用K理论研究南京大厂地区污染物扩散

本文用三维K理论扩散方程对南京大厂地区污染物浓度分布特征进行了讨论。在K理论扩散方程中,输入的风速廓线、扩散系数廓线采用Businger通量廓线关系式。用塔层风资料求取了南京地区近地面特征量。用具有四阶精度的Chapeau函数方法对三维K理论扩散方程进行数值求解,计算了大厂地区SO_2年平均浓度分布,和实测值基本上吻合。本文还研究了忽略水平扩散系数、不考虑风速随高度变化,对污染物地面浓度分布的影响。结果表明:在点源的下风方1—5千米范围内,不管是较强的还是较弱的风,忽略水平扩散系数都会使计算的地面浓度估计过高;忽略风速随高度的变化,会给计算带来一定的误差。     

夜间稳定边界层中间歇性湍流热通量的 提取及其谱特征

在夜间稳定边界层中, 湍流热通量往往具有间歇性特征。在一阵阵出现的强度较大的湍流热通量之间, 混杂着弱噪声或其他微弱的难以辨识的高频脉动信号。为了研究间歇性湍流热通量的特征, 必须将这些无关信 号剔除, 以提取出干净的湍流热通量。本文提出了一种新的提取间歇性湍流热通量的方法, 该方法通过分析 湍流热通量的概率密度函数, 并与稳定分布进行比较, 湍流热通量的概率密度函数开始偏离稳定分布的位置, 即是间歇性湍流热通量开始出现的阈值。本文通过夜间稳定边界层外场试验数据的验证, 发现利用稳定分布确定 的阈值可有效地提取出间歇性湍流热通量。在此基础之上, 本文对比了提取前后湍流热通量的功率谱, 发现 提取后低频信号的方差所占比重下降, 而高频信号略有上升。此外, 间歇性湍流热通量在高频区的功率谱满足“-7/6”律。     

我国草原下垫面低层大气湍流结构

利用超声风速仪资料分析了科尔沁草原下垫面低层大气的湍流谱结构，无量纲化湍流速度分量及温度脉动的标准偏差，和湍流通量与稳定度参数的关系。结果表明，草原下垫面低层大气湍流速度谱，在较宽的稳定度范围内， 符合Kolmogorov 相似理论，在惯性副区接近局地各向同性，无量纲化湍流速度分量及温度脉动的标准偏差服从A(1-Bζ)1/3和A(-ζ)-1/3规律， 湍流热通量与稳定度参数ζ存在较好的相关性。     

强风天气下边界层结构特征

近地层观测的强风运动表明,叠加在平均流动之上的脉动通常有两种,一种是随机的湍流脉动,还有一种具有相干结构的阵风扰动。分析表明,上层强风的剪切运动产生阵风,并向下传递能量,对近地层的通量传输起到重要作用。本文利用北京325 m气象塔、位于海拔1257 m的妙峰山测风塔和位于海拔1688 m的灵山测风塔的资料,分析了强风天气下,边界层上层出现阵风并向下传递的过程,进一步证实无论在近地层还是边界层上层,强风期间,叠加在平均流动上除了高频湍流脉动之外,还有周期为1~10分钟的阵风,即相干结构。阵风峰期有下沉运动,阵风谷期有上升运动。这些相干结构在边界层上层产生,向下运动和传播过程中受到平均气流梯度的切变作用和地面摩擦,破碎为湍流结构。边界层上层的阵风和湍流产生的动量通量向下传递,使得强风期间,边界层中阵风和湍流对通量具有同样的输送能力,对边界层中沙尘、污染物等气溶胶的传输具有重要作用。本研究为模式中进行通量输送参数化方案的修正提供了观测和理论依据。     

松林冠层大气湍流结构观测研究

为了更好地了解大气与物质和能量交换，用二层三维超声风速温度仪测量了重庆市郊松林风速和温度脉动值。采样速率为每秒１次和１１次，数字量记录。计算了湍流动最通量和热通量的日变化，以及湍流风速的统计量和功率谱。结果表明，冠层上动量通量向下传输，而冠层内大多向上传输；冠层内湍流风速ｕ的三阶矩平均值大于零，ｗ的小于零；冠层上无因次湍流风速分量ｕ，ｗ标准差和无因次湍流动能耗散率与局地Ｍｏｎｉｎ－Ｏｂｕｋｈｏｖ长     

内蒙古奈曼流动沙丘下垫面湍流输送特征初步研究

分析了2000年7月21日～8月10日在内蒙古奈曼流动沙丘下垫面取得的近地面层湍流及辐射观测资料,讨论了无量纲湍流方差与稳定度参数z/L的关系,发现无量纲速度分量方差及无量纲温度、湿度脉动方差在不稳定层结下,均满足莫宁-奥布霍夫相似理论;同时还讨论近地面层能量的收支.发现流动沙丘下垫面感热通量与地表热通量最大值分别为170 W m-2及100 W m-2;潜热通量通常小于50 W m-2;流动沙丘净辐射最大值为400 W m-2左右.(Hs+Hl),与(Rn-G)的比值在晴天白天平均值为0.78左右,流动沙丘下垫面近地面层能量不平衡现象存在,其原因有待进一步研究.     

对不同的L求取法决定大气稳定度的看法

本文用由实测的温风梯度资料及脉动量资料所得的稳定度，与利用湍流热通量参数化方案的M－O长度（L）间接计算法所得的稳定度作了比较。     

大连区域海陆风环流的数值模拟

本文基于海陆风环流的形成机制,在研究分析海陆风环流形成的物理模型基础上,建立了海陆风环流的数学模型。根据此基础,以大连地区海陆风环流为计算实例,模拟了海陆风形成的压力场、速度场、温度场和湍流动能场的日变化及太阳辐射日变化的过程地面的能量变化及导致的湍流动能的变化,预测出海陆风环流的水平湍流扩散系数和动量、温度和湍流动能的垂直湍流扩散系数,为求解海陆风中的污染物扩散浓度以进行环境污染损失评价提供参考。应用此模型,对大连地区的海陆风环流进行了数值模拟,定性与定量地给出了海陆风场中的速度、压力、温度及湍流动能分布情况和主要参数值。结果表明,海陆风环流的大气压力场局地日变化较小,温度场变化较明显。在中午前后,动量、温度和湍流动能的垂直扩散系数达到了最大值。模拟结果与其他文献模拟结果的对比表明,本文建立的模型模拟与实验的结果相符,但预测精度仍需要进一步检验。     

青藏高原改则地区近地层通量观测研究

本研究利用首次对西藏西部改则地区大气边界层的湍流观测资料,分析了近地层动量、感热、潜热通量的变化情况,并对该地区能量收支进行了计算。最后,利用脉动资料计算了CD和CH值。     

青藏高原五道梁地区湍流输送特征的研究

根据１９９４年６－７月在青藏高原五道梁地区的湍流脉动观测资料，分析了该地区近地层能量平衡、感热和谱热的日变化及湍流强度和端流谱特征。结果表明：晴天该地区近地层能量基本平衡，各能量分量的日变化与常情况相同；白天感热通量的输送占主导地位，潜热通量占次要地位，符合半干旱的一般特征。     

基于北京325米气象塔观测的正,负湍流热扩散系数

本文基于K理论和北京325m铁塔湍流观测资料直接计算了城市污染条件下的湍流热扩散系数H.KH具有明显的日变化特征,其垂直分布随个例和时间而变化.负KH较高发生频率对应高度在日出后逐渐升高,在中午达到峰值,在日落附近下降,而在夜间大部分时间集中在140 m左右.和传输和清除阶段相比,污染物累积阶段的KH大小和波动程度均较...     

Spectral methods for atmospheric diffusion modeling

The rate of diffusion of a cloud depends on cloud dimensions. As the cloud enlarges, larger eddies come into play and the rate of diffusion increases. The turbulent diffusion process is scale-dependent. The gradient-transfer theory (K-theory) is only appropriate when the dimensions of the dispersed material are much larger than the size of the turbulent eddies. Introduction of a spectral turbulent diffusivity function (STD) makes it possible to treat the diffusive transport in a Eulerian system, with diffusivity effectively dependent on the actual size of the concentration distribution. The basic innovation is that diffusion is treated in the Fourier space and the diffusion coefficient is dependent on the wave number of the Fourier components of the concentration distribution. It is shown that the concept of the wave-number-dependent diffusivity leads to a non-local flux-gradient relation.     

Theoretical studies of the parameterization of the non-neutral surface boundary layer

The parameterization of the non-neutral atmospheric surface layer has been reexamined using the basic principles of small-scale energetics and thermodynamics. On the basis of this more complete treatment, theK-parameterization has been reformulated. It is found that the linear regression laws between fluxes and driving gradient forces of the turbulent heat and humidity exchanges in the surface layer can be derived in a much more comprehensive manner than by using the commonly used K-theory. With respect to stationary conditions and in the context of similarity concepts, a system of algebraic equations has been formulated which provides reasonable estimates of the distributions of the dimension less rates of viscous energy dissipation as well as turbulent kinetic and thermal-diffusive energy transport as functions of the variablez/L. Quantitative calculations have been performed using the scaling height formulations of Takeuchi and Yokoyama, Prandtl, and von Karman as closure conditions of the equations.     

二阶闭合模式在污染气象学中的某些应用

本文采用二阶闭合的湍流边界层模式,进行一系列数值试验以模拟边界层中连续线源的扩散状况。试验表明:无论在稳定的或不稳定的边界层中,高源的扩散能力都低于低源;在稳定层中,粗糙地表上的大气扩散能力高于光滑表面;在相同风速和地表净辐射情况下,粗糙表面上的大气扩散能力反而低于光滑表面;对流边界层中存在反梯度输送,因而K理论的应用受到限制。试验还表明,修正的Kazanski-Monin参数可能比Monin-Obukhov长度更能反映大气的扩散能力。     

Positive and negative turbulent heat diffusivity observed on a 325-m meteorological tower in Beijing 基于北京325米气象塔观测的正, 负湍流热扩散系数

Turbulent diffusion efficiently transports momentum, heat, and matter and affects their transfers between the atmosphere and the surface. As a key parameter in describing turbulent diffusion, the turbulent heat diffusivity K_H has rarely been studied in the context of frequent urban pollution in recent years. In this study, K_H under urban pollution conditions was directly calculated based on K-theory. The authors found an obvious diurnal variation in K_H, with variations also in the vertical distributions between each case and over time. Interestingly, the height corresponding to the high occurrence frequency of negative K_H rises gradually after sunrise, peaks at noon, falls near sunset, and concentrates around 140 m during most of the night. The K_H magnitude and fluctuation are smaller in the pollutant accumulation stage (CS) at all levels than in the pollutant transport stage and pollutant removal stage. Turbulent diffusion may greatly affect PM_2.5 concentrations at the CS because of the negative correlation between PM_2.5 concentrations and the absolute value of K_H at the CS accompanied by weak wind speeds. The applicability of K-theory is not very good during either day or at night. These problems are inherent in K-theory when characterizing complex systems, such as turbulent diffusion, and require new frameworks or parameterization schemes. These findings may provide valuable insight for establishing a new turbulence diffusion parameterization scheme for K_H and promote the study of turbulent diffusion, air quality forecasting, and weather and climate modeling.摘要本文基于K理论和北京325m铁塔湍流观测资料直接计算了城市污染条件下的湍流热扩散系数K_H.K_H具有明显的日变化特征, 其垂直分布随个例和时间而变化.负K_H较高发生频率对应高度在日出后逐渐升高, 在中午达到峰值, 在日落附近下降, 而在夜间大部分时间集中在140 m左右.和传输和清除阶段相比, 污染物累积阶段的K_H大小和波动程度均较小.此阶段PM_2.5浓度与K_H绝对值之间的负相关关系表明湍流扩散可能会极大地影响PM_2.5浓度.这些发现可能为建立新湍流扩散参数化方案提供有价值的启示.     

Theoretical Studies of the Parameterization of the Non-Neutral Surface Boundary Layer

The parameterization of the non-neutral atmospheric surface layer has been reexamined using the basic principles of small-scale energetics and thermodynamics. On the basis of this more complete treatment, the K- parameterization has been reformulated. It is found that the linear regression laws between fluxes and driving gradient forces of the turbulent heat and humidity exchanges in the surface layer can be derived in a much more comprehensive manner than by using the commonly used K-theory. With respect to stationary conditions and in the context of similarity concepts, a system of algebraic equations has been formulated which provides reasonable estimates of the distributions of the dimension-less rates of viscous energy dissipation as well as turbulent kinetic and thermal-diffusive energy transport as functions of the variable z/L. Quantitative calculations have been performed using the scaling height formulations of Takeuchi and Yokoyama, Prandtl, and von Kármán as closure conditions of the equations.     

A semi-analytical solution for the three-dimensional advection–diffusion equation considering non-local turbulence closure

Atmospheric air pollution turbulent fluxes can be assumed to be proportional to the mean concentration gradient. This assumption, along with the equation of continuity, leads to the advection–diffusion equation. Moreover, large eddies are able to mix scalar quantities in a manner that is counter to the local gradient. In this work we present a semi-analytical solution for the three-dimensional steady-state advection–diffusion equation, considering non-local turbulence closure using the Generalized Integral Advection Diffusion Multilayer Technique (GIADMT). We report some examples of applications of the new solution for two different datasets and for a water tank experiment.     

Improvement of Vertical Diffusion Analytic Schemes Under Stable Atmospheric Conditions

Based on gradient transport theory or K-theory, turbulent transport in the atmosphere has long been parameterized using the eddy diffusivity. Due to its simplicity, this approach has often been applied in many numerical models but rarely tested with observations. Here, the widely used O’Brien cubic polynomial approach has been validated together with an exponential approach against eddy diffusivity profiles determined from measurements and from large-eddy simulation data in stable conditions. Verification is completed by analyzing the variability effects on pollutant concentrations of two different vertical diffusion (K(z)) schemes incorporated in an atmospheric chemical model. It is shown that the analytical, exponential solution agrees better with observations than the O’Brien profile and should be used henceforth in practical applications.     

山区城市大气污染物传输扩散的数值模拟

利用Monte-Carlo模式预测了山区城市（贵阳市）的SO2地面浓度分布。为实现城市面源的数值模拟，对Monte-Carlo模式的浓度计量和水平扩散等方面做了改进。作为模式的输入参数，风场得自于对三维观测数据的客观分析，湍流的参数化公式按现场超声风速仪实测数据进行了调整和校核。其风廓线不完全遵循一般规律，在距地面50—500m之间，常出现一极值风层；该地区具有典型的山区小风扩散特征，稳定时u、v湍谱峰值明显地移向低频，水平扩散明显偏大。对模式做了理论和实验校核。在均匀湍流场条件下，和解析结果一致；冬季日平均浓度的预测值和监测值的相关系数为0.96。数值模拟结果表明:贵阳市冬季大气污染物的传输扩散主要依赖于强不稳定的天气条件和极值风层的扩散和通风作用。