电感耦合等离子体质谱分析通古斯大爆炸地区沉积物中超痕量铂族元素

建立了一个用酸（HF、HCI、HNO3、HCIO4）溶解通古斯地区沉积物样品，以Re为内标元素，用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP－MS）测定其中铂族元素的分析方法。方法检出限为0．001－0．06μg/L，回收率大于85％。用该方法分析了9个取自通古斯地区的沉积物样品，发现了Ru、Rh、Pd、Ir、Pt等元素的异常。     

Determination of Selenium in Thirty-Two Geochemical Reference Materials by Continuous - Flow Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

A continuous-flow hydride atomic absorption spectrophotometric method has been applied to 32 geochemical reference materials for the determination of selenium. The sample is decomposed with a mixture of nitric, perchloric and hydrofluoric acids. Selenium values obtained in this study are in general agreement with literature values and provide additional certification for these reference materials. The precision of the method is generally better than 5% relative standard deviation. The lower limit of determination of selenium in the sample is 12 ppb.     

Determination of Selenium Concentration in Sixty Five Reference Materials for Geochemical Analysis by GFAAS after Separation with Thiol Cotton

Selenium has been determined in sixty five geological reference materials of different origins by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Samples were decomposed with a mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acids. Selenium was reduced to Se^IV with hydrochloric acid, and then fixed and separated from the matrix on thiol cotton. After digestion of the thiol cotton in hot nitric acid, the Se concentration was measured using palladium and magnesium nitrates as a matrix modifier. The limit of determination was 0.02 μg g⁻¹, the precision of the results (relative standard deviation of 3 to 8 replicates) varied from 2.6 to 17.7% with an average of 7.9% in the range 0.02-42.7 μg g⁻¹ and was similar to the value obtained for synthetic samples. Our results are in good agreement with available literature values.     

Determination of Arsenic and Antimony in Eighty-Five Geochemical Reference Samples by Automated Hydride Generation and Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

The arsenic and antimony contents of 85 geochemical reference samples have been determined by atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation and heated quartz cell atomizer. The sample is decomposed with a mixture of perchloric, nitric and hydrofluoric acids and potassium permanganate solution; interferences are eliminated by addition of potassium iodide, aluminium chloride and ascorbic acid. The agreement between the present results and published data is fairly good.     

聚氨酯泡塑富集—石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤样品中的痕量铊

本文论述了一种聚氨酯泡塑预富集—石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤样品中痕量铊的方法。样品经盐酸—硝酸—高氯酸—氢氟酸分解后,再加入10％硝酸。在Fe件和过氧化氢介质中,痕量铊被聚氨酯泡塑富集。用蒸馏水在沸水浴中解脱,以抗坏血酸作基体改进剂消除基体影响后,用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定痕量铊。方法检出限为0．2ng／g。用本方法测定土壤国家一级标准物质中痕量铊,结果与推荐值相符,12次检测结果的精密度（RSD）为：5．05％～8．74％。     

共振光猝灭法测定环境水样中痕量硒

在阿拉伯树胶(AG)存在下,0.14 mol/L硫酸介质中,硒(Ⅳ)与过量的I-反应生成I3-,加入乙酸钠后I3-与亚甲基蓝反应成离子缔合物,在波长288 nm处共振光猝灭,建立了共振光散射法测定痕量硒的方法.确定了碘化钾、亚甲基蓝、乙酸钠和增溶剂阿拉伯树胶溶液的浓度,在室温(20～30℃)下反应15 min,提高了体...     

Colorimetric determination of arsenic in geochemical samples

A colorimetric method and apparatus for the determination of arsenic in batches of geochemical survey samples is described. The powdered material can be digested with a perchloric/nitric acid mixture, or most conveniently by an HF/aqua regia attack utilizing aliquots from the same acid solution as used for routine multi-element atomic absorption analyses. Aliquots are treated with potassium iodide and stannous chloride to reduce arsenic to the trivalent state, and arsine is liberated by the action of zinc pellets. The arsine is absorbed in a solution of silver diethyldithiocarbamate in chloroform-quinoline, the reaction being carried out in batches using very simple, inexpensive apparatus which is easily constructed. Detection limits are variable according to aliquot quantities taken, but in routine use working ranges of 1–800 ppm As are readily achieved. Coefficient of variation is 6.6% at the 5 μg As level. The method is shown to be virtually free from matrix interferences commonly encountered in gossans, soils, rocks and many ores. At least 100 powdered samples can be analyzed per man-day.     

The colorimetric determination of molybdenum in organic-rich soil

The decomposition of organic-rich soil by fusion with potassium pyrosulphate, prior to the colorimetric determination of molybdenum, has been investigated and found to be inadequate. Evaporation of the sample with a mixture of nitric and perchloric acids is recommended.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定地质样品中锗硒碲

锗、硒、碲三个元素的分析需要分别采用硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸-磷酸、硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸两种溶样体系,原子荧光光谱（AFS）、电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）两种仪器进行测定,对于大批量地质样品的分析成本高、测试效率低。本文建立了在同一份溶液中用ICP-MS同一种仪器测定锗、硒、碲三元素的方法。样品用硝酸-氢氟酸-硫酸一种体系分解,试液以50%硝酸提取,3%乙醇定容,避免乙醇在复溶时的挥发损失,保证了试样溶液中的乙醇浓度均为最佳增敏作用所需值。试样分解过程中没有使用盐酸,避免了氯离子存在给锗、碲造成的损失。在3%硝酸-3%乙醇介质中硒、碲的灵敏度提高了2.2倍、3.7倍。同时克服了ICP-MS测定硒、碲难电离、灵敏度低的问题,保证了方法稳定性;CCT碰撞池技术消除了氩的多原子离子对硒测定干扰,提高了方法准确度。本方法通过分析国家一级标准物质进行验证,测定值与标准值基本一致,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=4）小于5%,样品前处理过程简单,分析效率高。     

三酸分步消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤详查样品中23种金属元素

土壤详查样品具有数量大、基质复杂、有机质含量高的特点,传统上采用多种混合酸体系的消解方法,不仅会造成有机质消解不完全,消解后的溶液中常有黑色的碳质存在,而且样品消解后只用稀硝酸提取,一些难溶氧化物、硫酸盐、氟化物难以形成可溶性盐,致使提取不彻底,若用逆王水提取则易大量引入氯离子造成氯的多原子离子质谱干扰。本文针对上述问题,充分利用硝酸、氢氟酸、高氯酸的不同特性,采用电热板控温,三酸分步加入法消解土壤样品,对于消解后的样品,采用硝酸-盐酸（体积比20：1）作为提取剂,有效降低了氯的多原子离子质谱干扰且提取彻底。结果表明：本方法能够消解土壤中有机质和硅酸盐组分,具有试剂用量少、氯的质谱干扰小、操作流程简单、工作效率高等优点,方法检出限（3s）更低（0.0008~0.90mg/kg）。将该方法应用于暗棕壤、石灰岩土壤、黄棕壤国家标准物质中23种元素的测定,其测定结果明显优于传统的消解方法,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=6）为0.022%~5.83%,相对误差为-8.33%~9.17%,测定时与认定值相符。该方法具有较高的适用性和可靠性。     

Determination of Selenium and Tellurium in Basalt Rock Reference Materials by Isotope Dilution Hydride Generation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ID-HG-ICP-MS)

Promising methods have been developed recently for the determination of selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te) in geological materials at ng g⁻¹ and lower levels, using hydride generation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Here we report on a new isotope dilution-hydride generation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ID-HG-ICP-MS) method for the simultaneous determination of Se and Te, which is applied to basalts, and modified compared to previous work. The basalts were attacked and dissolved with hydrofluoric and nitric acid, spiked with enriched isotopes, and passed through a cation exchange column (AG 50-X8 100–200 mesh) to separate the major cations that interfere with Se and Te detection (e.g., Fe). The detection limits of this method were 0.010 ng g⁻¹ for Se and 0.0030 ng g⁻¹ for Te, well below the concentrations of Se and Te expected in basalts. The precision of the method for Se was 12.2 to 15.1% and for Te was 4.6 to 7.2% RSD from replicate analyses of basalt reference samples. The accuracy for Se determinations was 61 to 94% and for Te 28 to 100% of values previously reported in the literature for selected USGS reference materials.     

微波消解-化学蒸气发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定铁矿石中的痕量砷和汞

采用HCl-HNO3混合酸(体积比1∶1)微波消解铁矿样品,在消解后的样品母液中直接加入硫脲-抗坏血酸,预还原五价砷为三价砷,消除铁和其他共存离子对砷、汞测定的干扰,采用化学蒸气发生-双道原子荧光光谱法同时测定铁矿石中的痕量砷和汞。结果表明5%的HCl-HNO3混合酸(体积比1∶1)、20 g/L硼氢化钾溶液能有效保证砷、汞双元素的同时测定,制备的砷、汞标准使用溶液在2～5℃下密闭保存,在245 d内具有稳定性。砷的检出限为0.085μg/L,汞的检出限为0.008μg/L。通过分析5个铁矿石有证标准物质,测定As的相对标准偏差为0.9%～5.5%,回收率为77.7%～105.4%,检测值与标准值吻合;测定Hg的相对标准偏差为1.1%～3.7%,回收率为86.2%～113.2%。本方法是以牺牲汞元素的检出限来实现砷、汞两元素的同时测定,是建立在砷、汞单独测定基础上的一种快速检测方法,经全国不同地区9家实验室采用5个标准样品进行协同实验验证,能够满足日常分析要求。     

超高效液相色谱法直接快速测定环境水样中硝基苯和苯胺

建立了超高效液相色谱直接快速测定环境水样中硝基苯和苯胺的分析方法。取900μL水样与100μL乙腈混匀,用微孔滤膜(0.2μm,有机系)过滤。采用1.7μm小颗粒填料的BEH phenyl柱,以乙腈/醋酸铵溶液为流动相,硝基苯和苯胺分别用紫外和荧光检测器检测,分析时间仅1.1 min。硝基苯和苯胺的线性范围分别是0.485～4850μg/L和0.495～1978μg/L,方法检出限分别是0.194μg/L和0.099μg/L,相关系数均在0.995以上。硝基苯9.70μg/L、194μg/L、1940μg/L三个浓度水平回收率在98.3%～101%,相对标准偏差在1.11%～2.03%。苯胺9.89μg/L、198μg/L、1978μg/L三个浓度水平回收率在98.6%～104%,相对标准偏差在0.75%～5.85%。与传统液相分析方法相比,本方法线性范围更宽,灵敏度更高;直接进样简化了前处理环节,减少采样体积和有机试剂的使用;分析效率高,适用于地下水、地表水等多种水质样品中痕量到常量范围的硝基苯和苯胺快速测定。     

液相色谱-原子荧光光谱联用法测定土壤砷铬锑硒元素价态

土壤重金属污染物的环境效应与其无机价态有密切的关系.As、Cr、Sb和Se元素的价态测定意义重大,但由于价态之间易发生转化使测定工作存在较大难度,标准化程度较低.地质行业标准DD2005-3推荐使用离子交换树脂分离,原子荧光光谱差减法测定As、Sb、Se价态及石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GFAAS)测定Cr价态.这些方法前处...     

加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱/质谱法同时测定土壤中拟除虫菊酯类等18种农药残留

采用正己烷-丙酮-磷酸混合溶剂为提取剂,在萃取温度100℃、压力10.3 MPa条件下,用快速溶剂萃取仪提取土壤样品,石墨碳黑氨基固相萃取柱净化,PTV大体积进样,气相色谱-质谱联法同时检测六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)和10种拟除虫菊酯类农药(联苯菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯、氯菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氟氯氰菊酯、氟氨氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氟氰戊菊酯、溴氰菊酯)共18种农药残留。在10～20μg/kg的添加浓度下,目标化合物平均回收率为82.84%～96.33%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为3.21%～7.34%;在20～40μg/kg的添加浓度下,目标化合物平均回收率为80.55%～103.76%,RSD(n=6)为2.56%～5.78%;在40～80μg/kg的添加浓度下,目标化合物平均回收率81.56%～95.38%,RSD(n=6)为2.19%～5.88%。方法检出限为0.11～3.40μg/kg,实际样品检测的RSD(n=3)为4.94%～8.74%。方法简单快速、灵敏度高、准确度好,可以满足土壤中HCHs、DDTs和拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的实际检测需要。     

基于二苯乙醇酸体系快速测定区域地质矿产调查样品中的钨钼

本文建立了一种快速分析区域地质矿产调查样品中钨钼的方法。试样经高温焙烧、碱熔分解,钨、钼与其它杂质元素所形成的氢氧化物沉淀分离;在二苯乙醇酸体系(0.25mol/L硫酸-0.04g/L二苯乙醇酸-0.10g/L二苯胍-20g/L氯酸钠)中,钼、钨分别于约-0.25V、-0.85V产生灵敏的平行催化波,根据极限扩散电流的大小同时测定这两种元素。该方法的测定下限(X0+3S)<0.10×10-6;准确度(|Δlog|)≤0.05;精密度(RSD)≤7.72%。国家标准物质测定值与标准值相符;实际样品测定值优于电感耦合等离子体发射质谱法。方法扩大了催化极谱法的适应性,提高了实际应用价值。     

南海北部油气缓释环境沉积物脂类化合物组成特征

认识沉积环境有机碳留存状况是阐述油气形成过程中有机碳早期成岩的关键内容。以南海珠江口盆地及其邻近海域为背景,通过研究表层沉积物中脂类化合物的形态组成,认识脂类有机碳的来源和留存状态,阐述特征脂类分子的早期成岩特征。结果表明,研究区域表层沉积物有机碳含量为0.22%～0.66%,有机碳稳定同位素分布在-20.88‰～-22.93‰之间,表现为显著的海源特征。沉积物中共检测出21种脂肪酸、6种脂肪醇、8种甾醇和植醇;总脂肪酸、脂肪醇、甾醇和植醇含量分别为12.57～40.27μg/g、5.35～8.98μg/g、0.15～3.75μg/g和0.01～3.99μg/g干重,总体表现为靠近珠江口和台湾海峡略高。脂类化合物的存在形态以游离态(FR)和碱性水解态(BH)为主,酸性水解态(AH)贡献较低;其中植醇和甾醇呈现显著的BH优势,植醇中未检出AH组分的贡献。脂类化合物主要来自于海洋现场生产,海洋微藻和细菌的相对贡献率分别为21.18%～33.78%和11.02%～15.64%,陆源高等植物贡献低于5%。来源于硫酸盐还原菌的支链脂肪酸在靠近珠江口海域高达1.79～2.62μg/g,占总脂肪酸的5.14%～6.50%,并与硫酸盐还原过程相关的古菌分布相一致。     

Analysis of bromate and bromide in drinking water by ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

A method for the detection of bromate and bromide in drinking water by ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (IC-ICP-MS) was developed. The optimized conditions of IC including pH and concentration of the effluent were studied. The results showed that the above two species of bromine were baseline separated within nine minutes under the optimized conditions. The detection limits (S/N=3) of bromate and bromide were 0.23 and 0.12 μg/L, respectively. The RSD (n=6) of the peak areas was 1.2%-3.5%. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of the type bromide in drinking water samples. The recoveries were 95%-109%. The method can be used for the regular analysis of bromate and bromide in real drinking water samples.     

全反射X射线荧光光谱法同时测定复混肥料中钒铬锰铁镍铜锌铅

样品经硝酸微波消解,以镓为内标,采用全反射X射线荧光光谱法(TXRF)同时测定复混肥料中的钒、铬、锰、铁、镍、铜、锌、铅,方法检出限从铅的1.0μg/g到钒的7.0μg/g,精密度(RSD)铬为2.5%,铅为16%,除铅以外,其余元素的RSD均小于10%;方法回收率为80%～120%,Pb的回收率略低主要是由于化肥中As Kα谱线对Pb Lα谱线的干扰导致测定结果偏低。用TXRF和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定不同复混肥料中各元素的含量,经统计检验,两种方法测定结果在95%置信区间内无显著性差异。对于金属元素含量较高的样品,TXRF法测定结果的相对标准偏差小于ICP-AES法。对于不同的复混肥料,在微量、痕量元素检测范围内,TXRF法具有较高的准确度和适用性,仪器使用和维护成本低,方法快速准确。     

硫脲络合-火焰原子吸收光谱法同时测定银精矿中的铜和银

在高氯酸-硫脲介质中用原子吸收光谱法同时测定地质及选冶样品中银和铜已有文献报道;但在王水-硫脲介质中存在铜对银的测定干扰.本文采用盐酸-氢氟酸-硝酸-高氯酸四酸溶矿,王水提取、硫脲络合,用火焰原子吸收光谱法对银精矿中铜、银进行连续测定.通过筛选不同的样品消解方法,试验了硫脲介质浓度的影响,对共存元素的干扰进行消除.结果表明:四酸溶矿效果最好;通过加入过量的硫脲并控制其浓度在20 g/L以内,使溶液中银的白色沉淀与硫脲生成可溶的Ag[SC(NH2)2]3+配离子,消除了铜对银测定的干扰.该方法用于样品分析,相对标准偏差RSD(n =6)铜为1.20％～2.11％,银为0.61％ ～1.18％;加标回收率铜为96.5％ ～ 107.0％,银为97.3％ ～ 104.7％.测定值与碘量法、火试金法结果相符.本法具有简单、实用、成本低等优点,可满足银精矿选矿工艺生产的需要.