长江口邻近海域夏季大型底栖生物群落特征

本文根据2014年6月长江口邻近海域大型底栖生物的调查资料, 采用优势度指数, 物种多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数, Bray-Curtis相似性聚类和非参数多维标度排序(nMDS)标序方法, 分析了长江口邻近海域夏季大型底栖生物的群落特征。本次调查共采集大型底栖生物135种, 其中多毛类66种, 甲壳动物33种, 棘皮动物14种, 软体动物13种, 其他类群9种。调查海域的大型底栖生物平均丰度为122.2ind/m₂,平均生物量为7.8g/ m₂。丰度、生物量和多样性指数在不同海区间的空间差异均不显著。大型底栖生物在20%的相似性水平上可以划分为8个群组,各站位间相似性水平较低。ABC曲线表明,伴随海岸带开发及人类活动的持续影响, 长江口邻近海域底栖生境的稳定性受到轻微扰动, 建议继续开展长期连续的监测, 为研究长江口海域环境变化和大型底栖生物群落演替提供基础资料。     

大凌河口附近海冰的内部结构分析

在中高纬度水域,近海与海洋生产建设不可避免的要遭遇冰的影响,尤其在冬季。因此,认真研究海冰的基本物理性质和本构特征尤为重要。对取自大凌河口的两根海冰冰样进行分析,沿厚度连续地自上而下竖直切片,并且等间距地水平切片,在正交偏光镜下观测冰晶结构;同时测量了每个样本不同位置的密度、盐度和含泥量以及分析其孔隙率;最后探讨了这些物理量之间的关系。结果得到:冰样上层为颗粒状晶体,中下层为柱状晶体;气泡多为球形,百分含量较低;冰密度在860～930kg/m3之间,盐度随深度呈C字型变化。     

黄河河口泥沙输移分布特性及其回归计算

在分析黄河河口泥沙输移和分布影响因素的基础上,分径流区域、径流潮汐区域和外海区域3个不同区域对黄河河口泥沙的输移和分布规律进行了系统探讨总结;利用实测资料对河口清水沟流路的泥沙分布特征进行了分析,并据此得出了河口泥沙沉积分配的回归计算式。     

Response of coastal marine eco-environment to river fluxes into the sea: a case study of the Huanghe (Yellow) River mouth and adjacent waters

The impact of the Huanghe (Yellow) River outflows on its estuary was investigated with river gauging and shipboard hydrographic observations. The river flux has been decreasing dramatically; the discharges of water and sediment in the 1990s dropped to 27.4% and 31.9% of those in the 1950s, respectively, resulting in frequent and lengthy events of downstream channel dry-up since the 1970s. There were accumulatively 897 zero-flow days during the 1990s in the river course below the Lijin Hydrological Station, 100 km upstream from the river mouth, which is 82.4% of that in 1972. As freshwater input decreases, river-borne nutrients to the estuarine increased significantly. Concentration of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the 1990s was four times of that in 1950s. Changes in amount and content of the riverine inputs have greatly affected the estuarine ecosystem. Over the past several decades, sea surface temperature and salinity in the estuary and its adjacent waters increased and their distribution pattern altered in response to the reduction of freshwater inflow. The distribution of and seasonal succession in nutrient concentrations in the surface layer have also changed with a shift of river outlet and the decrease in riverine nutrient loads. Furthermore, deterioration of estuarine ecosystem by less river input has decreased primary productivity in the deltaic region waters, and in turn depressed the fishery.     

Trace metals in selected organisms from the Adriatic sea

Extensive surveys were made to establish the concentrations of several metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu and Hg) in various marine organisms from different parts of the Adriatic Sea in the period from 1979 to 1985. The results obtained are based on analyses which were performed in conjunction with carefully tested procedures. Proper sampling, sample storage, treatment of samples and final analytical determination has excluded artefacts which would influence the accuracy, or cause contamination and/or trace metal losses.The metal concentrations in shellfish from the coastal areas of the Adriatic Sea are in the range of the lowest values obtained for similar organisms from other localities throughout the Mediterranean Sea. Special attention has been paid to the anthropogenic influence on trace metal concentrations in organisms living in the vicinity of domestic sewage and/or industrial waste-water outflows.     

长江口及其邻近海域磷的分布变化特征

根据2004年4个航次的调查资料,研究了长江河口内及其临近海域磷酸盐和总磷的分布变化特征。结果表明,磷酸盐和总磷的浓度分布都是河口附近高,外海低,但其最大值不在河口内,而在口门外。河口内磷酸盐秋、冬季浓度高,春、夏季低;总磷夏、秋季浓度高,春季和冬季低。口门外磷酸盐和总磷浓度分布都是冬、夏季高,春、秋季低。磷酸盐夏季浓度变化大,分层明显,冬季变化小,垂直分布均匀。总磷春季表、底层浓度接近,其余季节表层都低于底层。通过磷酸盐和总磷与盐度、悬浮体的相关关系研究表明,磷酸盐在河口转移过程中,还受到生物活动、水体垂直对流以及缓冲作用等多种因素的影响。总磷在很大程度上受颗粒磷的控制。     

黄河口湿地典型地物类型高光谱分类方法

黄河口湿地地物类型具有复杂多样的特点,本文将线性光谱混合分析模型与归一化植被指数(NDVI)和归一化水体指数(NDWI)相结合,建立了一种新的滨海湿地遥感影像分类方法;开展了基于CHRIS高光谱影像的黄河口湿地芦苇、柽柳、碱蓬、大米草、潮滩和水体6种典型地物分类实验,整体分类精度为77.33%,Kappa 系数为 0.71,与经典的最大似然分类(MLC)方法相比较,整体分类精度提高1.6%,Kappa 系数提高0.02,尤其是芦苇、碱蓬、大米草和潮滩的分类精度明显提高。     

Distribution characteristics and controlling factors of typical heavy metals in Huanghe River estuary,China

The geochemical characteristics and potential controlling factors of colloidal Zn,Cd,and Pb in Huanghe(Yellow) River estuary(HRE),China were investigated.The three metals were highly variable over a range of spatiotemporal scales,comprehensively forced by various physical and biological processes.Total dissolved Zn,Cd,and Pb varied from 200.1 to 321.7,2.6 to 4.1,and 0.5 to 1.0 nmol/L,respectively.Only one near-estuarine station of Zn had contamination factor values>1,which indicate the lower ...     

Trace metal content in sediments and autochthonous intertidal organisms from two adjacent bays near Ushuaia,Beagle Channel (Argentina)

The aim of this work was to monitor levels of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Fe in sediments, mussels (Mytilus edulis chilensis) and limpets (Nacella magellanica) from the Industrial zone (IZ); fuel dock (FD) and Ushuaia Peninsula (UP) on the Beagle Channel. In sediments, seasonal variations showed high values of Cu and Pb in spring and Zn in autumn. Comparing among sites, Cd concentration was superior in UP (2.07 μg/g); while Pb was maximum in FD (41.00 μg/g). In mussels, a higher bioaccumulation in winter was found. Mussels from UP showed the highest bioaccumulation of Cu (5.95 μg/g) and those from FD presented the highest of Zn (170.15 μg/g). A seasonal trend was not found for limpets, while differences among sites were observed for Cd being the highest at IZ (3.02 μg/g). Although pollution level found was low, anthropic activities at the studied sites could result in deterioration, further monitoring is recommended.     

The carbonate system of the amur estuary and the adjacent marine aquatic areas

In July 2007, integrated studies of the Amur Estuary and the adjacent aquatic areas were performed on board R/V Professor Gagarinskii within the project of the Amur River basin exploration. On the basis of the data obtained during the cruise, the carbonate system of the Amur Estuary in the summer period was considered. It was shown that the distribution of the carbonate parameters in the Amur Estuary and the adjacent aquatic areas points to the high intensity of the bio-geochemical processes of production and mineralization of organic matter. It was found that the organic matter destruction is prevailing over the photosynthesis in the riverine part of the estuary. This aquatic area is a source of carbon dioxide for the atmosphere and rates as a heterotrophic basin. On the contrary, the surface waters at the outer boundaries of the estuary (the Gulf of Sakhalin and the Tatar Strait) act as a sink of the atmospheric carbon dioxide, which is caused by the intense photosynthesis in this area. This part of the estuary is treated as an autotrophic basin.     

珠江口深圳湾污损生物的生态研究

深圳湾位于珠江口东岸,属半封闭海湾,2006年12月至2007年11月,在湾内进行污损生物周年挂板试验,共记录污损生物24种,隶属于7个动物门。月板平均附着生物量表层2780.72g/m2,底层4110.10g/m2,最高峰出现在7月份;四季板平均湿重表层2521.13g/m2,底层4382.10g/m2,最高峰出现在秋季;半年板平均湿重表层4065.10g/m2,底层4298.30g/m2;年板平均湿重表层6212.20g/m2,底层20009.10g/m2。四季优势种显著不同,华美盘管虫、总合草苔虫和藤壶在春、冬季附着量较大,夏季没有附着。沙筛贝和总状真枝螅在夏、秋季的附着量较大,冬季没有附着。     

基于神经网络的长江口深水航道海域悬浮泥沙浓度研究

航道治理和维护的核心问题为泥沙问题。在充分分析遥感和遥测数据的基础上,利用BP神经网络方法对长江口深水航道海域悬浮泥沙浓度进行了研究。当隐含层神经元个数为8时,预测效果最好,网络的RMSE仅为0.102,网络的拟合度达到0.899。预测的最大相对误差为28%,最小相对误差为6%,总的相对误差为21.5%。     

黄河口邻近海域浮游幼虫群落结构季节变化

基于2019−2020年4个季节的6个航次海上生态调查,研究黄河口邻近海域的浮游幼虫群落结构及其与环境因子的关系,旨在为海域生物多样性保护与重要生物资源养护提供科学基础。结果显示：在黄河口邻近海域,共鉴定出浮游幼虫16类,阶段性浮游幼虫是主要组成类群。浮游幼虫月均丰度以11月最高、1月最低。浮游幼虫香农−威纳多样性指数（H'）夏季（6−8月）高和秋冬季（11月至翌年1月）低。双壳类幼虫和无节幼虫是海区各季节的优势种及浮游幼虫总丰度的主要贡献者,腹足类幼虫、多毛类幼虫以及耳状幼虫、桡足幼虫等是季节性出现的优势种。春−夏间优势种组成更替率高。相对高丰度浮游幼虫主要分布于黄河口入海口附近、小清河口及莱州湾中部。基于浮游幼虫类群丰度组成的聚类分析,可将调查月和站位各分为3个不同的聚类组。月聚类组分别为春季（4月）、夏秋季（6−11月）和冬季（1月）,春季、冬季聚类组的代表类群是无节幼虫,夏秋季聚类组的代表类群是双壳幼虫。3个站位聚类组的组成站位的地理分布交错,代表类群都为双壳类幼虫和无节幼虫。多元方差（MANOVA）和相似性分析（ANOSIM）检验显示,海区内浮游幼虫的多样性指数、丰度、群聚结构等都表现为月间差异显著（p<0.05）,站位间差异不显著（p>0.05）。生物−环境逐步多重回归分析表明,影响浮游幼虫群聚结构的最佳环境因子组合为水温和浮游动物丰度。     

胶州湾大沽河河口及邻近海域海水水质状况与评价

根据2006年6月和2007年6月两次对胶州湾大沽河河口邻近海域表层海水的温度、盐度、pH、悬浮物(SS)、溶解氧(DO)、化学需氧量(COD)、亚硝酸盐(NO2--N)、硝酸盐(NO3?-N)、铵氮(NH+4-N)、活性磷酸盐(PO 34?-P)、铜、铅、锌、镉、石油类等理化指标测定结果,应用单因子污染指数和富营养化指数对该海域的水质进行了分析和评价。结果显示,无机氮和石油类为该海域的主要污染物,该海域总体营养水平较高,2006年为磷限制中度营养区域,2007年为磷中等限制潜在性营养化区域。     

珠江口海平面特征分析

根据珠江三角洲网河区及口门位置的四个验潮站38年的月均水位资料,利用小波方法分析水位的周期性变动成分,同时结合重标极差法与Mann-Kendall法对水位变动的持续性及趋势性进行研究,通过对比网河区与口门位置水位变动的异同,揭示珠江口海平面的变化特征。研究表明,1957-1994年间,珠江口海平面存在2～8a的显著周期性变动,以及10a和20a左右的周期性变动。珠江口的海平面变化具有明显的持续性,且越靠近口门,这种持续性越明显。珠江口的海平面变化总体为上升趋势,上升速度介于1.6～4.0mm/a。     

黄河口河海划界问题的探讨

随着全国海域勘界工作的深入开展,作为海域勘界中的突出问题,河口区域陆海、河海界线的确定备受关注.由于河口区域自然地理的特殊性和生态环境的复杂性,再加上河口区域物产丰富,人口密集,社会经济繁荣,使得河口区的有序管理在对沿海区域社会经济的可持续发展方面的作用显得尤为突出.     

Trace metal composition of colloidal organic material in marine environments

Marine colloidal material (1 kDa–0.2 μm) was isolated by cross-flow ultrafiltration followed by diafiltration and freeze-drying from surface waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB), as well as from estuarine waters of Galveston Bay. Elemental characterization of isolated colloidal material included organic carbon (OC) and selected trace metal (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Co, Ni, Cr, Be, Fe, Al, Mn, V, Ba, and Ti) determinations. It was found that levels of these metals in marine colloids ranged from <0.1 to 50 μg/g colloidal matter, except for Fe which generally had a concentration >120 μg/g. Most metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Al, Mn, V, and Ti) had an average concentration >1 μg/g while concentrations of Cd, Co and Be were usually <1 μg/g. Metal concentrations (μg/g) in isolated colloids were, in general, higher in Galveston Bay than in the Gulf of Mexico, suggesting either high abundance of trace metals in estuarine waters or differences in organic matter composition. Higher colloidal metal concentrations in the MAB than in the Gulf of Mexico might be due to higher terrestrial inputs in the MAB. Colloidal metal concentrations (μg/g) were generally lower than those in average soils, continental crust and suspended particles. However, metal/aluminum ratios (Me/Al) in isolated marine colloids were significantly higher than those for average soils and continental crust. Most importantly, colloids had a metal composition and metal/OC ratio (Me/C) similar to humic substances and marine plankton, suggesting that marine colloids largely originate from planktonic sources and are composed of predominately organic components. The Me/C ratios of Galveston Bay colloids followed the sequence of Cu>Ni, Cr, Zn>Mn>Co>Pb, Cd, which is similar to the Irving–Williams order except for Mn, suggesting that the interaction of metals with marine colloids is determined by the affinity of metals for specific organic ligands.     

珠江口海域气溶胶中重金属含量的时间变化特征及入海通量初步估算

采用2009～2011年珠江口海域获取的代表春、夏、秋、冬4个季节的240个气溶胶样品,分析重金属（Cu、Pb、Zn、ca）质量浓度和大气干沉降通量的年、季变化特征．结果表明：气溶胶中zn的质量浓度最高,其次是Pb和Cu,Cd的质量浓度最低,年平均质量浓度依次为69,2、31．2、12．6和0．58ng／m3．Cu、Pb和Zn的年平均质量浓度和入海通量表现为2009年〉2011年〉2010年．Cd的年平均质量浓度和入海通量呈现逐年递减的变化趋势．各金属质量浓度及大气干沉降通量均为秋季最高,冬春季次之,夏季最低,这种季节性差异主要与季风和雨水冲刷作用有关．气溶胶中Cu、Ph、Cd和Zn平均质量浓度的较低值出现在2010年夏季．Pb在4个季节的平均质量浓度低值均出现在2010年,平均质量浓度依次为18．9、3．8、56．7、20．2ng／m3,表明加强人为污染物排放的控制,可有效地降低气溶胶中重金属的含量,提高环境空气质量．通过评估金属元素分别从大气和河流进入珠江口海域的输入量,该海域金属物质输送入海仍以河流输入为主,但大气中Pb对该海域的输入具有重要作用．     

舟山海域和杭州湾北岸水体及生物体内的 重金属污染分析与评价

洋山港的建设及运营将会造成其所在的舟山海域受到重金属的污染,也会对其邻近的杭州湾造成一定程度的影响。 就舟山海域和杭州湾北岸的海水与生物体内的重金属含量进行了分析与评价,结果表明,在表层海水中,舟山海域Hg污染 最为严重,尤其是洋山港所在的小洋样点,其周边杭州湾北岸以Pb、Hg 为主要污染物。在生物体内,舟山海域中日本笠藤 壶、白脊管藤壶体内Hg超标情况最为严重,与该海域水体中Hg 的严重污染相对应;杭州湾北岸僧帽牡蛎体内Cu 超标情况 最为严重,大洋和小洋样点的僧帽牡蛎与两种藤壶体内重金属的污染程度和特性差异较大,这与物种不同而导致重金属进入 生物体内的分配机制差异有关,其体内Hg 含量与该海域表层海水Hg 含量呈极显著相关性,说明僧帽牡蛎可作为杭州湾北岸 Hg污染的指示生物。