Rio Muni盆地第四纪陆坡地震地貌学

基于Rio Muni盆地深水区1 400 km2的高分辨率三维地震资料,对第四纪陆坡开展地形、地貌单元的构型、成因及演化研究。主要取得3点结论:①依据海底坡度,研究区海底地形具有东西分带,南北分区的特点。②研究区发育水道（顺直水道和弯曲水道）、滑坡（陆坡滑坡和水道壁滑坡）及海底麻坑（孤立麻坑和条带状麻坑）3类典型地貌单元。上陆坡主要发育顺直水道,弯曲水道带发育在中-下陆坡。弯曲水道主要分布在南北2区,而顺直水道在南中北3区均有发育。水道的弯曲程度与海底坡度、重力流供给密切相关。③条带状海底麻坑主要分布在南北2区,孤立麻坑3区均发育。单一麻坑任意方向的剖面均具有“U”形或“V”形特征,其下方的气烟囱具有振幅增强,同相轴下拉特征。条带状麻坑分布在古水道上方或两侧的海底, 其走向剖面具有脊-槽相间地形特征。古水道和浅层气的逸散是形成条带状海底麻坑的主要因素。     

莺歌海盆地中新世沉积体系演化特征及勘探意义

中新世地层是莺歌海盆地近年天然气勘探主要层系,其沉积体系的演化特征对盆地勘探具有重要意义。但由于中新世地层埋藏深,钻井少,周缘供源水系复杂,地震资料响应特征较差,导致该层系的沉积类型、成因机制和时空演化等方面缺少精细研究,这制约了该层系油气勘探的突破。通过岩心、钻井和地震资料的综合解释,深入分析了中新世物源体系、沉积类型、沉积体系特点及时空演化规律,继而探讨了不同沉积类型对岩性圈闭的控制作用。研究表明,中新世主要发育海底扇及轴向重力流水道2类沉积体系。海底扇沉积体系受盆地西部越南昆嵩隆起蓝江、宋河等物源水系控制,在二级坡折带进一步控制下主要发育于盆地中央凹陷带;轴向重力流水道主要受海南隆起北部的昌化江及中部的古莺歌海水系控制,在古地形及洋流作用等进一步控制下,早中新世以水道化型海底扇为主,晚中新世则以峡谷型水道为主。这2类沉积体系在盆地不同位置表现形式不同,对油气的勘探意义也存在较大差异。海底扇发育于盆地沉降中心位置,规模较大,紧临底辟带,易形成规模较大的天然气气藏,而轴向重力流水道多发育于莺东斜坡带位置,规模较小,多以小型气藏为主。     

准噶尔盆地西北部地层压力演化与油气成藏有利动力条件研究

准噶尔盆地西北部发育异常高压, 异常高压是油气垂向运移的重要动力条件, 目前已经在超压带上发现大量高压油气藏。为了揭示现今地层压力特征, 恢复成藏期古压力演化特征。利用测井方法和2D盆地模拟技术, 得到超压的分布和演化特征, 并讨论了超压对油气运移的影响。结果表明, 研究区单井地层压力结构可以分为三类; 由古至今, 各地层超压逐渐变大, 超压由浅部地层向深部地层逐渐变大; 各时期平面上超压分布呈规律性变化, 整体上是由西北部向东南部逐渐增大; 超压的分布和演化成为油气垂向运移有利动力条件, 对研究区高压油气藏的形成具有重要的意义。     

上奥陶统五峰组海底麻坑沉积的首次识别及其地质意义

尽管海底麻坑普遍发育在现代海洋的多种环境,但关于深时、特别是古生代麻坑沉积的研究却极为罕见,研究者对其特征、成因、鉴别标志所知甚少。本次研究在重庆石柱地区柑子坪及歇步头剖面识别了发育在上奥陶统五峰组暗色细粒岩中的海底麻坑沉积,在野外观察、采样的基础上,利用显微薄片及扫描电镜观察了其微观特征,并测试了麻坑与围岩的主量元素和微量元素。研究显示麻坑沉积总体呈楔状或顶平底凹的透镜状,麻坑内岩层紊乱并发育上拱的岩层,被硅质脉分割的角砾普遍发育,麻坑沉积中常见重晶石、沥青及赤铁矿,主量及稀土元素测试结果显示麻坑的形成可能与热液及冷泉无关,推测五峰组自生的低熟油气是麻坑形成的基础。总结认为深时麻坑的识别标志有:地震剖面的负地形形态、碳同位素负偏明显的不规则形态的碳酸盐岩岩体、楔状或透镜状宏观形态、麻坑内杂乱的沉积填充、局部地层的上拱形态及古生物化石显示的沉积间断或时序混乱等。五峰组海底麻坑沉积具岩石学、地层学、古环境及油气地质学意义。     

酒泉盆地营尔凹陷异常高压形成机理

酒泉盆地营尔凹陷下白垩统砂泥岩普遍发育超压。通过对地层压实特征、黏土矿物转化及有机质演化特征的分析,揭示了凹陷超压形成的机理。结果表明:①营尔凹陷纵向上发育常压带、浅层超压带、过渡带和深层超压带4个压力带,超压带内具有明显的泥岩密度降低、电阻率减小和声波时差增大的欠压实特征,表明不均衡压实作用是形成该区超压的主要原因;②凹陷内发育3个蒙脱石向伊利石转化带,第一迅速转化带对应于浅层超压带,第二迅速转化带对应于深层超压带,反映黏土矿物转化与凹陷超压有一定的联系;③深层有机质演化程度较高(镜质体反射率Ro>0.6%),与浅层超压带相比,生烃作用对深层超压带的超压贡献更大。由此认为,营尔凹陷的下白垩统地层超压是不均衡压实作用、黏土矿物脱水作用和生烃作用共同影响的结果,并且隆起带和洼陷带的成因机理有所差异。     

海底水道特征及其成因机制:以莺歌海盆地乐东区莺歌海组一段为例

海底水道不但是沉积物搬运过程中从源到汇的关键环节,而且由于其中常常发育可作为良好油气储层的砂岩,近年来已成为深水沉积学研究的热点之一.基于莺歌海盆地乐东区新采集的三维地震资料和钻井资料,在建立了该区莺歌海组一段四级层序地层格架基础上,深入剖析了每个四级层序低位体系域内海底水道发育特征及其影响因素,构建了海底水道演化模式.研究结果表明,该区由于构造稳定、物源供给充足,高频海平面变化得以被沉积物记录下来,因此,可被识别出体系域发育齐全的多个四级层序,且在每个四级层序低位体系域内都发育了大量海底水道,具体包括斜坡水道和轴向水道两种类型,它们总体具有汇聚型特征.海底水道演化过程中受相对海平面变化、构造活动和沉积作用过程影响,呈现出数量逐渐减少、规模逐渐变小的特征.这些被快速沉积速率所记录下来的高频海平面变化及海底水道演化特征,为更好地理解可作为良好油气储层的海底水道的成因机制及其控制因素提供了良好的范例.      

西非Rio Muni盆地深水水道特征与成因

深水水道沉积构型及其演化一直是沉积学界研究的热点。基于Rio Muni盆地深水区470 km²高分辨率三维地震数据,在精细地震解释的基础上,对研究区发育的深水水道的沉积构型、演化进行探讨。主要取得4点认识：(1)深水水道的弯曲度主要受控于物源供给和海底坡度,研究区发育弯曲水道、顺直水道2类深水水道;(2)起源于陆架边缘的深水水道,物源供给相对充分,弯曲度高,其剖面往往不对称,水道壁发育滑塌或阶地,垂向演化具有侧向迁移特征,发育废弃水道;(3)而起源于中上陆坡的深水水道,其弯曲度低,剖面具有U形特征,水道壁光滑无滑塌或阶地, 主要以垂向加积为主。由于物源供给不足,顺直水道逐渐被深海泥质披覆沉积充填;(4)同一条深水水道,由上陆坡向下陆坡,随着海底坡度的降低,其弯曲度呈增大趋势。     

西藏玉古拉镍矿矿床地质特征及找矿方向

<正>我国的镍矿床大致可以划分为四种成因类型:岩浆型、热液型、红土型和沉积型(佘传菁,1985)。玉古拉矿区处于冈瓦纳北缘晚古生代-中生代冈底斯-喜马拉雅构造区中段北部,呈北西—近东西向带状展布,区内出露长约80 km,宽0.2⁹.1 km,向南东方向延伸至纳木错西岸,向西尖灭。与古生代地层,中生代地层多为断层接触关系,也见几处侵入接触关系,被新近纪地层所覆盖。该区蛇绿岩带岩石组合齐全,包括超镁     

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷地层压力演化及其成藏意义

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷2 900 m以下超压现象较普遍,然而超压成因演化研究较为薄弱.基于数值模拟技术对南堡凹陷古超压的形成与演化进行了恢复,结合沉积速率演化、生烃演化及孔隙度演化研究了超压的成因演化特征,并进一步探讨了地层压力演化的成藏意义.研究表明,南堡凹陷地层压力演化经历了原始积累(东营组剥蚀期以前)、超压释放(东营组抬升剥蚀期)及超压重新积累(东营组末期至今)3个阶段;东营组剥蚀期以前超压成因以欠压实为主,超压幕式排放利于油气幕式排出,东营组剥蚀期发生超压卸载,超压卸载使得早期形成的油气藏进行一定程度的调整,东营组末期至今以生烃增压为主,生烃增压期与2次重要成藏期及油源断层活动增强期相耦合,一方面大量油气沿断裂及岩性通道运移形成源内成藏组合,另一方面在源储剩余压力差作用下,油气沿活化的油源断层运移形成源上成藏组合;油气有利聚集区与压力分布密切相关,在相应层段油层压力系数分布区间内,总体油层厚度与压力系数具有正相关关系,因此建议将勘探重点放在相应层段压力系数分布区间内的压力系数高值区.      

龙门山中段山前带构造楔的发现及其几何学、运动学特征:对青藏高原东南缘隆升动力学机制的约束

运用断层相关褶皱几何学原理,对龙门山中段山前的地震反射剖面进行解释。研究发现,龙门山中段山前带垂向上具有多套滑脱层。其中深层次滑脱层位于前震旦系基底深度约(19±2)km的地方,其上发育双重构造和叠加构造楔,构造楔是龙门山中段山前带重要的构造样式之一。工区A剖面深层构造楔模型以后展破裂式叠加形成,断层产生的滑移量达45.5 km;B剖面深层构造楔模型以前展破裂式叠加形成,断层产生的滑移量约16.6 km;构造楔的形成导致上部断裂和岩层隆升并褶皱变形,A、B剖面山前地层相对川西平原最大抬升量分别为8 km和3 km。构造楔沿龙门山中段山前带走向平面上呈带状分布,具有不同的规模和几何形态;分析其形成时间较晚,可能形成于喜马拉雅期。通过对深层叠加构造楔几何学和运动学的定量计算,其正演运动学模型与实际剖面解释相吻合。深层叠加构造楔的形成在龙门山中段前山带有着其相应的成因机制,在所能限定的空间范围内,其特殊的地理位置、构造特征与成因,可以为研究青藏高原东南缘隆升的动力机制提供一定的约束。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).