盐藻分子生物学研究概况

杜氏藻(Dunaliella sp．)又称盐藻,是一类极端耐盐的单细胞真核绿藻,属于真绿藻纲、杜氏藻目、杜氏藻科、杜氏藻属．有些杜氏藻能够耐受环境中NaCl浓度在0．05％～39．4％之间的变化,可以在pH5．5～9．5的范围内生存。杜氏藻细胞体内能储存大量的甘油和胡萝卜素等有机化合物。可通过大量培养杜氏藻来提取β-胡萝卜素。天然甘油是良好的化妆品基质。而β-胡萝卜素是食品添加剂和着色剂。且具有医疗保健功能;     

盐藻生长过程中氮磷利用与色素积累

考察了盐藻在氮浓度3mmol/L和0.59mmol/L两种条件下的生长、氮磷的利用以及色素积累的情况。结果表明氮浓度3mmol/L培养基有利于藻细胞的增值，最终藻体浓度大，稳定期可维持数日；0．59mmol/L培养基有利于细胞胡萝卜素积累，单位细胞胡萝卜素与叶绿素的比值达到12．3，是氮浓度3mmol/L培养基的两倍左右。盐藻细胞在生长初期快速利用氮源，之后即使培养基中仍有较高浓度的氮源，藻细胞也不再利用。两种条件下藻细胞对磷的利用情况相同。两种培养基中盐藻单位细胞叶绿素含量均先增加后减少，胡萝卜素含量均先降低后增加。     

光照、温度和营养盐对三株盐生杜氏藻生长和色素积累的影响

通过正交试验研究了光照、温度和营养盐对3株盐生杜氏藻株系(BJ,OUC38和OUC8)生长和色素积累的影响,旨在探明适于盐生杜氏藻生长和β-胡萝卜素积累的光照、温度和营养盐条件,并对实验中3株株系生长和β-胡萝卜素积累速率进行了初步的比较。结果表明,盐生杜氏藻生长的最适光照和温度分别是145.3μmol.m-2.s-1和23℃;适于β-胡萝卜素积累的光照和温度分别是218.2μmol.m-2.s-1和23℃;适于生长的营养盐条件是NaNO30.4 mmo/L、尿素0.6 mmol/L和NaHCO318 mmol/L,而当NaNO3、尿素和NaHCO3浓度分别为0,0.2和18 mmol/L时有利于β-胡萝卜素的积累。高光照、低温有利于杜氏藻细胞β-胡萝卜素的积累,在218.2μmol.m-2.s-1光强和15℃条件下藻细胞β-胡萝卜素积累平均值可分别达10.39和12.46 pg/cell。3个株系中OUC38积累β-胡萝卜素的能力高于另外2株,但差异不显著。     

培养密度和培养液“老化”对盐藻生长和β-胡萝卜素累积的影响

通过研究培养密度和培养液“老化”对盐生杜氏藻Ｄｕｎａｌｉｅｌｌａ ｓａｌｉｎａｗ Ｔｅｏｄｏｒｅｓｃｅ生长和β－胡萝卜素累积的影响，发现盐藻的细胞增长率在接种后第２天达到高峰，然后逐渐下降；β－胡萝卜素的日累积量在接种后逐渐增加，第７天达到高峰，然后下降，这一现象与在培养过程中细胞密度上升而使每个细胞所接收的光强下降以及培养液的“老化”有关。     

盐藻SOD的盐适应性与物质积累的关系

实验分析了不同NaCl浓度处理下,盐藻SOD活性及其与细胞密度、β-胡萝卜素积累和蛋白质积累的关系.结果表明:在30～120 g/L的盐度范围内,随着NaCl浓度的提高,SOD活性极显著地增强,说明盐藻SOD是一种高盐适应酶.盐藻SOD活性与细胞密度及物质积累关系密切:在SOD活性为0.710×108 cells-1·min-1左右时,盐藻细胞密度、β-胡萝卜素和蛋白质的积累量都最高,而在SOD活性较低或较高时,盐藻细胞密度、β-胡萝卜素和蛋白质的积累量都较低.可能适当盐度下SOD的活动较好地保护了盐藻体内物质积累反应的进行.     

胁迫条件下盐藻β-胡萝卜素及其异构体累积的研究──盐度的影响

于１９８９－１９９１年，在青岛室外对盐藻为实验材料，利用Ｊｏｈｎｓｏｎ改良配方制作增养液，进行盐度（９０－２４０）实验，结果表明，细胞生长的适宜盐度为１２０；当盐度超过１２０－２４０，盐度越高对细胞生长越不利，但越有利于细胞内β－胡罗卜素的累积；适宜于养殖盐藻生产β－胡萝卜素中至少含６种异构体，盐度增加不利于顺式异构体的累积。为生产防癌和延缓衰老等作用更强的顺式异构体，建议生产性养殖时适当降低盐度     

盐藻过氧化物酶的盐适应性及其与物质积累的关系

实验分析了不同浓度NaCl处理下,培养盐藻的过氧化物酶(POD)活性及其与细胞密度、β-胡萝卜素积累和蛋白质积累的关系.结果表明,盐藻过氧化物酶活性随盐度变化而改变:在适当盐度(60～90g/L)下,过氧化物酶活性很低;在较低盐度(30～60g/L)或较高盐度(90～150g/L)下,盐藻过氧化物酶活性均显著升高,说明盐藻过氧化物酶是一种盐度逆境适应酶.盐藻过氧化物酶活性与盐藻细胞密度及物质积累关系密切:盐藻过氧化物酶活性很低时,盐藻细胞密度大,同时β-胡萝卜素和蛋白质积累也多;随着盐藻过氧化物酶活性升高,盐藻细胞密度、β-胡萝卜素和蛋白质积累均逐渐降低,但盐藻过氧化物酶活性进一步升高时,盐藻蛋白质积累又有增加,可能在盐藻体内有逆境蛋白产生.     

氮磷比对盐藻生长及甘油和色素累积的影响

将盐藻在［Ｎ］／［Ｐ］（氮磷浓度比）为０．５至６０．０的培养液中进行培养,测定了不同实验条件下［Ｎ］／［Ｐ］比值对盐藻生长、培养液中甘油和叶绿素含量以及β－胡萝卜素累积的影响,并初步建立了盐藻在不同［Ｎ］／［Ｐ］比值下的生长动力学模式。研究结果表明,在［Ｎ］／［Ｐ］为２５时,盐藻的生长最佳。［Ｎ］／［Ｐ］比值变化对甘油含量的影响不大。［Ｎ］／［Ｐ］比值小于１５时,叶绿素含量随［Ｎ］／［Ｐ］比值的增加而增加;比值大于１５时,叶绿素含量基本不受［Ｎ］／［Ｐ］比值变化的影响．单细胞β－胡萝卜素含量随［Ｎ］／［Ｐ］比值的增加而减少,而培养液中β－胡萝卜素含量在［Ｎ］／［Ｐ］比值小于１５时基本不受影响,比值大于１５时含量呈下降趋势。     

杜氏藻的RF-RAPD分子系统学分析

杜氏藻(Dunaliella)是绿藻门、绿藻纲、团藻目、多毛藻科中的一个属(也有单独归为杜氏藻目、杜氏藻科、杜氏藻属[1]).因可以在高盐的极端环境中生存,也称之为盐藻.盐藻富含各种类胡萝卜素和甘油,其中β-胡萝卜素累积可达细胞干重的14%,具有较高的经济价值.另外盐藻无细胞壁,仅有一层糖蛋白和神经氨酸组成的外膜包裹,类似天然的原生质体,是真核细胞基因工程首选的受体之一.盐藻主要用来生产β-胡萝卜素,生产中发现β-胡萝卜素产量不稳定,推测种质差异因素与此有密切关系,因此分析不同种及种内品系及其与β-胡萝卜素含量相关性非常重要.     

不同氮源对盐生杜氏藻生长和色素积累的影响

研究了NaNO3、NH4Cl、NH4NO33种氮源对盐生杜氏藻(Dunaliella salina)生长和色素积累的影响及3种氮源吸收的规律。结果表明,3种氮源中,NH4NO3对促进D. salina细胞生长、β-胡萝卜素积累和叶绿素a合成效果最好,细胞最高密度为136×104cell/mL;β-胡萝卜素含量最大值为137mg/g;NO3-和NH4 共同存在时,优先利用NH4 ;建立了3种氮源吸收的动力学方程。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.