如何把握《普通地质学》教学中的广度与深度

《普通地质学》作为地球科学类学生本科教育入门的专业启蒙和引导课程,不仅担负着专业知识体系引导而且还要培养学生正确的人生观和价值观的重任。因此,广度和深度就成为《普通地质学》课程教学改革的两个重要方面,课前准备需要把握知识点的广度,课堂教学需要把握知识点的深度,而广度与深度的相互交融是引导学生兴趣的关键,进而依托“趣味—科学—普适—经典”的教学方式,承担起大类人才培养模式下的素质教育职责。课程的改革任重道远,需要从多方面的努力和思考,方可达到预期的课程目标。     

地学高层次人才培养，从入门课程《普通地质学》开始

充分发挥专业课程的多维度育人功能是打通基础学科高层次人才培养的关键一环。作为地质学及其相关专业的第一门专业入门课程,《普通地质学》课程主要教授学生地球科学的基本知识、基本技能和基本地质思维等专业知识,同时培养学生的专业兴趣。面对新时代高层次地学人才培养的要求,需要深入挖掘该课程的思政元素,实现教学理念从单纯的传授基础知识、激发专业兴趣到科学素养和人文素养拓展,开启《普通地质学》课程服务地学高层次人才培养的大门。充分利用“将今论古”思想和动力地质作用这两个课程核心内容,培养学生的开拓创新精神和跨学科能力,提升学生的科学素养。同时,依托地质过程的复杂性和庞大的地质时空观等课程核心内容,培养学生的工匠精神、大格局观和发展观,提升人文素养。     

Dynamic weather forecaster: results of the testing of a collaborative, on-line educational platform for weather forecasting

The online Dynamic Weather Forecaster is an open, collaborative application available now to high-school and college instructors across the United States who would like to easily incorporate weather forecasting in their instruction. The application consists of a set of 13 questions that allow students to submit forecasts that cover most of the parameters used by professional weather forecasters. Submissions are automatically validated against weather parameters and graded. We tested the impact of the application on the learning of 199 undergraduate students in an introductory meteorology course in spring 2008. Students who begin forecasting early in the semester and continue to do so throughout the semester are statistically significantly more successful in the course than students who start late or complete a low number of forecasts. College, year in school, and gender were not significant predictors of success. Students found the application easy to use, and 92.3% of them found it at least somewhat helpful as they learned about the weather. Through the use of the DWF, students also experience first-hand that uncertainty is a critical part of weather forecasting and of scientific studies in general. With sufficient interest from potential users outside the USA, the DWF platform could easily be expanded to include global weather data.     

From Celsius to Chaos to Cyclones: Using Temperature-Conversion Equations to Introduce Advanced Mathematical Concepts in Earth Science Courses

The Fahrenheit-to-Celsius temperature-conversion equation is a basic component of many introductory earth science courses. Despite its simplicity, it presents a challenge to students and instructors alike because residents of the United States are unfamiliar with the Celsius scale. By solving for the point at which these two temperature scales are equal, it is possible to use the equations for temperature conversion as a springboard to more advanced topics. It is demonstrated that temperature-conversion equations and chaotic equations can be solved using identical numerical and graphical techniques. As a result, the fundamental concepts of chaos theory and numerical methods can be introduced to students in the context of the simplest equations in the earth sciences. These solution methods are applied to the quantitative theory of the extratropical cyclone as an example of the utility and broad scope of this educational approach.     

《宝石学现代测试技术》课程建设和教学方法探讨

中国地质大学（武汉）珠宝学院为本科生开设了《宝石学现代测试技术》课程,该课程的教学目的是让学生初步掌握现代宝石学研究技术和方法,对宝石学研究的专题问题提出自己的研究方案,具备一定的科学研究分析能力,以适应社会对宝石学专业人才的需求。宝石学现代测试技术课程按照32个学时讲课和16个学时实习划分成两大教学模块。采用多样化课堂教学方法,如提问式教学、分组讨论和分组报告等;采用多层次实验教学方式,如对精贵仪器注重送样及数据分析教学,对宝石学常用谱学仪器注重测试方法和动手能力训练;采用多元化成绩评定方法,最终课程成绩由课堂分组报告、实验报告和闭卷考试三部分成绩组成。新的教学方法取得了很好的教学效果,它调动了学生的学习热情,培养了他们的综合分析能力和合作精神,并初步培养了他们的科研能力和创新精神。     

Geography and paratactical interdisciplinarity: Views from the ESRC-NERC PhD studentship programme

Interdisciplinarity is a notoriously difficult concept to define, and even harder to achieve in practice. All too often social approaches reduce science to an object of study, or conversely physical science approaches are invoked as a source of ‘higher’ truth. Drawing upon our experiences as ESRC-NERC PhD students within geography, we outline a paratactical approach that links disciplines by adjacency rather than hierarchy. Toppling the disciplinary hierarchy creates the potential for non-reductionistic dialogue between science and social science, but it also raises a series of practical difficulties. These are considered around the themes of polyvocality, breadth over depth and (im)permanence. We suggest that while this kind of approach is increasingly encouraged by research funding bodies, it is less easily sustained within the everyday mechanics of the academic world.     

“地质学基础”课程融入“四个自信”思政元素的思考

“地质学基础”是各高校地质学专业开设的第一门导论性课程,对于培养专业兴趣、构建专业知识体系是至关重要的,也是地质学专业课程体系中融入课程思政内容最理想的一门课程。“四个自信”是指“中国特色社会主义道路自信、理论自信、制度自信、文化自信”。将“四个自信”思政元素融入“地质学基础”课程是地质学专业课程思政建设中回答“培养什么人、怎样培养人、为谁培养人”这一教育根本问题的重要举措。论文从地质学专业的角度出发,详细论述了“地质学基础”课程融入“四个自信”思政元素的必要性、天然优势和提取“四个自信”思政元素的途径及相关内容。     

地质学的若干问题

对地质学几个领域近几十年的发展做了扼要的总结,指出了一些有突破性的进展,并提出了这些学科今后若干年可能的发展展望,论文涉及的学科包括矿物学、花岗岩、铁镁－超铁镁岩、变质岩、沉积学、多重地层分类与地质年代学、构造这以及板块构造学与大陆动力学。对于各学科并非全面的论述,而是指出其有重大意义的突破性进展,在矿物学方面强调了由于新技术的运用而大大地促进了矿物学的进展,矿物材料学和环境矿物学都是今后着重发展的方向。总结了当前对花岗岩的基本认识,指出应开展“岩浆系统”与“火山系统”的深层次研究;对于铁镁－超铁镁岩今后要加强壳幔物质的相互作用与深部过程的研究;总结了变质岩研究的三个阶段,今后要在重点地质区坚持长期深入系统的研究,特别是前寒武纪麻粒岩区和造山带。沉积学最近有较大发展,有三方面的意义;在构造地质学方面指出在大陆造山带伸展构造、韧性剪切等研究热点以及从定性到定量的研究趋势;板块构造学是地球科学有史以来最伟大的成就,90年代是大陆构造研究的大发展时期。     

煤系地层地震波区域性发育特征

由于地震勘探项目的相对独立,地震波运动学特征的分析只局限于单个采区,对区域性发育特征缺乏系统研究.根据华北、东北28个测区的地震数据体及其钻孔统计资料,在综合分析地震波区域性发育规律的基础上取得了垂向传播时间、速度与煤层埋深之间的定量关系：证明它们之间为近似抛物线形式;在特定条件下,埋深在一定深度范围内可用不过原点的直线近似拟合.这些经验公式可用于：（1）指导地震勘探设计、处理、解释;（2）解决地震解释中断面时深转换及缺少钻孔资料区区内目标层时深转换问题;（3）解决地质剖面中自动切制断层的难题.研究结果在安徽、河南、辽宁等地震工区使用,取得了理想的效果,提高了地震地质成果可靠性.     

A new engineering-geological rock durability classification

The construction of the 5.3-m diameter, 82-km long Orange—Fish Tunnel in the Republic of South Africa, in sensibly horizontal beds of mudrocks, siltstones and sandstones of the Karoo Supergroup (Upper Carboniferous to Triassic age), revealed the paramount importance of rock durability. The presence of non-durable rock types was found to be one of the causes of the rock distress problems encountered in some tunnel sections during construction.

Geomechanical tests conducted on representative samples of potentially difficult rock types from the Orange—Fish Tunnel, indicated important limitations of international rock material classifications, such as the Deere—Miller Modulus—Strength and the Deere—Gamble Durability—Plasticity systems. The inadequacy of these classifications in the case of the Karoo sedimentary rocks, underlined the need for a new rock durability classification which could be used for the timely indication of the presence of non-durable rock material sections at tunnel level.

An account is given of the lithology, mineralogy and the postulated weathering mechanics of the Karoo rocks encountered, as well as the application of these parameters to the numerical methods used for the quantitative assessment of rock durability. It is considered that a reliable appraisal of this time-dependent parameter can be provided by the measurement of the strength and free swelling properties of the intact rock material.

A new rock durability classification, styled the Geodurability Classification, is discussed. This empirical system appears to be practical and simple as it depends on the minimum number of index rock properties, which can be measured fairly rapidly in a field laboratory by means of simple test apparatus and semi-skilled labour. It is based on different ranges of ratios of the uniaxial compressive strength, σ_c, and the “Duncan” free swelling coefficient, ε_D, as index parameters. The intact rock material is classified according to a rating system which varies from “excellent” (Class A) to “very poor” (Class F).

The extensive use of the Geodurability Classification indicated such a system to be particularly relevant to compacted and weakly cemented rocks, where the tendency of the rock material to deteriorate with time (and not the presence of rock discontinuities such as joints and bedding planes) dominates the time-dependent behaviour of tunnel rock masses.     

新形势下《地球科学概论》课程改革的实践与思考

在加快推动“双一流”建设和交叉学科发展的背景下,传统的地球科学也逐步向地球系统科学转变,对地学人才培养提出了新的期待和要求。为了更好地适应行业发展需要和学科特色发展,需要对地学人才培养模式进行多样化创新,构建新时代地学拔尖人才培养体系。《地球科学概论》是地学类专业入门的基础课程,论文从优化教学大纲、加强课程思政、注重大师引领、改变教学方法和倡导理工结合等五个方面对课程进行了联动协同改革,对地学拔尖人才培养进行了有益的实践和思考。     

盐类科学研究的扩展——盐体系研究的思考(代序)

传统的地球科学对于盐类研究主要集中于盐湖和古代盐类沉积,对于其他盐类聚集体,如泻湖、港湾、盐沼泽、泉水等研究较少,更未涉及其他行星的盐类聚集体。成盐元素约25种,由于其作用的广泛性和重要性以及近代科学技术的进步,对于盐类聚集体的研究已冲破单学科领域,不但在地球科学包括盐类资源科技领域日益扩大和深入,而且在生物学、医学、保健和环境生态学等也有了引人入胜的新发现,航天行星科学也开始涉及盐类研究领域,在宏观上已进入全球以至行星研究时期,在微观上已达到分子和基因层次;盐类及盐碱土开发已达到综合利用、整体开发的初始阶段。盐类科学研究已进入多学科交叉、在广度和深度上大为扩展的崭新时代,概称为"盐体系"研究和综合开发与保护管理阶段。     

普通地质学“小班课教学”实践与思考

普通地质学是地质学类各专业的第一门专业基础课程,是引领同学们进入地球科学殿堂的启蒙课。普通地质学内容覆盖面很宽,涵盖了地质学各个分支学科的基础知识,又是一门知识性、理论性和实践性很强的课程,在培养入门者的地质学思维和构建地质学知识结构方面具有重要作用。普通地质学“小班课教学”研讨式授课模式从转变教育理念开始,以学生成长为中心,改革教学内容和课程体系,达到课堂、讨论、实验、野外四位一体,促进理论与实践的紧密结合。激发了学生的学习兴趣、求知动力与探索精神;培养和提升了学生自主学习、创新思考、交流表达和团队合作等能力;达到综合性、高层次、复合型地学人才培养目标,切实提高了本科人才培养质量。     

涌水含气地层封孔材料的设计及野外试验

常规水泥封孔材料不能完全满足涌水含气特殊地层条件的封孔要求。以封孔水泥砂浆为研究对象,通过正交实验方法,设计封孔水泥砂浆的成分配比,得到既满足钻探质量指标要求,又适用于涌水含气地层的封孔材料配方。由室内实验得到,水灰比的改变对湿态水泥砂浆的凝结时间具有显著影响。结合通地1井,根据不同的井段要求,应用相适应配方的封孔材料进行野外应用实验。结果表明,设计的封孔材料能够满足涌水含气地层的封孔质量要求。     

虚拟现实技术及其在地球科学中的应用

虚拟现实技术以其具有的沉浸感、交互性、实时性、构想性等特点而越来越为广大地学工作者所关注。本文首先介绍了虚拟现实系统的组成,之后综述了近几年国内外地球科学部分领域应用虚拟现实技术的研究文献。与传统方法相比,虚拟现实技术在很大程度上提高了科学研究的效率,能提供更丰富的可视化和交互环境,使科学家能够操纵多达GB甚至TB级数据,以一种身临其境方式来对研究对象进行观察、分析和实时操作,而无需科研人员到达现场。通过虚拟现实系统,能将尽可能多学科的数据放到同一个环境下,增强科研人员研究问题的深度和广度,避免得出错误结论。同时能重塑不可再生资源,避免了在科学研究的同时对其造成的破坏,有助于科学知识在公众中的传播。与西方发达国家相比,我国的（沉浸式）虚拟现实技术在地学领域的应用还处在起步阶段,在拥有大量高精度LiDAR地形数据的活动构造等领域亟待引入该项技术,以一种全新的视野来重新审视地球科学研究,并推动该学科在未来的发展。     

虚拟现实技术及其在地球科学中的应用

虚拟现实技术以其具有的沉浸感、交互性、实时性、构想性等特点而越来越为广大地学工作者所关注。本文首先介绍了虚拟现实系统的组成,之后综述了近几年国内外地球科学部分领域应用虚拟现实技术的研究文献。与传统方法相比,虚拟现实技术在很大程度上提高了科学研究的效率,能提供更丰富的可视化和交互环境,使科学家能够操纵多达GB甚至TB级数据,以一种身临其境方式来对研究对象进行观察、分析和实时操作,而无需科研人员到达现场。通过虚拟现实系统,能将尽可能多学科的数据放到同一个环境下,增强科研人员研究问题的深度和广度,避免得出错误结论。同时能重塑不可再生资源,避免了在科学研究的同时对其造成的破坏,有助于科学知识在公众中的传播。与西方发达国家相比,我国的（沉浸式）虚拟现实技术在地学领域的应用还处在起步阶段,在拥有大量高精度LiDAR地形数据的活动构造等领域亟待引入该项技术,以一种全新的视野来重新审视地球科学研究,并推动该学科在未来的发展。     

Geoheritage importance of stratigraphic type sections,type localities and reference sites—review,discussion and protocols for geoconservation

Equivalent in principle to type localities and type specimens in biology and paleontology, geological type sections and type localities, whether for sedimentary, metamorphic or igneous units, are critically important sites as long-term reference and research localities and for geo-education of students. Unlike type specimens that are housed in museums or established institutions of learning, most geological type sections and localities are in field settings and, if they are not located in National Parks or other reserves with some legislated protection, run the risk of being destroyed, inundated, buried by earthworks or otherwise modified. The history of the geological sciences in Australia is such that a number of type localities, or stratigraphic type sections, have been destroyed by local government actions, or developers through lack of knowledge of their importance, or lack of knowledge of their existence. Examples of the severe modification or loss of type sections include those of the Maxicar beds, the Tims Thicket Limestone and the Eaton Sand. The UK, a leader in the field of Geoconservation and with a number of global stratotype section and point locations as well as many other type sections identified within its borders, provides models for preserving and managing important geological sites and type sections. Whole-of-government and local governments are involved in the registering and protection of important geological sites. Aspects of the UK model may be adapted to help secure geological type sections and localities in Australia. While some type sections and heritage localities are already protected, to improve the level of protection for more sites we propose a long-term, multi-pronged approach: creation of an inventory of all nominated locations; registration of appropriate sites at Local, State or Federal government levels, where current legislation allows; education of landowners and land managers, both government and non-government to highlight the importance of type sections to science; and securing more geological type sections and localities in some form of reserve.     

Shallow landslide hazard assessment using a three-dimensional deterministic model in a mountainous area

Shallow landslides are common in mountainous areas after intense rainfall. Of all landslide hazard assessment methods, deterministic methods provide the best quantitative information on landslide hazard. However, they require a large amount of detailed in situ data, derived from laboratory tests and field measurements, and therefore it is difficult to apply them over large areas. One of the most important input parameters is soil depth. For large areas, it is impossible to obtain soil depth through field measurements. To overcome this difficulty, a statistics-based regression analysis is used to evaluate soil depths. All the terrain attributes that control soil depths are selected as influential factors. By using multi-linear regression, the soil depths at each location can be predicted. Slope stability analysis can then be performed using deterministic methods with the evaluated soil depths. The study area is divided into slope units. For each slope unit, Monte-Carlo simulation and a GIS-based 3D limit equilibrium model are used to locate the critical slip surface and calculate the corresponding safety factor. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been tested by applying it to a mountainous area in Japan.     

碳酸盐岩储层渗透率预测

碳酸盐岩渗透率受岩石结构控制,而岩石结构是沉积和成岩共同作用的结果,碳酸盐岩储层渗透率的定量计算和预测是高效开发碳酸盐岩气田的重要依据.同传统指数模型、Winland-Pittman模型、Garman-Kozeny模型、Bryant-Finney模型相比,一般渗透率计算模型更能将岩石渗透率和地质参数有机地联系起来.采用一般渗透率模型,根据岩石原始水饱和度测定数据和薄片孔隙度,再结合钻井岩芯、岩屑和常规测井(自然伽马和深侧向电阻率)等资料,将岩石结构数与岩石物性及沉积旋回联系起来,对四川盆地某探井鲕滩气层的渗透率进行了定量计算,进而分析储层段渗透率垂向变化和沉积旋回间的关系,为在高频层序旋回内精确选定开发层段提供了可靠依据.