A study of a fair weather boundary layer in TOGA-COARE: Parameterization of surface fluxes in large scale and regional models for light wind conditions

The study focuses on a way to parameterize the effect of subgrid scale convective motions on surface fluxes in large scale and regional models for the case of light surface winds. As previously proposed, these subgrid effects are assumed to scale with the convection intensity through the relationship: where is the mean velocity of the wind, U₀ the velocity of the mean wind, w_* the free convection velocity, and an empirical coefficient to be determined. Both observations and numerical simulation are presently used to determine the free convection coefficient .Large eddy simulation of a fair weather convective boundary layer case observed during TOGA-COARE is performed. Comparisons between observations and the simulation of surface properties and vertical profiles in the planetary boundary layer are presented. The simulated vertical turbulent fluxes of heat, moisture and buoyancy range well within estimates from aircraft measurements.The most important result is that the true free convection coefficient , directly estimated from simulation, leads to a value of 0.65, smaller than the ones estimated from temporal and spatial variances. Using observations and simulation, estimates of from temporal and spatial variances are obtained with similar values 0.8. From both theoretical derivations and numerical computations, it is shown that estimates of the true from variances are possible but only after applying a correction factor equal to 0.8. If this correction is not used, is overestimated by about 25%. The time and space sampling problem is also addressed in using numerical simulations.     

Power and cross-power spectral studies of electric parameters under fair weather conditions in the atmospheric surface layer

Power spectral and cross-spectral studies of atmospheric electrical parameters for different months of the year are presented. The data represent fair weather conditions and the frequency range is from 0.01 to 0.3 cph. The analysis shows spectral peaks in the atmospheric electric parameters for frequencies corresponding to the diurnal wave; in many cases large variances are noted for the frequencies 0.083, 0.125 and 0.17 cph. Annual cycles in the spectra are also observed. In general, fairly small variances are obtained for frequencies above 0.05 cph. High coherences for the atmospheric electric parameters are observed in the lower frequency part of the spectra and in some cases in other parts as well (i.e., 0.083, 0.125 and 0.17 cph). Phase relationships of the electric components are also presented.     

Numerical simulations of wind and temperature structure within an Alpine lake basin, Lake Tekapo, New Zealand

Summary High-resolution numerical model simulations have been used to study the local and mesoscale thermal circulations in an Alpine lake basin. The lake (87km²) is situated in the Southern Alps, New Zealand and is located in a glacially excavated rock basin surrounded by mountain ranges that reach 3000m in height. The mesoscale model used (RAMS) is a three-dimensional non-hydrostatic model with a level 2.5 turbulence closure scheme. The model demonstrates that thermal forcing at local (within the basin) and regional (coast-to-basin inflow) scales drive the observed boundary-layer airflow in the lake basin during clear anticyclonic summertime conditions. The results show that the lake can modify (perturb) both the local and regional wind systems. Following sunrise, local thermal circulations dominate, including a lake breeze component that becomes embedded within the background valley wind system. This results in a more divergent flow in the basin extending across the lake shoreline. However, a closed lake breeze circulation is neither observed nor modelled. Modelling results indicate that in the latter part of the day when the mesoscale (coast-to-basin) inflow occurs, the relatively cold pool of lake air in the basin can cause the intrusion to decouple from the surface. Measured data provide qualitative and quantitative support for the model results.     

一次梅雨锋暴雨的边界层热通量输送与湍流动能收支分析

利用中尺度WRF模式对于2007年7月一次典型的梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了高分辨率数值模拟,对于边界层内的热通量输送和湍流动能的时空变化特征,以及湍流动能各收支项的分布及变化特征进行了分析。结果表明,降水发生时段内边界层热通量和湍流动能的时空分布特征与晴空日变化特征表现出显著不同,潜热通量随高度自下而上呈现"正—负—正"的分布,感热通量以负值为主,负值中心高度与潜热通量由负转正的高度相对应,湍流动能的发展高度与持续时间都有所增加,降水区近地面湍流动能弱于其他区域,但是在468 m以上高度则显著强于其他区域。降水区湍流动能的来源主要是平均风切变所产生的机械湍流,浮力作用与粘性耗散在降水期间消耗湍流动能,湍流输送作用将低层的湍流动能输送至较高的高度,使低层减小而高层增大,临界高度与湍流动能的大值中心高度对应。     

Relations of lower atmosphere wind dynamics to synoptic conditions and weather phenomena

Nonperiodic vertical and temporal variations in wind direction in the lower 500-meter air layer related to synoptic conditions are studied using the long-term data of acoustic remote sensing by the MODOS sodar at Moscow State University. Average values of wind shear to the right (clockwise) with time as a result of the passage of atmospheric fronts are 55° for cold fronts, 40° for warm fronts, and 45° for occlusion fronts. In some cases the clockwise wind shear may reach 180° per 30 minutes and 720° per several hours. The wind shear to the left with time is usually observed if the northern periphery of anticyclones or the ridge axis pass by. It takes more time than the clockwise wind shear does. Dramatic variations in wind direction with height including synchronous opposite air flows at different heights are observed in the zones of fronts, axes of ridges and troughs (if they are inclined), and cols. The vertical wind shear may reach 250° in the lower 300-meter air layer. Thunderstorms in Moscow are usually accompanied by the average wind speed increase by 1 m/s during 30-40 minutes after their beginning.     

Power and cross-power spectral studies of electric and meteorological parameters under fair weather conditions in the atmospheric surface layer

The influence of micrometeorological parameters (wind speed, temperature stratification and atmospheric stability) upon electric polar conductivity, potential gradient, vertical total current density and vertical convection current density is studied by means of power spectral and coherence spectral analysis. The analyses show great variations in the atmospheric electric parameters for frequencies corresponding to the diurnal wave (0.042 cph) and in many cases great variances are noted for the frequencies 0.083, 0.125 and 0.17 cph. The influence of the micrometeorological parameters upon atmospheric electricity seems to be significant for these frequencies. Annual changes of the power and coherence spectra are also observed.     

Wind environment in the Lee of Kauai Island,Hawaii during trade wind conditions: weather setting for the Helios Mishap

On 26 June 2003 (approximately 1030 local time) the Helios ultralight aircraft broke apart off the west coast of Kauai Island, Hawaii as it was climbing out of the Kauai wind shadow. Following the aircraft mishap, a study was carried out to understand the conditions on the day of the crash and to better characterize the wind in the lee of Kauai. As part of this effort, both aircraft measurements and numerical modelling studies were carried out. Measurements and models showed the trade wind flow was enhanced around the island creating a region of wind shear surrounding the leeside calm zone. This wind shear region was found to be vertically oriented along the south side but tilted northward with height along the northern side of the calm zone. Several other factors on the day of the crash were investigated including water vapour gradients, diurnal Island heating, and gravity waves but their possible influences on the crash could not be confirmed. While the numerical model captured the general features of the Kauai leeside winds, the orientation of the calm zone was north of the observed one.     

合肥市雾日气象条件分析

利用合肥市气象观测站2005—2009年常规观测资料,统计分析了该市雾的月、季变化,及雾日地面气象要素特征;同时,应用后向轨迹和聚类分析的方法,研究了雾日大尺度输送特征。结果表明,合肥雾日数12月最多,7月最少;雾日局地气象条件表现为高湿、微风、偏东或西北风向;合肥雾日与输送形势关系密切,雾日近地层(10 m)以偏东方向的轨迹最多,在边界层中上部(1 000 m)以西南轨迹和本地轨迹最多。     

强对流天气发生前期地面风场特征

根据对华东地区9次强对流天气的地面风场分析发现,强对流的发生发展与锋前暖区的中尺度辐合线有密切关系,与地面中尺度辐合线相伴的扰动辐合值为-0.8×10~(-4)·s~(-1)左右.当有移动的天气系统与其相遇时,交点附近扰动辐合值迅速增大,促使对流迅猛发展且移速加快.辐合线的形成与大尺度背景和特定地形有关.移动的中尺度辐合线与变压风有关而静正辐合线常与露点锋相伴.     

Simulation of time series of storms and weather windows based on wind conditions data

Stated is an approach to the simulation of time series of storms and weather windows using the data on their frequency. Using the results of wind reanalysis for the Norwegian, Barents, and White seas for 1975–2002, the statistical relationships are obtained between the frequency of storms and the mean values of the number of storms and their continuous duration, as well as between the distribution functions of the number of storms and their continuous duration and the mean values. Based on the revealed regularities, the simulation model is constructed enabling to generate the time series of storms and weather channels. The model is verified by means of computing the residuals between the specified and simulated frequency of storm conditions for the set of 100 monthly series, as well as by means of comparing the results of the computation of weather channels based on the reanalysis and simulation data.     

The adjustment of the wind field to small scale topography in a numerical weather prediction model

Numerical experiments are performed to test one reasonably economical method of producing regional forecasts. Starting with initial conditions interpolated from a 20 hour coarse grid Northern Hemisphere forecast, a fine mesh model is integrated for a further period of 4 hours over a limited area. The fine mesh is located over the north‐eastern part of North America and its resolution is sufficient to re‐produce topographic features such as the St. Lawrence and Richelieu Valleys. The resulting forecast at hour 24 is then compared with the coarse mesh prediction for the same time. The comparison reveals how the horizontal and vertical components of the wind are affected by the small scale topography. In particular, the channelling effect of the main valleys is demonstrated.     

贵州冬季一次罕见风雹天气过程分析

本文利用常规气象观测资料、多普勒雷达资料和FNL再分析资料,对2022年1月4日贵州出现的一次风雹天气过程进行分析。结果表明：此次风雹天气由高空槽、低涡切变线、低空急流、地面热低压和地面辐合线的共同作用产生;降雹前有能量锋的建立,降雹期间锋区呈增强趋势;湿层配置表现为500 hPa的空气偏湿,不是明显的上干下湿层结,0 ℃层高度和-20 ℃层高度比春季降雹时的高度偏低70 ~100 hPa;与贵州春、夏两季的雷暴大风对流参数比较,此次过程的CAPE和PWAT小于春、夏两季的阈值,而DCAPE、T75和Td85明显高于春、夏两季阈值;对流风暴的影响过程分为两个阶段,第一阶段的回波带强度更强,组织性更好,形成了弓形回波复合体（BEC）,并伴有后侧入流缺口（RIN）,是雷暴大风出现的主要原因,持续出现的三体散射长钉（TBSS）、高悬的强回波以及宽阔的弱回波区（WER）,使得第一阶段的降雹密度较大,且局地产生大冰雹;第二阶段的回波强度较弱,且组织性较差,因此只产生小冰雹,降雹密度也较小。     

江西大雾的天气条件和形势特征分析

介绍江西冬、春季常出现的辐射雾、平流辐射雾的天气条件和形势特征。     

辽宁省高速公路不良气象条件分析及服务探讨

对2005—2008年辽宁省高速公路交通事故资料进行统计。结果表明：辽宁省高速公路发生交通事故呈逐年上升趋势,其中由天气原因及其所引起的不良路况所造成的交通事故占20.4%,5—8月和11—翌年1月是此类交通事故的两个多发期。在各类天气现象中,因雾引起的交通事故所占比例最高,为41.0%,雨次之为31.3%。在此基础上就如何做好高速公路气象服务提出四点措施：划分灾害性天气服务关键性路段和关键期,制定高速公路安全运营气象灾害防御地方标准,在高速公路沿线布设密度适宜的气象监测站,加强气象对高速公路影响机理的研究。     

Synoptic and mesoscale weather conditions during air pollution episodes in Athens,Greece

Based on regular climatological and air quality data from the Greater Athens Area (GAA), the air pollution episodes observed in Athens during the period 1983–1990 were analysed and classified. The main characteristics of atmospheric conditions during days with high air pollution concentrations are summarized too. Model simulations show that the worst air pollution episodes in Athens occur during days with a critical balance between synoptic and mesoscale circulations and/or during days with warm advection in the lower troposphere.     

影响北京夏季O3污染的O3前体物浓度及天气条件分析

根据2003年北京夏季近地面大气光化学污染物观测资料,对中国气象局培训中心(代表站)O3超标日浓度、O3前体物浓度、不同天气条件下O3浓度分布特征等进行分析。结果表明:中国北京夏季NO2,NO,CO的浓度特征与日本神奈川县相似,白天(16:00以前)如果NO2/NO超过29,则容易出现O3超标;VOC浓度的高低影响O3浓度;当处于暖湿气流控制,地面为小风或静风、气温较高、湿度较大的多云天气时,易出现O3超标情况。这些污染物发生的特点和规律对北京大气光化学污染的研究和防治具有借鉴意义。     

Atmospheric moisture budget and floods in the Yangtze River basin, China

In this paper, we explored the trends of the atmospheric moisture budget, precipitation, and streamflow in summer during 1961 to 2005 and possible correlations between them by using the linear regression method in the Yangtze River basin, China. The results indicate that: (1) increasing tendencies can be detected in the atmospheric moisture budget, precipitation and streamflow in the Yangtze River basin; however, the significant increasing trends occur only in the atmospheric moisture budget and precipitation in the middle and lower Yangtze River basin; (2) both the ratio of summer moisture budget to annual moisture budget and the ratio of summer precipitation to annual precipitation exhibit a significant increasing trend in the Yangtze River basin. The ratio of summer streamflow to annual streamflow is in a significant increasing trend in Hankou station. Significant increasing summer precipitation can be taken as the major controlling factor responsible for the higher probability of flood hazard occurrences in the Yangtze River basin. The consecutively increasing summer precipitation is largely due to the consistently increasing moisture budget; (3) the zonal geopotential height anomaly between 1991 and 2005 and 1961 and 1990 is higher from the south to the north, which to a large degree, limits the northward propagation of the summer monsoon to north China. As a result, the summer moisture budget increases in the middle and lower Yangtze River basin, which leads to more summer precipitation. This paper sheds light on the changing properties of precipitation and streamflow and possible underlying causes, which will be greatly helpful for better understanding of the changes of precipitation and streamflow in the Yangtze River basin.