在倾斜界面情况下PS转换波偏振特征及其在转换波测深中的应用

本文在高频射线近似的条件下,运用几何地震学方法,研究了倾斜界面情况下PS透射转换波及部分二次波的偏振特征和运动学特征。发现这些波的偏振参数对模型界面倾斜性十分敏感,可用来反演界面倾斜参数。转换波及部分二次波的偏振分布及其相互关系为震相识别提供了新的判据。文章还给出了分析实际地震记录中震相偏振特性的PP(Polarization Position)图方法及震相识别和相位对比中的最佳分量追踪法。     

德令哈地震台国内外中强震震相记录特征

选取德令哈地震台2007-2017年数字地震记录,对于国内外不同方位、不同震中距、不同地区、不同深度的典型中强地震,使用广东省地震局研发的单台分析处理软件MSDP,从地质构造、波列特征、P波初动、S波与P波震相到时差、主要震相、最大振幅、震中距等方面,分析所选取地震震相特征。结果表明,不同构造区域的介质差异性及震源深度、地震波传播路径的不同,导致德令哈地震台记录的各地区地震震相特征不同。     

不同模型下爆炸源和层裂源的 Lg波特性研究

地下核爆炸区域及远区地震波信号中,有二次源即层裂源的贡献,其对区域震相Lg波具有调制作用.本文利用理论地震图数值模拟方法,分析爆炸源和层裂源在3种典型介质速度模型下的区域震相特征,得到了爆炸源和层裂源所激发的Lg波与介质速度模型的关系,并结合CLVD源所激发的S波随震中距的演化过程,对Lg波的形成机制进行了阐述.结果表明,CLVD源是激发地下核爆炸低频Lg波的主要因素.      

OBS广角地震探测中二次反射Pg震相特征及在地壳结构成像中的作用

在海底地震仪（OBS,Ocean Bottom Seismometer）广角地震探测中,经常可以见到能量很强、连续性很好的多次波震相,但对于如何确定这些多次波的属性以及怎样充分利用它们来约束地下的结构特征,至今还缺乏详细的研究.本文利用南海北部已获取的OBS探测数据,对与地壳折射Pg震相近乎平行并紧随其后的二次反射Pg震相进行了系统分析研究,发现在实测OBS地震记录剖面上,二次反射Pg震相具有连续、清晰、可追踪偏移距较远（约60 km以上）等特点,其地震波形和粒子运动轨迹与初至Pg震相相似,但二次反射Pg震相波形最大振幅值和粒子震动能量明显比初至Pg震相大.通过理论模型模拟以及对实测地震剖面三种不同反射层路径的走时计算,确定了二次反射Pg震相主要来自沉积层的反射.在此基础上,对二次反射Pg震相在地壳结构成像中的作用进行分析,发现加入二次反射Pg震相前后,由于反射震相的增加,沉积层界面的约束程度得到极大的提高;另外,通过对理论模型和实测剖面OBS2010地壳结构进行加入二次反射Pg震相前后的分辨率测试,结果发现加入二次反射Pg震相数据后,由于射线密度的增加,沉积层和上地壳结构的成像分辨率有显著改善.     

用单台四震相法讨论唐山大震的波速异常

本文提出一个用单台相对时间测定地震波速度比的简单方法--四震相法,它是利用地方震记录上经常出现的莫霍界面反射波与直达波到时差求得的。 利用该方法测定了1976年7月28日唐山7.8级大震前后的波速比,发现震前经历了波速低值-恢复和高值-二次下降三个阶段;根据波速变化的时、空特征,结合地质背景与地震活动,对唐山大震的孕育过程作了初步探讨。     

国内5.0级以上地震数字记录波形及震相特征分析

从地质构造、波列特征、P波初动、S-P到时差、主要震相、最大振幅、震中距、震源深度等方面着手对广州基准地震台记录到的国内5级以上地震进行分析研究,力求总结出不同区域地震的波形及震相明显特征,找到适用的仿真器,提高地震速报和地震编目质量。     

基于双差法研究长岛震群震源区介质波速比

<正>1研究背景波速比是特征化描述岩石成分和流体饱和度的重要参数,可用来反映地下介质性质改变以及间接反映断层活动情况。波速比研究是地震学领域重要的研究方向,常用多台或者多震方法计算平均波速比（黎明晓等,2004;张小涛等,2012;王林瑛等,2014）。但在震群活动过程中,震中较为集中,传统波速比计算方法不能准确反映震源区地下介质情况。Lin等（2007）提出,基于P波、S波的双差思想,将距离同一台站相近的2个地震组成一组,通过扣除这2个地震射线的相同路径,获得震群震源区波速比。该方法首次讨论和检验了应用2次差分来计算震源区波速比的可行性,随后诸多学者做了相关研究（Dahmet al,2014;Bachura et al,2016;贾漯昭等,2017;郑建常等,2018）。双差波速比方法是,基于误差分布和概率密度,借鉴双差定位程序中2次差分技术,使用台站S与P震相到时差和台站对的2次差分,扣除地震射线相同路径,实现震群活动波速比值求解。     

银川基准地震台记录地核界面波特征初探

对2004-2009年银川地震台数字地震仪记录的数字观测波形资料进行震相分析,总结震中距30°-50°范围内地核界面反射波PcP、地核界面反射转换波ScP的震相特征.结果表明,在30°-50°范围内,银川地震台对于地震频发的印度尼西亚震区地核界面反射波PcP、地核界面反射转换波ScP的记录最为清晰,此结论有助于台站工作...     

地震波的散射与盆地的场地效应

根据射线理论对二维盆地型试场地与Ｐ波波列特征的关系，波列中震相的性质及其产生的原因等进行了研究，对决定震相振幅大小的散射系数，几何扩散和波阻抗３个因子等的研究表明，因界面弯曲引起的广角反射和聚焦分别Ｐ波波阵中出现大能量团的第一和第二位的重要因素，在层内纵，横波波速比和层间波速比大范围变动的条件下，对界面散射系数的计算表明，介质内界面上Ｐ到Ｓ的反射转换波是指示界面两侧速度反差强弱以及入射波所在介质层     

用B-样条双正交小波拾取P波到时

地震波包含有许多震相,这些震相蕴涵着丰富的地球物理信息,反映了震源、传播路径等介质的特征,识别这些震相对于了解震源机制、地层结构以及地震波特性是很重要的.地震事件检测的一个重要目的是在地震发生前后提供地震的相关信息,以减少或避免地震带来的损失.由于P波和S波的特殊性,地震事件检测主要是识别P波和S波以及确定它们的到时,因此准确而高效地确定P波和S波到时方法的研究成为众多地球物理学家的研究热点.     

The separation and parameter determination of PS converted phases in deep sounding by converted waves of earthquakes

The practice of deep sounding by converted waves of Earthquakes shows that the time duration of the PS converted phases is usually longer than the arrival time delay between the converted phases coming from the adjacent boundaries. So, the mutual interference of the converted phases from adjacent boundaries may form a complicated interference series of the waves. It is difficult to recognize and determine exactly the parameters of the converted waves in the interfering records. In this paper the method of omni-azimuthal polarization analysis and the method of separation of interfering waves are described. The theoretical examples show that the procedure given in the paper is rather effective to separate the interfering waves and to determine their parameters, and so, is important to improve the resolving power and the reliability of the method of deep sounding by converted waves of earthquakes. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 39–45, 1993. The research reported here is a part of proposal sponsored by State Seismological Bureau and China Joint Seismological Science Foundation.     

Transmission and reflection of Rayleigh waves at a thin low velocity vertical layer: A laboratory and theoretical study

A three-dimensional ultrasonic modelling was used to study the Rayleigh waves reflected from a thin low velocity vertical layer and those transmitted through the same zone. The reflection and transmission coefficients of the Rayleigh waves have been calculated by an approximate method based on the Green function technique. Nonrigid contact boundary conditions were used for the low velocity layer modelling. A rather good correspondence between the theoretical and experimental absolute values of the reflection and the transmission coefficients was obtained. Some discrepancies between experimental and theoretical results, in particular with regard to phase shifts, may be explained by a certain inadequacy of the theoretical model to the low velocity layer investigated by the ultrasonic modelling.     

利用超声尾波观测1.5 m长岩石断层黏滑实验的波速变化

在实验室内利用超声尾波观测大尺度（1.5 m）岩石断层的黏滑过程.利用基于尾波干涉的观测方法,我们获得了高达10^-6的相对波速变化的观测精度,这相当于~10 kPa的应力变化.利用高精度的测量,我们获取两种不同加载速率下（1 μm·s^-1,10 μm·s^-1）黏滑过程三个阶段（恢复、加载和滑动）基于波速变化的特征量.我们更进一步获取了断层失稳阶段波速变化的时空演化过程.最后讨论了该观测方法需要改进的地方.以上研究结果表明作为一种对现有实验观测手段的有益补充,利用超声尾波观测实验室大尺度岩石断层的动力学过程是可行的.

     

角度域弹性波Kirchhoff叠前深度偏移速度分析方法

为提高地震成像结果的准确性并真实反映实际地震波场在介质中的传播特性,应该充分利用多分量地震数据的矢量特征进行弹性波成像,其中,最为棘手的问题是纵横波偏移速度场的确定,为此,本文提出了直接利用多分量地震数据进行弹性波角度域偏移速度分析的方法.基于空移成像条件的弹性波Kirchhoff偏移方程提取了弹性波局部偏移距域共成像...     

Ray path of head waves with irregular interfaces

Head waves are usually considered to be the refracted waves propagating along flat interfaces with an underlying higher velocity. However, the path that the rays travel along in media with irregular interfaces is not clear. Here we study the problem by simulation using a new approach of the spectral-element method with some overlapped elements (SEMO) that can accurately evaluate waves traveling along an irregular interface. Consequently, the head waves are separated from interface waves by a time window. Thus, their energy and arrival time changes can be analyzed independently. These analyses demonstrate that, contrary to the case for head waves propagating along a flat interface, there are two mechanisms for head waves traveling along an irregular interface: a refraction mechanism and transmission mechanism. That is, the head waves may be refracted waves propagating along the interface or transmitted waves induced by the waves propagating in the higher-velocity media. Such knowledge will be helpful in constructing a more accurate inversion method, such as head wave travel-time tomography, and in obtaining a more accurate model of subsurface structure which is very important for understanding the formation mechanism of some special areas, such as the Tibetan Plateau.     

3-D seismic response analysis of long lined tunnels in half-space

The dynamic response of infinitely long lined tunnels with a uniform cross-section buried into an elastic or viscoelastic half-space to body and surface harmonic seismic waves is numerically determined by a special direct boundary element method in the frequency domain. The waves have an arbitrary direction of propagation with respect to the axis of the tunnel and this renders the problem three-dimensional. However, this problem is effectively reduced to a two-dimensional one by a coordinate transformation and appropriate integration of the full-space dynamic fundamental solution along the direction of the tunnel axis. Quadratic isoparametric boundary line elements and advanced numerical integration techniques for the treatment of singular integrals produce results of high accuracy. Numerical results are presented for the case of an infinitely long lined tunnel of circular cross-section and compared against those of a full three-dimensional boundary element analysis, as well as those of other methods. Thus the proposed method is illustrated and its merits demonstrated.     

Tomography and velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle in southeastern Europe obtained from surface wave analysis

A set of two hundred shear-wave velocity models of the crust and uppermost mantle in southeast Europe is determined by application of a sequence of methods for surface-waves analysis. Group velocities for about 350 paths have been obtained after analysis of more than 600 broadband waveform records. Two-dimensional surface-wave tomography is applied to the group-velocity measurements at selected periods and after regionalisation, two sets of local dispersion curves (for Rayleigh and Love waves) are constructed in the period range 8–40 s. The shear-wave velocity models are derived by applying non-linear iterative inversion of local dispersion curves for grid cells predetermined by the resolving power of data. The period range of observations limits the velocity models to depths of 70 km in accordance to the penetration of the surface waves with a maximum period of 40 s. Maps of the Moho boundary depth, velocity distribution above and below Moho boundary, as well as velocity distribution at different depths are constructed. Well-known geomorphologic units (e.g. the Pannonian basin, southeastern Carpathians, Dinarides, Hellenides, Rodophean massif, Aegean Sea, western Turkey) are delineated in the obtained models. Specific patterns in the velocity models characterise the southeast Carpathians and adjacent areas, coast of Albania, Adriatic coast of southern Italy and the southern coast of the Black Sea. The models obtained in this study for the western Black Sea basin shows the presence of layers with shear-wave velocities of 3.5 km/s–3.7 km/s in the crust and thus do not support the hypothesis of existence of oceanic structure in this region.     

SsPmp震相地壳探测方法

SsPmp波是远震S波经地表反射转换的P波在莫霍面发生反射后被地表台站接收得到的震相.震中距在30°~50°之间的远震S波震相经地表反射转换的P波射线参数较大,在莫霍面发生全反射,使得台站接收的SsPmp波具有较强的能量,能够从地震记录中清楚地识别出来,为探测台站附近的莫霍面形态提供新的途径.本文通过合成理论地震图分析了SsPmp震相与地壳厚度、射线参数和Pn波速度之间的关系.结果表明:对于水平界面,地壳厚度只影响SsPmp与Ss波之间的相对到时差;Pn波速度只影响SsPmp的相位;射线参数既对SsPmp波的相对到时有影响,也会引起SsPmp波的相位变化.对于复杂的界面,SsPmp反映的深度与速度梯度最大的深度接近,而反映的Pn波速度与实际的Pn波速度一致.     

Broadband Plasma Waves In The MagnetopauseAnd Polar Cap Boundary Layers

Boundary layers occurring in the magnetosphere can support a wide spectrumof plasma waves spanning a frequency range of a few mHz to tens of kHz andbeyond. This review describes the main characteristics of the broadband plasma waves observed in the Earth's low-latitude magnetopause boundary layer (LLBL), in the polar cap boundary layer (PCBL), and the possible generation mechanisms. The broadband waves at the low-latitude boundary layer are sufficiently intense to cause the diffusion of the magnetosheath plasma across the closed magnetospheric field lines at a rate rapid enough to populate and maintain the boundary layer itself. The rapid pitch angle scattering of energetic particles via cyclotron resonant interactionswith the waves can provide sufficient precipitation energy flux to the ionosphere to create the dayside aurora. In general, the broadband plasma waves may play an important part in the processes of local heating/acceleration of the boundary layer plasma.     

透射边界高频耦合失稳机理及稳定实现——SH波动

就大型近场波动的高效数值模拟而言,稳定实现高阶人工边界是一个尚未圆满解决的问题.本文针对使用多次透射公式的SH波动集中质量有限元模拟,依据GKS定理的群速度解释,进一步阐明了人工边界与内域离散格式耦合所导致高频失稳的机理,即两者支持群速度指向内域的外行高频平面谐波,波动能量自发地从人工边界进入內域,从而导致失稳,而这类谐波是由集中质量有限元离散引入的.本文提出了消除此种耦合失稳的一种方法:通过修改有限元刚度阵来改变内域离散格式,并保证修改格式的精度不低于原有格式的精度.理论分析和数值实验表明此法能稳定实现透射边界.本文研究结果具有推广应用前景.