Migration and growth of aeolian bedforms

A two-dimensional analytical model is developed for the morphodynamics of aeolian dunes. The basis of the model is the sediment continuity equation, which is solved using a linearized sediment transport formula. The air flow over the topography is calculated with a steady-state boundary-layer model. This results in a series of analytical expressions for the shear stress, sediment transport, topography through time, and growth and migration of a sine-shaped dune. These expressions give quantitative relationships between bedform behavior (i.e., growth and migration) and factors such as wind velocity and surface roughness. In this way it can be seen that growth and migration rates increase for higher wind velocity, higher surface roughness and higher wave numbers (i.e., shorter wave lengths).     

地幔柱数值模拟研究进展

国外大量的数值模拟研究表明地幔柱由热浮力驱动,流体的黏度对地幔柱的形状和物质组成有着很大的影响,地幔柱可造成岩石圈的熔蚀减薄和地表隆升,数值模拟可以定量地得出地幔柱运动的速度、岩石圈的熔融量和熔融温度等要素,但这些模拟描述的仅是物理过程,缺乏与化学动力学相耦合.国内开发的可对峨眉地幔柱进行数值模拟的软件MantlePlume1.0也存在许多需要进一步研究解决的问题,如峨眉山玄武岩的物质来源、活动中心、喷发时限、喷发规模、岩石圈的隆升程度,以及峨眉地幔柱的温压条件和断裂构造形成机理等.     

Tropical cyclone: expressions for velocity components and stability parameter

Tropical cyclones are the most devastating natural calamity forming in the ocean bed and die out in land. The life cycle of a tropical cyclone is mainly classified into four stages: (a) formation or genesis stage, (b) intensification stage, (c) mature stage and (d) decay stage. The intensification and mature stages are also known as tropical storm and cyclone (hurricane) stage, respectively. To develop the model of tropical cyclone we have taken the momentum conservation equation, equation of continuity and equation of hydrostatic balance in cylindrical coordinate system. Also the equation of state and the equation relating the velocity component and stream function are taken into account. We have assumed a suitable analytic form of the radial component of velocity as a function of radial distance (r) from the axis of the cyclone and vertical distance (z) from the sea bed. So in our model we have taken a cyclone as a rotating cylinder. With the use of the expression of the radial component velocity we have solved the governing nonlinear equation in the cylindrical coordinate system of a cyclone using ‘Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation’ and estimated the transverse velocity on the sea bed and in the vicinity of the eye wall of the cyclone. From the results we also get a path to generalize the tropical cyclone model as a vortex which is a generating curve of a cyclone. We also determine the vertical component of velocity of the cyclone. In this work we define a new parameter called the cyclone stability parameter (CSP). The CSP helps to determine the stability of a tropical cyclone from its genesis.     

基于Wyllie平均方程的煤系岩溶陷落带富水性预测

在岩溶陷落带孔隙发育,原来坚硬致密的岩石改变了性质,造成岩石密度、波速、电阻率等物性参数发生变化,这些物性异常引起地震波波场改变,从而导致地震波特征参数如时间、反射系数、波阻抗等的变化。利用Wyllie时间平均方程可以建立充水岩体的地震波速度和孔隙度之间的关系。根据密度平均方程建立充水岩体密度和孔隙度之间的关系,进而建立波阻抗和孔隙度之间的关系。因为岩溶陷落带孔隙发育情况和导通性决定了其是否能成为导水通道,利用波阻抗属性可预测岩溶陷落带孔隙度发育情况,这可为判断富水性提供重要参考依据。      

野外非饱和土壤水流运动速度的空间变异性及其对溶质运移的影响

根据野外非饱和溶质运移试验资料,分析了港质运移速度的空间变异性,求得了呈对数正态分布的流速分布函数,并依此推导出有效弥散系数α=0.068t.根据流速的随机分布特征,分别用带有随机参数的对流模型、对流一弥散模型和传统的对流-弥散模型,求得了区域平均浓度分布及其方差.计算结果与实测结果拟合良好.通过分析得到,浓度方差与浓度梯度成正比,与孔隙弥散系数成反比,方差最大值分布在浓度锋面附近.     

泥石流堆积过程数值模拟及防灾效益评估方法

根据动量守恒和质量守恒原理 ,研究建立了泥石流堆积过程的数学模型 ,运用有限差分法求解数学模型 ,用以模拟泥石流堆积的动态过程。在此基础上 ,结合云南省东川市深沟泥石流堆积区的实际情况 ,对泥石流灾害的危险范围和程度进行了分析评价 ;结合各类受灾体经济损失评价 ,对比防灾工程造价 ,进行了减灾效益分析评价。     

A review of recent developments in estuarine scalar flux estimation

The purpose of this contribution is to review recent developments in calculation of estuarine scalar fluxes, to suggest avenues for future improvement, and to place the idea of flux calculation in a broader physical and biogeochemical context. A scalar flux through an estuarine cross section is the product of normal velocity and scalar concentration, sectionally integrated and tidally averaged. These may vary on interannual, reasonal, tidal monthly, and event time scales. Formulation of scalar fluxes in terms of an integral scalar conservation expression shows that they may be determined either through “direct” means (measurement of velocity and concentration) or by “indirect” inference (from changes in scalar, inventory and source/sink terms). Direct determination of net flux at a cross section has a long and generally discouraging history in estuarine oceanography. It has proven difficult to extract statistically significant net (tidally averaged) fluxes from much larger flood and ebb transports, and the best mathematical representation of flux mechanisms is unclear. Observations further suggest that both lateral and vertical variations in scalar transport through estuarine cross sections are large, while estuarine circulation theory has focused on two-dimensional analyses that treatment either vertical or lateral variations but not both. Indirect estimates of net fluxes by determination of the other relevant terms in an integral scalar conservation balance may be the best means of determining scalar import-export in systems with residence times long relative to periods of tidal monthly fluctuations. But this method offers, little insight into the interaction of circulation modes and scalar fluxes, little help in verifying predictive models, and may also be difficult to apply in some circumstances. Thus, the need to understand, measure, and predict anthropogenic influences on transport or carbon, nutrient, suspended matter, trace metals, and other substances across the land-margin brings a renewed urgency to the issue of how to best carry out estuarine scalar flux determination. An interdisciplinary experiment is suggested to test present understanding, available instrument, and numerical models.     

The numerical modelling of advective transport in the presence of fluid pressure transients

Conventional modelling of transport problems for porous media usually assumes that the Darcy flow velocities are steady. In certain practical situations, the flow velocity can exhibit time‐dependency, either due to the transient character of the flow process or time dependency in the boundary conditions associated with potential flow. In this paper, we consider certain one‐ and three‐dimensional problems of the advective transport of a chemical species in a fluid‐saturated porous region. In particular, the advective flow velocity is governed by the piezo‐conduction equation that takes into account the compressibilities of the pore fluid and the porous skeleton. Time‐ and/or mesh‐refining adaptive schemes used in the computational modelling are developed on the basis of a Fourier analysis, which can lead to accurate and optimal solutions for the advective transport problem with time‐ and space‐dependent advective flow velocity distributions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of concentration-dependent settling velocity on non-equilibrium transport of suspended sediment

In this study, non-equilibrium transport of suspended sediment from one equilibrium state to another is investigated. Based on a convective-diffusion equation, a numerical model for flow with suspended sediment is developed by considering the effect of concentration-dependent settling velocity. The numerical model is validated by comparing analytical solutions and experimental results. The concentration profiles, mean concentrations and distance necessary to reach a new equilibrium state are examined by comparing them with the results of constant settling velocity. For a high concentration flow, the results indicate that evident differences between the above three indicators can be determined with and without concentration-dependent settling velocity. Additionally, the effects of concentration-dependent settling velocity are sensitive to the sediment mobility parameter (or Rouse number), although they are nearly independent of the diffusion Reynolds number.     

Factors of bacteria and virus transport in groundwater

The underground transport of pathogenic bacteria and viruses may be described by the general transport equation considering dispersion, adsorption, and biological elimination. The survival time of bacteria and viruses in groundwater is different for the specific species and for the specific groundwater environment. Dispersion causes a distribution of pollutants in time and space, thus their concentration decreases over time and with transport distance. Microorganisms are reversibly adsorbed on underground particles, which causes a retardation of their transport velocity with respect to groundwater flow velocity. An additional approach is provided by the filter theory. Presented at the International Symposium, International Association of Hydrogeologists, “Impact of Agricultural Activities on Ground Water Quality and Quantity,” Prague, Czechoslovakia, September, 1982.     

One‐dimensional contaminant transport through a deforming porous medium: theory and a solution for a quasi‐steady‐state problem

Contaminant migration through soil is usually modelled mathematically using the dispersion–advection equation. This type of model finds application when planning the remediation of contaminated land, predicting the movement of polluted groundwater and designing engineered landfills. Usually the analysis assumes that the porous media through which the contaminant migrates is stationary. However, the construction of landfills on clay soils means that the soil beneath the landfill will undergo time‐dependent deformation as the soil consolidates. To date, there are no published data on the effect a deforming porous media may have on contaminant transport beneath a landfill; indeed, there appears to be no theory of contaminant migration through a deforming soil. In this paper, a one‐dimensional theory of contaminant migration through a saturated deforming porous media is developed based on a small and large strain analysis of a consolidating soil and conservation of contaminant mass. By selection of suitable parameters, the new transport equation reduces to the familiar one‐dimensional dispersion–advection equation for a saturated soil with linear, reversible, equilibrium controlled sorption of the contaminant onto the soil skeleton. Analytic solutions to a quasi‐steady‐state contaminant transport problem for a deforming media are presented, and a preliminary assessment made of the potential importance of soil deformation on the results of a contaminant migration analysis. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

细颗粒对粗颗粒床沙质输沙率影响的初步研究

考虑高含沙紊流涡团中细颗粒絮凝形成网络结构对粗颗粒运动影响后,建立了粗颗粒悬移质泥沙的输沙率计算方法.该方法中包含的细颗粒影响项反映了流域因素对粗颗粒泥沙输沙的影响,证明细颗粒的影响是引起多沙河流中“多来多排”现象的一个重要因素.与黄河实测资料的对比表明,该计算方法能够反映高含沙紊流输沙时随流域细颗粒增多粗颗粒悬移质输沙率相对增大的现象,并具有较好的计算精度     

The record of density-induced underflows in a glacial lake

As part of an overall study of sedimentation processes in a proglacial lake an effort was made to compare field results with some of the general equations for density flows. The results suggest that in relatively small glacial lakes the occurrence of underflows with lower sediment loads involves a complex interplay between thermal and sediment effects which is extremely sensitive to varying hydrologic and climatic conditions. In terms of actual transport mechanics the results: (i) indicate that a higher α value of 0·6 or 0·7 gives a closer agreement between the measured velocity values and the established equations on moderately shallow slopes; (ii) provide field support for the experimentally derived relationship of Britter & Linden (1980) for the velocity of underflows and suggest the equation may be applicable in situations below 5° slopes; and (iii) support the relationship between velocity of the front and body of a continuous underflow for moderate slope situations suggested by Middleton (1966b). Finally the velocity values measured by electromagnetic current meters stationed in the lake, the grain-size data obtained from mapping core data, and the application of other criteria support the concept that in this environment the underflows are capable of erosion.     

Finite-element method in modeling geologic transport processes

Deterministic mathematical modeling of complex geologic transport processes may require the use of odd boundary shapes, time dependency, and two or three dimensions. Under these circumstances the governing transport equations must be solved by numerical methods. For a number of transport phenomena a general form of the convective-dispersion equation can be employed. The solution of this equation for complicated problems can be solved readily by the finite-element method. Using quadrilateral isoparametric elements or triangular elements and a computational algorithm based on Galerkin's procedure, solutions to unsteady heat flux from a dike and seawater intrusion in an aquifer have been obtained. These examples illustrate that the finite-element numerical procedure is well suited for solving boundary-value problems resulting from modeling of complex physical phenomena.     

三维溶质运移问题的分步广义迎风解法

对对流占优的三维溶质运移问题提出了分步广义迎风解法，首先利用Ｎ．Ｎ．Ｙａ－ｎｅｎｋｏ对水动力弥散方程分步求解的思想，将原来的一个定解问题分解为两个定解问题即对流定解问题和扩散定解问题，对对流定解问题采用广义迎风对偶单元均衡法求解，对扩散定解问题采用一般的Ｇａｌｅｒｋｉｎ有限元法求解，不仅避免了用一般有限元法和有限差分法求解对流占优的地下水水质数学模型时常出现数值弥散和过量问题，而且避免了求节点速度这一步，节省运算步骤，对井点的浓度变化给出了更合适的求解方法。     

A laboratory study of tracer tomography

A tracer tomographic laboratory study was performed with consolidated fractured rock in three-dimensional space. The investigated fractured sandstone sample was characterized by significant matrix permeability. The laboratory transport experiments were conducted using gas-flow and gas-tracer transport techniques that enable the generation of various flow-field patterns via adjustable boundary conditions within a short experimental time period. In total, 72 gas-tracer (helium) tests were performed by systematically changing the injection and monitoring configuration after each test. For the inversion of the tracer breakthrough curves an inversion scheme was applied, based on the transformation of the governing transport equation into a form of the eikonal equation. The reliability of the inversion results was assessed with singular value decomposition of the trajectory density matrix. The applied inversion technique allowed for the three-dimensional reconstruction of the interstitial velocity with a high resolution. The three-dimensional interstitial velocity distribution shows clearly that the transport is dominated by the matrix while the fractures show no apparent influence on the transport responses.     

含节理黄土渗流数值模型研究

本文建立了在考虑黄土中有节理存在时,水分场数值计算的有限元方法。采用质量守恒的观点推导了质点元中饱和度的变化与流速的关系。进而利用达西定律得到以水头为变量的渗流基本方程。针对黄土垂直节理的渗流特点,确定了节理渗流基本方程中的参数。采用四边形等参元,利用Galerkin加权余量法建立考虑节理影响的黄土非饱和渗流的有限元形式。对局部水头边界条件下的黄土节理二维水分入渗问题进行了数值分析。结果表明,节理对黄土场地湿润峰的迁移有很大影响。     

A continuous/discontinuous Galerkin framework for modeling coupled subsurface and surface water flow

We consider conjunctive surface-subsurface flow modeling, where surface water flow is described by the shallow water equations and ground water flow by Richards’ equation for the vadose zone. Coupling between the models is based on the continuity of flux and water pressure. Numerical approximation of the coupled model using the framework of discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods is formulated. In the subsurface, the local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method is used to approximate ground water velocity and hydraulic head; a DG method is also used to approximate surface water velocity and elevation. This approach allows for a weak coupling of the models and the use of different approximating spaces and/or meshes within each regime. A simplified LDG method based on continuous approximations to water head is also described. Numerical results that investigate physical and numerical aspects of surface–subsurface flow modeling are presented. This work was supported by National Science Foundation grant DMS-0411413.     

Simple approach to estimate flocculent settling velocity in a dilute suspension

A new and simple approach for estimating the flocculent settling velocity of fine suspended particles is presented. The simplified formula has been derived based on a one-dimensional vertical continuity equation and an empirical flocculation equation. The resulting flocculent settling velocity (V_s) is expressed as a function of time, depth, and constants. Depth averaged settling velocity ( _s) is also derived by using the formula proposed. To estimate the order of magnitude of flocculent effects on settling, iso-settling velocity lines are constructed. The effects of initial concentration and ionic strength on flocculent settling velocity are investigated. The results show that as the ionic strength and suspension concentrations increase, flocculent settling velocity also increases due to inter-particle collisions and increased cohesion in suspension.     

基于动理学理论的推移质输沙公式

根据Boltzmann方程得到了床面附近运动颗粒的速度分布函数,将其在速度空间上积分,同时考虑床面颗粒起动概率的影响得到了床面颗粒的冲刷率函数。在此基础上,将该函数代入Einstein提出的推移质输沙基本模式中得到了基于动理学理论的推移质输沙公式。研究结果表明:① 公式计算结果与实验数据吻合,相对误差为10%~50%,可用于高强度和低强度输沙,能够较好地反映出床面附近运动的推移质颗粒的统计属性;② 得到的推移质输沙率理论表达式与经典推移质输沙公式十分接近,同时大大改善了Einstein公式在高强度输沙情况下的计算结果,这也说明了本文理论推导的正确性。