固体聚合膜电解浓集法测量天然水中低含量氚的化学淬灭效应研究

固体聚合膜电解浓集法是浓缩氚含量较低(1 Bq/m~3)的天然水样的常用方法,但因水样自身含有杂质离子或电解装置聚合膜带入杂质进入浓集液,使浓集液偏酸性,在测量过程中易产生化学淬灭效应,导致氚的测量值偏低。本文研究了水样自身存在的杂质离子和聚合膜上残留的杂质离子、样品溶液的pH值及其电导率所产生的化学淬灭效应的影响,实验表明,为减少化学淬灭效应,提高测量低含量氚的准确性,需保证水样溶液呈中性,电导率≤1μS/cm,同时避免杂质沉积在聚合膜上。如果水样溶液的pH值偏酸性、电导率大于1μS/cm,可采用酸碱混合型离子交换树脂去除水样中自身的杂质;对于聚合膜引入的杂质,可在电解后的水样中加入微量氨水将其pH值调节至中性。     

包头市典型工业区表层土壤中重金属污染状况及其潜在生态风险研究

为了解包头市典型工业企业对其所在地土壤中重金属含量的影响及污染现状,利用相关性系数对其表层土壤中7种重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、Mn、Ni)来源进行研究,并采用内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数对其污染状况进行评价。结果表明,7种重金属含量平均值均高于内蒙古土壤背景值,其中Cd、Mn、Ni超标率已达100%,而Cu、Pb、Zn的超标率分别为97%、93%和93%,只有Cr超标率较低(53%),污染程度依次为CdPbCuNiZnMnCr,其中Pb和Cd为重度污染,Cu、Zn、Ni为中度污染,Cr、Mn为轻度污染;Cu、Zn、Cr、Mn、Ni可能同时来自工业生产和交通运输两个源,而Pb和Cd除上述来源外,燃煤烟气的排放有较大贡献。潜在生态危害依次为CdPbCuNiCrZnMn,其中Cd的潜在生态风险最大,应予以高度重视,其他金属的风险均为轻微。     

Mapping potential risks of long-term wastewater irrigation in alluvial soils,Egypt

In Egypt, wastewater has been used for irrigation in areas with fresh water scarcity; however, continuous applications may cause potential risks. Thus, the current study aims to map the spatial distribution of soil contamination and human risks of long-term wastewater irrigation due to the exposure of heavy metals. Soils from nine sites in Al-Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt, were sampled and analyzed. Wastewater irrigation resulted in a buildup of heavy metals in soils compared to Nile fresh water-irrigated soil. The pollution index (PI) showed the decreasing order of Cd?>?Zn?>?Ni?>?Cu?>?Co?>?Pb?>?Cr. The soils were out of the safe domain, as the integrated pollution index of Nemero’s (IPIN) exceeded the safe limit of 0.7. The enrichment factor (EF) exceeded 1.0, proving anthropogenic effects. The geo-accumulation index (I_geo) indicated high threats associated with Cd. The calculated hazard index (HI) indicated that humans exposed to such contaminated soils would have a potential health risk, particularly children. It is recommended to perform a treatment to the wastewater used in irrigation to avoid such threats.     

中国西南典型地质背景区土壤重金属分布及生态风险特征

中国西南有22.3%的耕地重金属含量超标,区内广泛分布的峨眉山玄武岩和碳酸盐岩被认为是土壤中重金属的主要母质来源。目前,中国西南地区,尤其是峨眉山玄武岩分布区土壤重金属生态风险的研究程度仍有待提升,不同地质背景区（成土母岩）土壤中重金属含量、空间分布与生态风险缺乏对比。本文选择四川省典型地质背景区采集土壤样品,采用原子荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱/发射光谱等方法测定重金属元素（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn）含量和pH数据,结合地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法,研究了重金属元素的含量、空间分布特征和土壤重金属生态风险。结果表明：①玄武岩区土壤中Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Zn的含量高于碳酸盐岩区,也高于四川和全国背景值。各元素含量分别为四川背景值的3.25、1.08、5.08、1.72、1.55、1.63倍和全国背景值的2.60、1.40、6.87、1.47、1.87、1.91倍;②As、Cr、Pb的高含量区域与碳酸盐岩分布区对应,Cd、Cu、Hg、Ni、Zn的高含量区域与峨眉山玄武岩的空间分布对应;③地累积指数表明玄武岩分布区土壤中Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn污染程度高于碳酸盐岩区;④研究区内生态危害程度较高的元素为Cd、Cu和Hg;其在玄武岩分布区“强生态危害”及以上的比例比碳酸盐岩区分别高出22.4%、1.15%和26.0%。本研究揭示：①研究区内土壤中重金属元素的含量、分布及生态风险与地质背景密切相关;②产生这一规律的原因在于母岩中元素含量的差异、成土过程中元素的地球化学行为及元素次生富集等因素综合作用的结果;③研究区土壤酸碱度偏低（pH平均值为5.5）,需预防土壤进一步酸化引起的重金属活化风险。     

陕西潼关县金矿矿区周边农田土壤重金属生态健康风险评价

为了解潼关金矿矿区早期粗放式的矿业活动对矿区周边农田土壤的重金属污染状况的影响以及对暴露人群的不良健康效应的评价,采用地质调查工程选取了矿区附近6块农田土壤为研究对象,通过X射线荧光光谱分析法测定了68个土壤样本中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn等8种土壤重金属含量,采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和...     

大亚湾表层沉积物重金属元素形态特征、控制因素及风险评价分析

为了解大亚湾表层沉积物中重金属的污染状况,对大亚湾海域23个点位表层沉积物中7种重金属元素（Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As）的质量分数、形态特征、来源控制因素以及潜在生态风险进行了研究。采用优化BCR提取法分析重金属元素赋存形态,并依据各种重金属元素的形态特征与沉积物基质属性进行了相关因子分析,了解其分布的控制因素。结果表明：大亚湾沉积物重金属元素呈现环带状分布特征,从岸向湾内逐渐减小;重金属元素质量分数的高值区主要分布于大鹏澳、哑铃湾及范和港附近;重金属元素赋存形态中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As主要以残渣态存在,Pb主要以可还原态存在,Cd主要以酸提取态存在;7种重金属元素各自非残渣态所占比率从大到小为Pb(78.83%)、Cd(78.65%)、Cu(48.54%)、Zn(48.10%)、Ni(38.31%)、Cr(28.43%)、As(27.76%),即Pb最高,As最低,表明Pb的迁移性最强;通过因子分析,大亚湾重金属主要为沿岸自然风化产物的输入,其次为工业废水及养殖污水。运用酸提取态风险评估法对重金属元素潜在生态风险进行评价,发现研究区所选重金属元素综合风险评价Cd为高风险,其余重金属为中-低风险等级。     

Contamination assessment and health risk of heavy metals in dust from Changqing industrial park of Baoji,NW China

The contents of Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in the dust samples collected from Changqing industrial park of Baoji city, NW China, were measured by XRF, while As and Hg in the dust samples were analyzed by AFS. Geo-accumulation index (I _geo), pollution index (PI) and integrated pollution index (IPI) were calculated to evaluate the heavy metal contamination level of dust. The health risk due to exposure to heavy metals in dust was analyzed by the Health Risk Assessment Model of US EPA. The results show that the arithmetic means of As, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn are 23.3, 16.4, 1591.8, 178.2, 0.243, 346.5, 40.2, 1,586.2 and 1,918.8 mg kg^?1, respectively, which are higher than the background values of Shaanxi soil, especially for Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn. The mean values of I _geo reveal the order of Pb > Zn > Cr > Hg > Cu > As > Co > Ni > Mn. The high I _geo of Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn in dust indicates that there is considerable pollution from Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn, while the low I _geo of As, Co, Mn and Ni presents no pollution in dust. The assessment results of PI support the results of I _geo, and IPI indicates heavy metals in dust polluted seriously. The health risk assessment shows that ingestion of dust particles is the route for exposure to heavy metals from dust, followed by dermal adsorption. Exposure to As, Cr and Pb from dust may pose a potential health threat to children and adults. The risk of cancer from As, Co, Cr and Ni due to dust exposure is low.     

雄安新区某金属冶炼区土壤重金属污染程度及风险评价

为支撑雄安新区土地资源科学管理,完善中国土壤污染评价体系,文章以雄安新区某废旧金属冶炼区为研究区开展地质调查,采集541件表层土壤样品,测定了土壤中的Cd、Hg、Pb、As、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni八种重金属元素的含量和pH,采用主成分分析法研究重金属元素的组合及分布特征,通过单因子指数法、内梅罗综合指数法、地质累积指数...     

Assessment of Groundwater Quality of the Central Gangetic Plain Area of India Using Geospatial and WQI Techniques

The paper presents results of research to determine the health risk of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in soils of gold mining area in Ilesha, Southwestern Nigeria. Eighteen top soil samples were collected and analysed for PTEs using ICPMS. The pollution level in soils were assessed using pollution load index (PLI) and potential ecological risk index (PERI). The human health risk was assessed using hazard index (HI), non-carcinogenic risk index and carcinogenic risk index. All the PTEs were higher than crustal average values except Fe and follow the order Mn > Ba > Cr > Zn > Cu > Ni > Pb > Co >Fe > As > Cd. The soil samples can be classified as unpolluted to moderately polluted (0.18-1.23) and low risk (15.28-94.24) based on PLI and PERI respectively. The values of hazard Index (HI) calculated for child and adult population for all the pathways were <1 and pose no obvious non carcinogenic risk to the population except for ingestion pathway where 33% of the samples showed value >1 in child population. As, Co, Cd and Pb constituted high cancer risk in the study area with child at higher risk than adult. The Total Cancer Risk (TCR) in the study area based on all the pathways ranges between 0.19 -3.86 and 0.18-3.58 for child and adult respectively and the ingestion route seems to be the major contributor to excess lifetime cancer risk followed by the dermal pathway.     

The distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in water,sediments, and fish of Chaohu Lake,China

In this study, the concentrations of seven heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the water, sediments, and nine tissues of eight fish species in Chaohu Lake were detected. And the ecological risk of sediments and food safety caused by heavy metals were evaluated. The mean concentrations of metals (As: 8.21, Cd: 0.58, Cu: 2.56, Cr: 0.50, Ni: 26.47, Pb: 3.51, Zn: 23.05 μg/L) in the water were found lower than the threshold values for the first-grade water quality (China environmental quality standards for surface water). The mean concentrations of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the sediments were 41.79, 19.31, 7.61, 7.09, and 102.85 μg/g, respectively, while the concentration of As and Cd was recorded below the detection limit. The ecological risk assessment demonstrated that metals in the sediments posed low ecological risk. The bioaccumulation of metals in fish tissues showed relatively high concentrations in liver, brain, kidney, and intestines while low levels of metals were detected in muscle. A fascinating phenomenon was firstly noticed that all metals highly existed in fish brain and exhibited an especially significant positive correlation with the metal concentrations in sediment, indicating a health risk for Chinese due to their consumption favor of fish head.     

Effects of copper mining on heavy metal contamination in a rice agrosystem in the Xiaojiang River Basin,southwest China

Metallic ore mining causes heavy metal pollution worldwide. However, the fate of heavy metals in agrosystems with long-term contamination has been poorly studied. Dongchuan District (Yunnan, southwest China), located at the middle reaches of the Xiaojiang River, is a well-known 2000-year-old copper mining site. In this work, a survey on soil heavy metal contents was conducted using a handheld X-ray fluorescence instrument to understand the general contamination of heavy metals in the Xiaojiang River Basin. Furthermore, river water, soil, and rice samples at six sites along the fluvial/alluvial fans of the river were collected and analyzed to implement an environmental assessment and an evaluation of irrigated agrosystem. V, Zn, and Cu soil levels (1724, 1047, and 696 mg·kg⁻¹, respectively) far exceeded background levels. The geo-accumulation indexes (I_geo) showed that cultivated soils near the mining sites were polluted by Cd and Cu, followed by Zn, V, Pb, Cr, Ni, and U. The pollution index (Pi) indicated that rice in the area was heavily polluted with Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni, Zn, and Cu. The difference in orders of metal concentrations between the soil and rice heavy metal contamination was related to the proportion of bioavailable heavy metals in the soil. The crop consumption risk assessment showed that the hazard quotient exceeded the safe threshold, indicating a potential carcinogenic risk to consumers. The Nemerow integrated pollution index and health index indicated that the middle of the river (near the mining area) was the heaviest polluted site.

     

Multivariate statistical approach to identify heavy metal sources in agricultural soil around an abandoned Pb–Zn mine in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China

A study of agricultural lands around an abandoned Pb–Zn mine in a karst region was undertaken to (1) assess the distribution of heavy metals in the agricultural environment, in both dry land and paddy field; (2) discriminate between natural and anthropogenic contributions; and (3) identify possible sources of any pollution discovered. Ninety-two samples of cultivated soils were collected around the mine and analyzed for eight heavy metals, pH, fluoride (F^?), cation exchange capacity, organic matter, and grain size. The eight heavy metals included Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, As, and Hg. The average concentrations (mg/kg) obtained were as follows: Cd 16.76 ± 24.49, Cr 151.5 ± 18.24, Cu 54.28 ± 18.99, Ni 57.5 ± 14.43, Pb 2,576.2 ± 1,096, Zn 548.7 ± 4,112, As 29.1 ± 6.36, and Hg 1.586 ± 1.46. In a site where no impact from mining activities was detected, the mean and median of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, As, and Hg concentrations in investigated topsoils were higher than the mean and median of heavy metal concentrations in reference soils. An ensemble of basic and multivariate statistical analyses was performed to reduce the multidimensional space of variables and samples. Two main sets of heavy metals were revealed as indicators of natural and anthropogenic influences. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) and categorical PCA demonstrated that Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Hg are indicators of anthropogenic pollution, whereas Cr, As and Ni concentrations are mainly associated with natural sources in the environment. The contamination from Pb–Zn mining operations, coupled with the special karst environment, was a key contributing factor to the spatial distribution of the eight heavy metals in the surrounding soil. The values of heavy metals in the soil samples suggested the necessity of conducting a rigorous assessment of the health and environmental risks posed by these residues and taking suitable remedial action as necessary.     

河北阜平县表层土壤重金属对人体健康的风险评估

河北省阜平县矿产资源丰富,矿产开发会产生大量重金属污染物,近年来大力发展果农业,也会对表层土壤造成一定影响,目前该县表层土壤重金属现状尚不清晰。为评估阜平县农业重点区表层土壤重金属污染特征和对人体健康的影响,本文按照1：5万土地质量调查规范要求,布设标准网格在该县农业重点区采集表层土壤样品647组,采用原子荧光光谱、电感耦合等离子体质谱、X射线荧光光谱等方法,测定Hg、As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr等8种重金属含量;运用地累积指数、内梅罗污染指数和富集因子法等方法,识别表层土壤重金属的污染特征和来源;利用中国人体健康土壤环境基准制定技术指南的健康风险评估标准,评估重金属污染对人体健康的风险。结果表明：①研究区表层土壤中Hg、Pb、Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni存在一定程度的富集,但含量均未超过农用地管控值,98.6%的样品土壤重金属对农产品质量安全、农作物生长或土壤生态环境风险低;②As的来源主要为自然源,Hg、Pb局部受到人类活动影响,Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni受到人类活动和天然地质背景共同影响;③对表层土壤中重金属的非致癌和致癌风险评估显示,成人和儿童的非致癌风险指数小于1,均不存在非致癌风险,处于可接受水平。As和Cd超过可接受致癌风险水平（As为10-5,Cd为10-6）,具有一定的致癌风险,经口吸入是造成人体健康风险的主要暴露途径,儿童受到的影响远高于成人。由此认为,研究区土壤存在轻微污染,且As和Cd对人体健康有一定影响,应加强对土壤重金属的监测,掌握其变化动态,防范土壤污染加重。     

Geo-environmental study of heavy metals of the agricultural highway soils,NW Jordan

This study investigated the status and distribution patterns of selected heavy metals in roadside soils along Irbid-North Shooneh Highway, Jordan. This highway has experienced a growing number of vehicles that are likely to influence the levels of heavy metals in the surrounding agricultural lands. The average concentrations of Cr, Co, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ni were 16.0, 36.0, 11.0, 4.0, 79.0, 122.0, and 60.0 mg/kg, respectively. Cd, Pb, and Co showed average levels that are higher than the average world soil background values. Elevated levels of heavy metals were measured in surface soil layer which decreased with depth, and with distance from the roadway. The contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), single ecological risk (Ei), potential ecological risk index (PERI), and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) generally indicated that the roadside soils are contaminated with Cd, Pb, and Ni. Heavy metals in soils are of geogenic and anthropogenic origins. Weathering of parent rocks in Wadi Al-Arab catchment is the primary natural source, whereas agrochemicals, vehicle exhausts, degradation of surface wear and paint of vehicles, vehicle wear debris of tire, and brake lining are the main anthropogenic sources of heavy metals.     

云南省宣威市农耕区土壤重金属元素分布影响因素及生态风险评价

为探究云南省碳酸盐岩风化区重金属污染特征及分布影响因素,选取云南省宣威市农垦区为研究对象,利用1:5万土地质量地球化学调查成果,通过分析表层土壤重金属元素累积特征及分布规律,并结合土壤理化性质及地形因素等数据,研究驱动农垦区土壤重金属元素富集的影响因素,并利用富集指数法(EF)和潜在生态风险评价(RI)进行污染评价.结...     

宁沪高速公路句容段两侧土壤磁化率异常与重金属元素的关系研究

高速公路两侧土壤的磁化率从路中央向两侧具有逐渐降低的特征,相对应的样品中的重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、N i、Cr、Fe等元素的含量也具有从路中心向两侧逐渐降低的现象。相关分析表明,土壤磁化率与土壤中的Cu、Pb、Zn、N i、Cr、Fe的相关性显著,因而可以利用磁化率异常来指示高速公路两侧土壤的重金属污染状况。元素的赋存形态分析表明铁锰氧化物态与残渣态是Cu、Pb、Zn、N i、Cr、Fe的主要赋存形式;各元素的形态分析结果与土壤磁化率的相关统计分析表明,高速公路两侧土壤的磁化率与可交换态中的Cu、Pb、Zn、铁锰氧化物态中的Fe、Pb、Zn、有机还原态中的Cu、Cr、Fe、Zn和残渣态中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Co、N i具有明显的相关性。     

淮南潘一矿采煤塌陷积水区水环境健康风险评估

以淮南潘一矿塌陷积水区为例,分析测试了塌陷积水区12个采样点水样中的7种重金属元素（Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb、Ni和Fe）的含量,采用美国环保局（USEPA）推荐的水环境健康风险评价模型,对重金属由食入途径进入人体所引起的健康风险进行评估和分析。研究发现,研究区水体中重金属致癌风险值为（5.06~8.06）×10^-6/a,根据我国环境保护部推荐的健康风险标准,存在健康风险。其中,Cr的致癌风险占总致癌风险的98.52%。非致癌健康风险值在10^-10/a的数量级,健康风险不明显,而非致癌健康风险的贡献大小顺序为,Cu > Pb > Fe > Cr > Cd > Ni > Zn。其中,Cu的贡献率最大,占非致癌总风险值的48.62%。同时还发现,研究区的重金属致癌风险占总健康风险的99.99%,这表明该区域总的水质健康风险几乎全部由致癌风险构成,而致癌风险中又几乎由Cr组成。     

西安市公园土壤重金属元素含量水平及风险评价

利用X-Ray荧光光谱仪对西安市城市公园表层土壤的Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Mn、As的质量分数进行了分析,阐明了这几种重金属元素的分布特征,并用内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对其进行了评价.结果表明,As在个别公园呈现富积;Zn和Mn普遍存在一定程度的富积;Cu、Pb在公园内的累积程度相对较大.西安市公园土壤重金属元素属于中等污染,其潜在生态风险处于中等水平,各重金属元素的潜在生态风险系数大小顺序为Pb=As>Cu>Cr>Mn>Zn.     

海南岛琼中黎母山—湾岭地区土壤重金属元素分布特征及生态风险评价

为了解琼中黎母山—湾岭地区土壤重金属元素分布特征及其潜在生态风险,采集了表层（0~20 cm）土壤样品2682件,对应中层（80~100 cm）及深层（180~200 cm）土壤样品各304件。分析测定Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd、As、Hg八种重金属元素。对8种重金属元素空间分布特征进行多元统计分析,并采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法对该区土壤重金属污染程度、生态风险进行评估。结果显示,表层土壤中8种重金属元素均值均高于海南岛土壤重金属背景值,表现出不同程度的积累;不同土地利用类型及种植类型对表层土壤重金属富集影响较大;垂向上,由表层至深层,土壤Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni五种重金属元素含量依次降低,但差异不大;Cd、As、Hg在垂向上表现出明显的表聚性。Pearson相关性分析与因子分析结果显示,Cu、Cr、Ni主要受地质背景影响,其余5种元素均受地质背景及人为因素影响。地累积指数结果显示,8种金属元素均值除Hg（0.08）外,均小于0,总体为无污染-轻微污染;生态风险评价显示,Cd和Hg为主要危害元素,Cd以轻微-中等危害为主,Hg以中等-强风险为主,其余元素危害指数均为轻微级,96%的土壤总体潜在生态危害指数在中等以下。     

土壤重金属地球化学特征及环境评价——以张北县二台镇为例

张家口北部坝上草原地区属于典型的半干旱草原牧区,近年来受到人为活动影响,土地荒漠化加剧,草原生态系统受损严重。本研究依据张北县二台镇土地利用现状边界布设了136个土壤采样点,测定了土壤21个指标。运用主成分分析法与GIS空间插值(IDW)方法来分析土壤中重金属元素的空间迁移富集与分异机理,并采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法对表层土壤9种重金属元素(Cd、Hg、Mn、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni和As)污染程度、生态风险进行评价。结果显示:研究区9种重金属元素土壤环境质量单指标等级评价以一等、低风险土壤为主。根据因子分析和主成分分析,Hg、Pb受人类活动及成土母质控制,其余7种元素均受成土母质的控制。地累积指数结果显示, 9种重金属元素除Hg以外地累积指数均小于0,总体为无污染等级,Hg为中污染等级。潜在生态危害指数结果显示Hg和Cd为潜在危害元素,其中Hg整体达到很强生态危害程度,Cd达到中等生态危害程度,其他元素为轻微生态危害程度。重金属综合生态危害指数(RI)表明在研究区七间窑村—哈拉勿素村以西地区为中等生态危害风险区,其余地区为轻微生态危害风险区。