沙丘沙休止角影响因素实验研究

休止角是沙丘沙重要的组合特性,是控制沙丘形态的重要因素之一。根据现有观测资料,从风沙物理学角度,定性分析了其主要影响因素;通过设计实验方案,选择不同材料,对不同状态下的沙丘沙休止角进行了实验,从机理上证实了各因素对休止角的影响过程。结果表明,粉体沙丘沙的休止角大小的主要影响因子是颗粒之间分子力;粒径并不是影响沙丘沙休止角大小的直接因素,而是通过砂砾的球形度、表面粗糙度间接来影响沙丘沙休止角的大小,且其球形度起主要影响作用;平均粒径相同,不同颗粒配级的沙丘沙休止角的大小也不一样,且随着颗粒配级不均匀程度的增大,休止角增大;沙砾的质地影响沙丘沙的休止角大小,如果矿物成分完全相异,即使两者级配一致,休止角大小也会有很大的差异;含水量对沙丘沙休止角的影响强于其他因素,但并不是简单直接的正比关系,而是呈先增大后减小的关系。     

基于方法-目的链的沙漠型旅游区体验特征分析：以库木塔格沙漠旅游区为例

旅游体验是丰富的、多层次的,游客获得的体验随旅游类型差异而不同,现有研究缺乏对沙漠旅游体验的深入探讨。为探索沙漠旅游体验的复杂性和层次性特征,以库木塔格沙漠旅游区为例,运用方法-目的链（means-end chain,MEC）理论及软式阶梯访谈法,辅以网络文本分析,构建属性-结果-价值关联矩阵,绘制沙漠旅游区体验的层级价值图。研究识别出6条方法-目的链,最重要的是MEC1（自然风光-开拓视野/新奇体验-满足感/美好回忆）,充分体现了沙漠旅游区因其浩瀚无垠的独特景观,让游客开阔眼界、满足好奇心,使其留下美好回忆、获得满足感。研究结果不仅从方法论视角丰富旅游体验研究,而且能为沙漠旅游的健康持续发展提供启示。     

中国沙漠型旅游景区发展现状及前景

自20世纪中叶以来,沙漠旅游兴起,受到大众的喜爱,生态环境的改善也促使很多观光型的沙漠主题景区开始向度假型转变.中国的沙漠型旅游景区逐年增多,也开始向着高品质、多元化发展,但在发展过程中也面临诸多困境,如沙漠型景区建设成本高、融资困难,游客停留时间短,旅游产品单一,宣传力度不足等.通过相关的网站数据分析和国内外优秀案例...     

Formation and evolution of sand deserts in Xinjiang,Northwest China: I. Provenances ofdesert sands简

Sandy desert landscape is a geological product of arid climate and abundant sand materials supply in natural conditions, therefore the formation of sandy desert is an ideal studying object for understanding the interaction between various stratigraphic/epigenetic spheres of the earth system. However, until now, the knowledge about the provenance and formation of these deserts in Xinjiang, Central Asia is diverse and inconsistent, a systematic review is necessary. Ancient aeolian sand sediments in the internal areas of these deserts and their twin dust deposits in the Cenozoic strata surrounding the Xinjiang deserts are direct and indirect clues reflecting the provenance of sand materials and the formation and evolution of deserts. Based on the geochemical, mineralogical and isotopic evidences of desert sands and relevant deposits in the peripheral regions, this paper reviews the research progress on the development of the sandy deserts in Xinjiang, Northwest China. Many proofs proposed that desert sands in Xinjiang were mainly sourced from the ancient pluvial, alluvial and fluvial sediments and were eventually achieved because of the local sand supply. It pointed out that the settings of tectonic structure in Xinjiang had made sediments both in the Tarim Basin and the Junggar Basin being influenced greatly by regional hydrological system and aeolian processes originated from the planetary wind system of westerly, the East Asian winter monsoon and the topographical mountain-valley winds. However, the directions of transpor- tation paths are different between the hydrological dynamics and the aeolian dynamics, which are decided by the slantwise structures of the basins tectonics and the regional atmospheric circulation routes, respectively, and have determined anisotropies of the transport pathway of these sediments delivered by different agents. This results in a geological cycle of detrital sediment transportation in the two large sediment mixing, alternation and recycle basins and thus largely increases the degree of between younger and older sediment sources, as well as the complexity and diversity of sand provenances.     

艾比湖流域典型荒漠植被水分利用来源研究

在以风沙和干旱为基本特征的干旱、半干旱生态环境中,荒漠植被在防风固沙及维持荒漠和绿洲生态系统的稳定性方面有重要作用.选取艾比湖流域不同生境(河岸、沙丘、荒漠、盐沼)典型荒漠植被胡杨(Popults euphratica)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、白刺(Nitraria sibirica)和盐...     

Trifactorial interactive effects of nutrients, water potential and temperature on carbohydrate allocation to the embryonic axis of desert plant seeds

Seeds ofProsopis juliflora, Calotropis proceraandSorghum × drummondiiseeds were subjected to trifactorial treatment combinations of: nutrients (Nr), temperature (T) and reduced water potential (ψ_m) in their incubation medium. The embryonic axis and storage tissue of germinating seeds were analysed for soluble sugars (SS) and hydrolysable carbohydrates (HC). Allocation of both carbon fractions in germinating seed organs was variously affected by single factors and their mutual interactions. Differences in such effects included both magnitude and relative role of each factor or interaction, the effect also being organ and/or species dependent. The interaction φ_m× T had the predominant role in changes of both SS and HC content and their allocation in seed organs, while the interaction Nr × φ_m× T had a subdominant role. Nutrients in the medium generally induced significantly higher SS and HC content in whole seeds at low water potentials, the level of which is temperature dependent (indicating interactive effects between single factors). Also, nutrients generally increased translocation of SS to the radicle (hence, allocation of HC), improving its capacity of water uptake through increased osmolarity.     

黑河流域中游荒漠典型区域植被生物量及其影响因素

以黑河流域中游荒漠区地表植被和土壤水分2008—2016年长期定位监测数据为依据,深入分析了试验区植被高度、盖度、密度和土壤水分变化对植被地上生物量的影响,确定了各相关因子的贡献率,为黑河流域荒漠化区生态治理提供数据支撑。结果表明：龙首荒漠区9年间的生物量变幅85.8—214.6 g·m^-2,2015年的群落平均盖度和生物量最大,分别为33.7%和214.6 g·m^-2,群落密度对生物量的年际变化贡献大,贡献率27%,群落高度、10—20 cm层次土壤水分对生物量的年际变化贡献次之,贡献率14%;西洞荒漠区生物量变幅55.1—109.8 g·m^-2,群落盖度、植株密度和高度等生物因子对其生物量的年际变化影响较小,而0—40 cm层次土壤含水量的变化对西洞荒漠区生物量年际变化的贡献较大,为20%以上。     

基于网络关注度的中国沙漠型A级景区空间格局及其影响因素分析北大核心CSCD

基于搜索引擎指数、旅游网站指数、社交媒体指数和短视频指数等数据构建评价体系,运用空间分类、核密度估计、最邻近分析等方法,分析中国沙漠型A级景区网络关注度的空间差异并解释其影响因素。结果表明:(1)高、较高关注度水平中国沙漠型A级景区集中在内蒙古、新疆、甘肃,较低、低关注度水平景区数量多、分布广,且大多规模较小、等级偏低;从子系统看,搜索引擎、旅游网站、社交媒体子系统所显示出的空间分布格局与综合水平较为相似,短视频子系统与整体差异较大。(2)从空间集聚格局看,呈现出一主一副、多核联动的格局;从子系统看,搜索引擎、旅游网站和社交媒体子系统与整体相似,短视频子系统差异较大。(3)在空间结构特征中,整体呈现出中等以上水平区趋于均匀、较低水平区趋于随机、低水平区趋于凝聚的分布状态,且随着景区关注度水平降低而集聚特征逐渐增强;搜索引擎和旅游网站子系统与整体相似,社交媒体和短视频子系统与整体差异较大。(4)从影响因子看,景区销售市场、宣传平台建设、地区基础实力是主要影响因素,景区基础实力次之,外部旅游环境的影响力相对较弱。     

Water sources for typical desert vegetation in the Ebinur Lake basin

In arid and semi-arid environments, desert vegetation plays an important role in preventing soil erosion by wind and helps maintain the stability of desert and oasis ecosystems. Four types of typical desert vegetation, namely Populus euphratica, Haloxylon ammodendron, Nitraria sibirica, and Halostachs caspica, corresponding to different habitats (i.e., river bank, sand dune, desert, and salt marsh) were chosen as the model vegetation in this research. The δ²H and δ¹⁸O for rainwater, soil water, and plant water were applied to identify the water sources and quantify the proportions of different water sources used over the entire plant growth period (from March to October). The results showed that the precipitation δ²H and δ¹⁸O in the Ebinur Lake basin varied from -142.5‰ to -0.6‰ and from -20.16‰ to 1.20‰, respectively. The largest δ²H and δ¹⁸O values occurred in summer and the smallest in winter. The soil water δ²H and δ¹⁸O of the four habitats decreased gradually with increasing depth. The δ²H and δ¹⁸O values of water extracted from the stems of the four plants had similar variation trends, that is, the maximum was observed in spring and the minimum in summer. Among the four plants, H. caspica had the highest stable isotopic values in the stem water, followed by N. sibirica, H. ammodendron, and P. euphratica. The water sources and utilization ratios of desert vegetation varied across different growth stages. Throughout the growing period, H. ammodendron mainly used groundwater, whereas the water source proportions used by N. sibirica varied greatly throughout the growing season. In spring, plants mainly relied on surface soil water, with a contribution rate of 80%-94%. However, in summer, the proportion of deep soil water used was 31%-36%; and in autumn, the proportion of middle soil water used was 33%-36%. H. caspica mainly relied on topsoil water in spring and autumn, and the proportion of soil water in the middle layer slightly increased to 20%-36% in summer. P. euphratica mainly used intermediate soil water in spring with a utilization rate of 53%-54%. In summer, groundwater was the main source, with a utilization rate of 72%-88%, and only 2%-5% came from river water, whereas in autumn, the river water utilization rate rose to 11%-21%. The results indicated that there were significant differences in water use sources during the growing period for desert vegetation in arid areas. This research provides a theoretical basis for understanding water use mechanisms, water adaptation strategies, and vegetation restoration and management in arid areas.     

模拟增雨对荒漠土壤古菌多样性的影响

为探讨生长季增雨对荒漠土壤中古菌群落结构的影响,根据内蒙古磴口多年平均降水量,设计了模拟增雨试验,包括对照、2个增雨时段（生长季前期与后期）、每个时段2个增雨梯度（50%与100%）共计5种处理。增雨后提取荒漠土壤总DNA,对古菌群落编码16S rRNA基因的V4区进行Hiseq测序,分析古菌群落丰度、多样性及结构组成等。结果表明：该地区荒漠土壤中古菌群落均以奇古菌门（Thaumarchaeota）和广古菌门（Euryarchaeota）为优势菌群。NMDS和3种非相似性分析（MRPP、ANOSIM和Adonis）表明,生长季前期增雨未显著改变古菌的群落结构,生长季后期增雨显著改变了古菌的群落结构,当生长季后期增雨量达到100%时,古菌丰富度和多样性显著降低。与氨氧化过程密切相关的奇古菌门（Thaumarchaeota）相对丰度在生长季后期100%增雨条件下显著增加,将促进荒漠土壤的硝化过程。Mantel检验发现荒漠土壤古菌群落结构受土壤湿度、土壤温度、土壤硝态氮含量的影响。未来全球变化背景下降水格局变化将会对荒漠土壤古菌群落结构产生影响,并可能影响氮循环过程。     

Culturable bacterial diversity in hypolithic and peripheral soils in the west of the Hexi Corridor desert and its influencing factors

Microbes inhabiting the desert respond sensitively to environmental changes and may be an indicator for changes in the desert ecosystem.Hypolithic microbial communities in the desert play a vital role in ecosystem processes such as soil formation and organic matter accumulation.This study investigated and compared the culturable bacterial community structure and diversity in hypolithic and peripheral soils,and the interaction between bacteria and environmental factors.The bacteria were isolated using four different kinds of media and identified by 16S rRNA gene-sequence analysis.The numbers of culturable bacteria in the hypolithic and peripheral soils ranged from 3.0×104 to 3.6×105 CFU/g and from 6.5×104 to 5.3×105 CFU/g,respectively,indicating that the bacteria number in peripheral soil was higher than that in hypolithic soil.A total of 98 species belonging to 34 genera were identified,among which Arthrobacter,Bacillus,and Streptomyces were found dominantly and widely distributed.The community of culturable bacteria had obvious sample specificity,and the diversity in hypolithic soil was higher than that in peripheral soil.On the regional scale,the distribution of culturable bacteria and the environmental factors showed regular changes.On the local scale,the high heterogeneity of the hypolithic environment determined the specificity of the number and species of culturable bacteria.     

荒漠绿洲湿地水分来源及植物水分利用策略

水分是干旱区不同景观界面间的水分循环过程与水力联系的主体,维持着干旱区湿地生态系统的结构与功能。为量化水分来源及其对植物水分的贡献率,以河岸灌木湿地和草地盐沼湿地为研究对象,通过测定降水、径流、地下水、土壤水和植物水中δD、δ¹⁸O组成,利用多源线性混合模型分析水分来源对荒漠植物水分利用的贡献率。结果表明：（1） 黑河流域荒漠绿洲湿地年均降水量104.6 mm,约占蒸散量（604.47 mm）的17.03%,具有明显的季节性分布特征。地下水位与土壤含水量的波动取决于河流距离,离河道较近的河岸灌木湿地地下水深度及土壤含水量随季节波动较小,而离河道较远的草地盐沼湿地则变化很大。（2） 当地大气降水线δD=6.33δ¹⁸O+4.04 （R²=0.931）,斜率和截距均略小于全球大气降水线则符合黑河流域湿地整体降水少而蒸散量大的特点。黑河径流δD和δ¹⁸O均值分别为-43.80‰±12.09‰和-8.65‰±23.33‰,地下水为-50.98‰±13.18‰和-9.74‰±25.49‰,土壤水为 -42.07‰±6.89‰和-7.22‰±2.49‰,植物水为-51.84‰±14.46‰和-8.50‰±24.13‰。（3） 地表蒸发是荒漠绿洲湿地土壤氢、氧同位素富集的主要原因。地下水和河水分别是草地盐沼湿地与河岸灌木湿地的主要水分来源,贡献率分别约为61%和50%,表明湿地植物相比于干旱区脉冲式降水更依赖较为稳定的水源。（4） 植物根系深度和毛细根分布是决定荒漠绿洲湿地植物水分利用策略的重要因素。     

沙漠倒置河床研究进展及其对火星类似物研究的启示北大核心CSCD

沙漠倒置河床是干旱区一种特殊的河流状正地貌,这种地形倒置现象蕴含着河床由负转正的重要环境变化信息。本文遵循地貌学思路,基于全球范围内对沙漠倒置河床的研究报道以及野外勘察工作,对该地貌的空间分布、形态特征、物质组成、沉积结构以及形成机制进行了详细梳理。总体而言,世界各大主要沙漠地区均发育该地貌类型,其表层多为岩石碎屑或胶结物硬层,下伏质地相对松软的砂、黏土物质,由于河床和河岸周边沉积物的差异化侵蚀,河床被相对抬高。基于此,对火星倒置河床的成因机制、物质组成和形成时间进行了讨论。尽管对地球上沙漠倒置河床的研究已经取得一定进展,但未来研究仍需对其形成年代及其代表的气候意义进行深入分析;同时还应更多地与不同类型的火星倒置河床进行类比研究,这将对揭示火星水文活动和环境变化等科学问题提供重要依据。     

萨拉乌苏河流域萨拉乌苏组砂丘砂沉积特征

The Salawusu Formation of Milanggouwan section in Salawusu River Valley includes 7 layers of paleo-mobile dune sands, and 4 layers of paleo-fixed and semi-fixed dune sands. Their structures have been observed and their grain size, surface textural features and several main chemical elements have been analyzed. The results showed that： 1） Some of the aeolian structural characteristics of these dune sands are similar to that of the recent dune sands. 2） They are also similar to the recent dune sands in grain size components, and parameters of Mz,σ, Sk and Kg, as well as in several main chemical components. 3） The scattergrams of Mz-σ and SiO2-Al2O3＋TOFE and the probability curves of grain size showed that these paleo-dune sands are different from paleosols and fluvio-lacustrine facies, but are consistency with recent dune sands. 4） Quartz sands have well roundness and surface textural features such as dish-shaped pits, crescent-shaped pits, pockmarked pits, upturned cleavage plates, siliceous precipitates and siliceous crevasses, indicating that they had been carried for a long time by the wind. As the 11 layers of paleo-dune sands possess the aeolian characteristics in structure, grain size, surface textural features and chemical elements, the origin of their formation should be attributed to eolation.     

Sedimentary characteristics of paleo-aeolian dune sands of Salawusu Formation in the Salawusu River Valley

The Salawusu Formation of Milanggouwan section in Salawusu River Valley in-cludes 7 layers of paleo-mobile dune sands, and 4 layers of paleo-fixed and semi-fixed dune sands. Their structures have been observed and their grain size, surface textural features and several main chemical elements have been analyzed. The results showed that: 1) Some of the aeolian structural characteristics of these dune sands are similar to that of the recent dune sands. 2) They are also similar to the recent dune sands in grain size components, and parameters of Mz, σ, Sk and Kg, as well as in several main chemical components. 3) The scattergrams of Mz-σ and SiO2–Al2O3+TOFE and the probability curves of grain size showed that these paleo-dune sands are different from paleosols and fluvio-lacustrine facies, but are consistency with recent dune sands. 4) Quartz sands have well roundness and surface textural features such as dish-shaped pits, crescent-shaped pits, pockmarked pits, upturned cleavage plates, siliceous precipitates and siliceous crevasses, indicating that they had been carried for a long time by the wind. As the 11 layers of paleo-dune sands possess the aeolian characteristics in structure, grain size, surface textural features and chemical elements, the origin of their formation should be attributed to eolation.     

Radiation balance and the response of albedo to environmental factors above two alpine ecosystems in the eastern Tibetan Plateau

Understanding the energy balance on the Tibetan Plateau is important for better prediction of global climate change. To characterize the energy balance on the Plateau, we examined the radiation balance and the response of albedo to environmental factors above an alpine meadow and an alpine wetland surfaces in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, using 2014 data. Although our two sites belong to the same climatic background, and are close geographically, the annual incident solar radiation at the alpine meadow site(6,447 MJ/(m2·a)) was about 1.1 times that at the alpine wetland site(6,012 MJ/(m2·a)),due to differences in the cloudiness between our two sites. The alpine meadow and the alpine wetland emitted about 38%and 42%, respectively, of annual incident solar radiation back into atmosphere in the form of net longwave radiation; and they reflected about 22% and 18%, respectively, of the annual incident solar radiation back into atmosphere in the form of shortwave radiation. The annual net radiation was 2,648 and 2,544 MJ/(m2·a) for the alpine meadow site and the alpine wetland site, respectively, accounting for only about 40% of the annual incident solar radiation, significantly lower than the global mean. At 30-min scales, surface albedo exponentially decreases with the increase of the solar elevation angle; and it linearly decreases with the increase of soil-water content for our two sites. But those relationships are significantly influenced by cloudiness and are site-specific.     

轻度沙埋对典型荒漠植物的影响北大核心CSCD

中国西北干旱区以荒漠生态系统为主体,是中国典型脆弱生态系统。沙埋对该区域植物生存和生长、植被分布和组成以及荒漠生态系统功能和结构有重要影响。以典型荒漠植物梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)、沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)为研究对象,对比研究了轻度沙埋和非沙埋植物在生理和生长方面的差异,并从土壤盐分、土壤水分、土壤温度等方面探究了造成这种差异的原因。结果表明:轻度沙埋环境下,梭梭、柽柳、白刺、沙拐枣的光合速率普遍高于非沙埋植株,蒸腾速率显著低于非沙埋植株,水分利用效率也均高于非沙埋植株。轻度沙埋梭梭、柽柳、沙拐枣、白刺株高明显低于非沙埋植株,但地径、冠幅、叶面积指数普遍高于非沙埋植株。主要原因是轻度沙埋植物下方土壤黏粒含量、土壤湿度高于非沙埋植物下方,轻度沙埋植物下方土壤温度、含盐量低于非沙埋环境。     

基于遥感的贺兰山两侧沙漠边缘带植被覆盖演变及对气候响应

使用NOAA/AVHRR 8KM 1981-2001数据,以及准同期逐日观测气象数据,用GIS与RS空间分析方法和数理统计的分析方法对数据进行了归纳和插值处理。对贺兰山东西两侧腾格里与毛乌素两大沙漠的南缘带植被覆盖、气候要素的降水与气温变化特征以及它们之间的响应关系进行了分析。通过比较得出不同干湿条件沙漠边缘带植被覆盖状态变化的差异,以及各自生境对气候变化的响应特征。研究表明:气候条件中水分条件是决定干旱区与半干旱区土地覆盖状态的关键性因素;但是地形条件对植被覆盖的季相差异的影响也不可忽视;与植被覆盖相比,低覆盖植被分布面积的变化可以更好的揭示生态环境对气候变化的响应;整个研究期气候整体趋于暖干化,暖干程度在1999-2000年达到了高峰,随之植被覆盖在2000-2001年达到了最低值。这说明生态环境对气候变化的响应存在一种时间上的滞后性。从RS与GIS角度为干旱区与半干旱区沙漠边缘带宏观土地覆盖变化研究提供了一种较为可靠方法,为因地制宜进行生态环境综合治理与防治土地沙漠化也提供一种新的参考。     

沟谷型沙漠泥流堆积体起动过程中的孔压变化特性

以黄河上游宁蒙段典型风水复合侵蚀流域为研究区域,重点针对堆积体堵塞沟道极端条件下的沟谷型沙漠泥流,从堆积体起动成灾的环节入手,开展直槽概化模型试验,并采用基于有效应力原理的流固耦合模型,概化模拟上游暴雨洪水入渗条件下堆积体内孔隙水压力变化特性及其起动过程,从微观角度揭示其成灾机理。结果表明：堆积体起动过程中孔隙水压力与时间呈指数为0.5的幂函数关系;流固耦合作用下堆积体内经历了应力场→体积应变→孔隙率→孔隙水压力→渗流场→塑性应变→屈服破坏的复杂非线性变化过程。