北黄海漂浮铜藻来源的初步探讨

本文对近10a来在黄海每年发生大规模聚集铜藻的来源进行初步探讨。通过观测漂浮铜藻及底栖铜藻周年发生发展情况、黄海冷水团、漂浮铜藻基因差异、海流及风向等因素对漂浮铜藻影响,对北黄海漂浮铜藻来源进行了初步分析。北黄海5 m水层的温度适宜漂浮铜藻老枝在当地海区度夏及越冬。春季漂浮铜藻可能有两种来源,一是东海漂浮铜藻漂移而来,二是当地或者附近海域漂浮铜藻老枝越冬而来;而冬季漂浮铜藻,推测是当年春季漂浮铜藻老枝度夏而来。漂浮铜藻最初始来源,可能是黄海及东海近海的底栖铜藻营养枝断裂而来。     

8种微藻的保存方法研究

选择固定化和低温弱光2种保存方法对8种微藻进行了研究。实验结果表明:不同的海洋微藻适合不同的保存方法。三角褐指藻、小球藻以及扁藻对这两种保存方法都比较适合,活化复苏快;蓝隐藻比较适合固定化保存,低温弱光保存后的再生能力相对较弱;等鞭金藻8701、紫球藻、牟氏角毛藻及茧形藻更适合低温弱光保存,其中等鞭金藻8701延缓期较长,经固定化保存后的藻悬液未能被活化,而经低温弱光保存后虽延缓期较长但复苏后生长良好。     

环境因子对硬壳蛤Mercenaria mercenaria稚贝成活率和生长率的影响

采用室内模拟的方法，对盐度、饵料、底质和温度对硬壳蛤稚贝成活率和生长率的影响进行了研究。结果表明，硬壳蛤稚贝存活和生长的适宜盐度范围为18－42，最适盐度范围为24－36。从稚贝成活率看，几种单胞藻的饲育效果顺序为：等鞭金藻＞美国扁藻＞混合藻＞亚心形扁藻＞大溪等鞭金藻＞三角褐指藻＞小球藻＞中肋骨条藻；但从稚贝日生长率看，几种单胞藻的饲育效果顺序为：混合藻＞等鞭金藻＝美国扁藻＝亚心形扁藻＞大溪等鞭金藻＞三角褐指藻＞小球藻＞中肌骨条藻。硬壳蛤对底质环境有一定的选择性，稚贝在纯砂底质中的成活率和日生长率均高于在纯海泥底质中，但砂的粒径大小对稚贝成活率和日生长率没有明显影响。硬壳蛤稚贝具有很强的耐高温能力，在室内控温条件下，能够耐受30－35℃的高温，但在室外自然温度条件下，当温度为21．8－35．4℃（平均为30．1℃）时，稚贝成活率却很低，无砂情况下只有32％，有砂情况下为零。     

虾池移植大叶藻综合养殖研究在青岛通过鉴定

中国科学院海洋研究所在室內大水槽培育大叶藻幼苗吋发现,大叶藻在夏季水温超过28℃时仍正常存活;海区的观察也证明,自然海区生长的大叶藻植株在夏季高温期仍生长正常。大叶藻(Zostera marina)为海草的一种,可以靠地下茎的营养繁殖不断长出新植株,因而能在山东省沿海一些泥沙底质的海区形成以     

三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)形态及其变异现象的研究

分别对青岛、浙江、上海和厦门四地的三角褐指藻藻种及单个细胞克隆后多个藻株的形态及其变异现象进行了比较研究。青岛、上海藻种短期培养后，培养液细胞基本由梭形细胞组成；浙江和厦门藻种则基本由三出放射形细胞组成。正常培养液中卵形细胞比例均在0.1%以下。特定条件下，梭形和三出放射形细胞均能产生卵形细胞，卵形细胞也能发育成梭形或三出放射形细胞；三出放射形细胞可能经“突变”或“定向变异”转变成梭形细胞，而梭形细胞培养液中没有出现三出放射形细胞。培养液比重、温度及光照条件的改变短期内对细胞形态类型的转变没有明显影响；淡水和低温(4℃～8℃)的长期胁迫能使梭形和三出放射形藻株发生高比例的卵形细胞。     

大叶藻海草床的生态恢复: 根茎棉线绑石移植法及其效果

于2009年和2010年在青岛汇泉湾用根茎棉线绑石法进行大叶藻(Zostera marina L.)移植, 并于2012年4月20日至11月19日对移植大叶藻的生长情况进行观察(包括形态学变化、密度、茎枝高度、地上生物量、底质粒径几个方面)。观察期间水温为7.8～26.1℃。结果显示, 移植底质可定性为粉砂质;移植大叶藻的有性繁殖期为2012年4～8月; 无性繁殖在秋季达到高峰; 密度在6月和9月分别高达411茎枝/m²和481茎枝/m²; 高度与地上生物量的最大值出现在6～7 份。与2009年青岛湾天然大叶藻进行比较后可以发现, 移植大叶藻的高度、地上生物量及其季节变化与天然大叶藻基本保持一致,说明移植大叶藻的生长状况良好, 同时说明根茎棉线绑石法是一种高效且实用的海草床生态恢复方法。     

漂浮铜藻室内保存及海上越冬试验

在我国南北海区经常能观察到聚集的漂浮铜藻,为有效利用铜藻资源,设计了铜藻室内保存及海上越冬试验。结果显示,铜藻在室温3℃～15℃下藻的鲜重均有不同程度下降,80μmol·m^-2·s^-2强光比20μmol·m^-2·s^-2弱光保存铜藻效果好,低温比高温保存效果好,但低于5℃后的铜藻保存效果变差。在温度5℃～17℃左右时,海上筏养铜藻特定生长率随温度升高而升高,而且藻体健壮,在冬季海水温度降到℃以下时,铜藻基本停止生长,但是藻体仍保持较好的活力,因此漂浮铜藻可在黄海南部海上顺利越冬。     

江蓠单养混养比较的初步研究

应用从华南引入到浙江并经自然越冬后正常生长的细基江蓠繁枝变种作为试验材料，进行江蓠与水产动物单养混养效果对比的初步试验。结果表明：混养江篱可以改善水质条件，具有极明显的增氧效果，保持水体ｐＨ值相对稳定。同时，可以提高混养动物的成活率与生长率，最终使养动物增产增由，又提高了江篱的产量，而对江篱的质量没有影响。     

环境因子对小刀蛏稚贝生长和存活的影响

采用单因子分析方法,以小刀蛏为材料,研究了不同盐度、温度、底质及饵料对小刀蛏稚贝生长和存活的影响。实验结果表明:小刀蛏稚贝具有较强的盐度耐受性,可以在较大的盐度变动范围内生长和存活;小刀蛏稚贝生长和存活的适宜盐度范围为15~35,最适盐度范围为20~25;适宜的温度范围为16~28℃,最适的温度范围为24~28℃;随着盐度和温度的增加,小刀蛏稚贝的生长率和存活率均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势。底质是小刀蛏生长和存活的必要环境条件,且小刀蛏对底质环境具有明显的选择性,稚贝以海泥底质最佳,实验条件下海泥底质组生长率和存活率显著高于半泥半砂底质和细粉砂底质。不同饵料对稚贝的培育效果不同,角毛藻和金藻的投喂效果最好,稚贝生长率和存活率最高,其次为扁藻组,小球藻组最差。研究结果可为小刀蛏人工培育技术的优化提供参考依据。     

藻虾混养的研究 Ⅰ、江蓠与新对虾、青蟹在鱼塘中混养的试验

文中详述细基江篱繁枝变型与刀额新对虾、中型新对虾、锯缘青蟹在鱼塘中混养的试验。试验结果表明，藻虾混养构成海洋动植物互为有利的生态系，充分利用养殖水域，达到坛产坛收的目的。细基江蓠繁枝变型是鱼塘养殖的优良品种，从试验结果可推断出其生长的最适温度和盐度分别为17～30℃、17～29‰，它的最适生长水层是：1～4月为20～50厘米，5～6月50～80厘米、7～8月70～80厘米、9月35～70厘米、10～12月20～70厘米。文内还讨论藻虾混养的生态环境和共生关系、江篱的生长规律与藻种移植等问题。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.