谷晋中盆地内第四纪沉积序列与沉积环境恢复

晋中盆地是位于汾渭地堑系中部的新生代陆内断陷沉积盆地,研究晋中盆地第四纪的沉积序列对于进一步认识该盆地区域构造和区域气候环境变化具有重要意义。为查明晋中盆地第四纪沉积序列结构、研究揭示晋中盆地第四纪沉积环境及演化,通过构造岩相学方法,对晋中盆地地表和钻孔内第四纪沉积物和沉积环境进行了研究。结果表明：晋中盆地清徐地区地表第四纪沉积序列结构为盆地内部沱阳组河床相和河漫滩相-盆地边缘汾河组河流相—盆山过渡带峙峪组河流相、汾河组冲积扇相及马兰组风积相-基岩山地（盆地外围）二叠系浅海相。钻孔岩芯内第四纪沉积序列结构为下更新统浅湖相和滨湖相—中更新统浅湖相和河流相—上更新统河流相和冲积扇相—全新统冲积扇相。研究认为晋中新生代陆内断陷盆地内沉积序列和演化结构为早更新世陆相湖盆沉积环境—中更新世萎缩湖泊环境—晚更新世强烈萎缩的湖泊和河流环境—全新世再度沉降的陆相湖盆;陆相湖盆从中心向山地沉积环境分带为湖泊沉积环境—河流和湖泊沉积环境—冲积扇沉积环境（盆地边缘出山口区）。盆山过渡带地区上更新世沉积物错位现象与同沉积活动断裂有关,断裂活动性揭示了晋中盆地阶梯式断陷成盆的动力学机制。这些研究成果为区域气候环境变化和晋中盆地区域构造研究提供了新证据,也为太原市城市群建设中工程场址的选择提了供参考。