论我国东部第三纪念油气盆地是否存在海侵海漫海啸

本文以沟鞭藻生态为基础,结合我国东部第三纪盆地的球化学,古生物,岩相古地理,区域地质和全球海平面变化,论证东部含油气盆地在第三纪时不存在的海水侵进。     

黄县盆地早第三纪海侵湖环境及聚煤作用

黄县盆地早第三纪黄县组的沉积环境,存在两种不同的认识,一种认为属内陆淡水湖泊沉积,另一种认为是滨海泻湖沉积。本文采用盆地分析的基本原理和方法,对黄县盆地的沉积体系与相构成进行了研究。结果表明,黄县盆地早第三纪为地处近海的海侵湖环境,盆地沉积体系的发育和配置受海水侵入及盆缘断裂的共同影响,呈现规律性展布,聚煤作用发生于海侵后的湖泊作用加强阶段。聚煤作用的有利部位为扇三角洲与水下扇前缘的淤浅湖泊区。      

黑龙江东部盆地群白垩纪海侵存在的矿物学证据及其意义

前人研究所获得的海相化石证据表明,中国黑龙江东部早白垩世早期曾发生多次规模不等的海侵,多层厚度不等的海相夹层赋存于下白垩统中。对研究区白垩纪砂岩中的海绿石、独居石、莓状黄铁矿等自生矿物的显微特征、扫描电镜背散射特征和化学特征进行分析,结果证实,这些特征均与典型海侵相的特征接近,说明不仅含海相化石的层位系海侵成因,含这些自生矿物的砂岩、粉砂岩的层位也受到海侵的影响,从而为黑龙江省东部盆地在白垩纪发生过海侵提供矿物学的依据。     

中国东部陆缘中区第三纪构造-火山事件及其对含油气盆地的控制

中国东部陆缘中区第三纪主要发育5期构造-火山事件高峰，分别发生在58～46Ma、38～36Ma、26～24Ma、20～16Ma、8～4Ma。形成的火山岩岩性相对单一，主要为玄武岩，大量隐伏于新生代含油气断陷盆地中，这与裂谷作用有关，而野外露头区只发育古新世、中新世和上新世火山岩。研究表明，火山作用伴随着盆地发育的全过程。成盆早期的火山岩代表着裂谷作用的开始。成盆中期火山活动相对强烈，不但形成大量火山岩，而且也是盆地生油岩发育的主要时期。盆地形成后期火山作用微弱。新生代火山作用的中心往往成为成盆中心和油气聚集区。     

辽河盆地东部凹陷早第三纪火山岩地球化学及形成环境

中新生代频繁的岩浆活动是辽河盆地重要特征之一,东部凹陷作为各时期岩浆活动的中心,下第三系火山岩基本覆盖了整个凹陷。受构造运动差异影响,东部凹陷各地区不同时期岩浆活动强度不同,房身泡组火山岩分布最广,从沙三段到东营组沉积时期岩浆活动具有自中部向南、北转移的特征。岩石学和地球化学研究表明,主要火山熔岩类型为碱性玄武岩、粗面岩和辉绿玢岩;岩石化学组成上具有高碱、高铝和镁,较富集轻稀土元素,Eu异常不明显（δEu为0．70～1．05）,弱亏损Ti、P、Sr、Ta元素的特征。岩石εNd（t）和（N（^87Sr）／N（^86Sr））．组成分别为-2．8～2．8和0．7046～0．7067。综合研究表明,玄武质岩浆来源于岩石圈地幔,而粗面岩和辉绿玢岩可能源于幔源玄武质岩浆的分异,但辉绿岩受地壳物质污染较重;该火山岩形成于大陆裂谷环境,反映出早第三纪辽河盆地处于拉张构造背景。     

鄂尔多斯盆地晚古生代含煤地层层序地层与海侵成煤特点

层序划分的关键是层序界面的确定,无论是高级别的层序还是层序内部单元,都是以关键沉积或地层等时界面为边界的。由于海侵或者大规模水进水退导致的区域侵蚀面、事件性沉积在陆表海盆地充填中比较发育,因此,大面积水域扩张和退缩导致的大面积水流冲刷界面、沉积体系的大规模转换界面、盆地转折时期大面积的水流冲刷和河流复活形成的下切谷充填界面等都是层序划分的重要界面。煤层的形成是一个特殊的沉积事件,它可能是一个事件的结束,也可能是一个沉积事件的开始,因此也可能是划分层序的重要依据。将本溪组至下石盒子组划分出9个三级层序,4个二级层序。陆表海盆地三级层序为海侵体系域高位体系域二个单元组成;盆地转换期的沉积充填层序,以及陆相盆地三级层序均为低位、水侵和高位体系域三元结构层序。海侵成煤和事件成煤是鄂尔多斯盆地晚古生代煤聚积的基本特色。      

黑龙江东部盆地群早白垩世早期海侵作用续探——以鸡西盆地鸡 D7井为例

黑龙江东部盆地群是我国东部重要的中生代陆相含油气区,属东北含油气亚区的一部分.早白垩世以陆相湖泊沉积为主,但有多次规模不等的海侵事件发生,本次研究进一步对鸡西盆地鸡 D7井下白垩统城子河组和穆棱组砂岩的结构构造、矿物排列、碎屑岩组分、胶结物、综合结构系数、重矿物等特征进行了综合分析研究:在早白垩世地层发现了具典型滨海潮下带特征的双粘土层构造;该层位砂岩多为少石英或者石英含量在25%左右的长石岩屑砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩;胶结物以碳酸盐为主;受海侵作用影响,城子河组砂岩综合结构系数平均值为20.16,穆棱组平均值为46.65,表明穆棱期比城子河期受海侵影响更为明显;并且在砂岩中发现重矿物20余种,呈条带状富集,尤其是特征矿物海绿石、自生独居石、莓状黄铁矿及自然金等具明显海侵相特征.本次研究为黑龙江东部盆地群海侵的存在提供了一系列沉积学证据.     

根据泥岩压实探讨我国东部三个晚白垩—第三纪含油盆地类型

本文根据大量的泥岩孔隙度实测数据和声波测井资料,探讨了我国东部三水、泌阳和黄骅等晚白垩—第三纪含油盆地的类型。根据泥岩压实曲线计算的剥蚀厚度,可将三个盆地划分为具有严重剥蚀的三水压实型与仅有轻微剥蚀的黄骅压实型两类。前者必须根据剥蚀厚度恢复地层在地史时期的最大埋深,否则将会对油气的勘探带来不良影响。     

辽河裂谷盆地下第三系—古潜山含油气系统及其勘探方向

辽河裂谷盆地在漫长的盆地演化和复杂的地质构造条件下形成了具有丰富油气资源潜力的下第三系一古潜山含油气系统,尤以西部凹陷最为典型,其基底具有多种潜山圈闭类型,下第三系具有理想的生储盖组合和良好的保存条件。下第三系陆相烃源岩主要分布于西部凹陷中央深陷带的盘山、清水等洼陷中,而西部斜坡带的曙光、杜家台等古潜山带是其油气主要聚集区。通过含油气系统分析,认为含油气系统的持续时间为太古代至新生代早第三纪末,保存时间为晚第三纪,关键时刻为早第三纪末。靠近生油中心附近的诸潜山带为今后油气勘探的主要方向。     

北部湾盆地沟鞭藻类分子化石的分布及成因

北部湾盆地流沙港组二段湖相烃源岩是盆地的主力烃源岩,其中检测到甲藻甾烷和三芳甲藻甾烷,以及丰富的4-甲基甾烷等重要分子化石。通过对北部湾盆地北部地区古近系流二段烃源岩的元素地球化学和有机地球化学特征等分析,研究了富有机质页岩的古氧化还原条件和古盐度,并进行甾类生物标志物对比,探讨了甲藻甾烷,三芳甲藻甾烷和C₃₀-4-甲基甾烷分布特征及其与沟鞭藻的成因关系。研究结果表明:流二段底部富有机质页岩中的C₃₀-4-甲基甾烷和三芳甲藻甾烷丰度呈负相关关系,表明弱还原的淡水—微咸水沉积条件可能不适宜甲藻甾烷和三芳甲藻甾烷的形成,而可以形成高丰度的C₃₀-4-甲基甾烷。油页岩中高丰度的C₃₀-4-甲基甾烷与其较高的成熟度有密切的关系。     

Early-indicator signals of groundwater contamination: the case of seawater encroachment

 An early indication of groundwater contamination occurs when pollutant concentrations start to fluctuate and exceed background values of ambient fresh groundwater. An analysis of a characteristic situation of this type uses data from Israel's coastal phreatic granular aquifer. The pollutant is generally seawater, and the contamination process involves replacement of freshwater by encroaching sea- or other saltwater, a process augmented by human activity. The contamination process involves three stages: (1) groundwater composition remains relatively stable with small salinity content; (2) small salinity changes are perceptible with reversible fluctuations; and (3) salinity concentration increases at a sharply higher rate. The second stage is a useful early-indicator signal of contamination. Early-indicator signals of groundwater pollutant concentrations involve "minor" fluctuations in water chemistry at the advent of the contamination process. The intensity and magnitude of such a salinization/pollution process at any given location depends upon lithologic matrix, aquifer heterogeneity, and resultant flow domain characteristics, as well as contaminant properties. If such "signs" are detected at a sufficiently early stage, appropriate management steps may be taken to rectify further seawater and/or saltwater encroachment. Received: 23 July 1996 · Accepted: 25 June 1997     

Brutal presence or convenient absence: The role of the state in the politics of flooding in informal Accra,Ghana

This paper argues that human vulnerability to flood hazards in urban slums in developing countries is greatly affected by the positioning and activities of their city governments. As a result, the paper explores the central role of city authorities in the production of flood vulnerability in selected informal settlements in Accra, Ghana. Using a case study research design, the study draws on multiple qualitative methods to gather evidence including: document review, focus group discussions, flood victims’ interviews, institutional consultation and field observation. The paper reveals two main positions of state and city authorities in Accra’s perennial floods: first, being present and complicit in informal urbanization through their involvement in the politics of land management in flood prone zones; and second, being absent through their inaction in informal growth in flood-risk areas. To each of these positions of the urban state, there are emerging responses from residents and other non-state actors operating within and outside these informal communities. The paper proposes a re-examination of the current structure and processes of urban governance, state-community engagements and urban citizenship in informal communities.     

Finite-element modelling of Tertiary paleostress fields in the eastern part of the Tajo Basin (central Spain)

Three subsequent Tertiary paleostress fields that are deduced from fault-slip data for the eastern part of the Tajo Basin are analyzed by finite-element studies. The modelling results show that maximum horizontal stresses (S_Hmax) are mainly controlled by the geometry of the model limits and the boundary conditions applied. The models are used to test two hypotheses on the origin of the Altomira Range. A local stress field responsible for its formation (‘Altomira') can be modelled successfully by superposition in time and place of two major paleostress fields (‘Iberian' and ‘Guadarrama'). Stress trajectories have been modelled with respect to a homogeneous cover and heterogeneous basement to investigate the role of rheological contrasts between different basement blocks on the orientation of the stress field. Results of this kind of modelling suggest a mechanical decoupling between the cover and the basement, especially for the ‘Altomira' paleostress field.     

A tectonic model for the Tertiary evolution of strike–slip faults and rift basins in SE Asia

Models for the Tertiary evolution of SE Asia fall into two main types: a pure escape tectonics model with no proto-South China Sea, and subduction of proto-South China Sea oceanic crust beneath Borneo. A related problem is which, if any, of the main strike–slip faults (Mae Ping, Three Pagodas and Aliao Shan–Red River (ASRR)) cross Sundaland to the NW Borneo margin to facilitate continental extrusion? Recent results investigating strike–slip faults, rift basins, and metamorphic core complexes are reviewed and a revised tectonic model for SE Asia proposed. Key points of the new model include: (1) The ASRR shear zone was mainly active in the Eocene–Oligocene in order to link with extension in the South China Sea. The ASRR was less active during the Miocene (tens of kilometres of sinistral displacement), with minor amounts of South China Sea spreading centre extension transferred to the ASRR shear zone. (2) At least three important regions of metamorphic core complex development affected Indochina from the Oligocene–Miocene (Mogok gneiss belt; Doi Inthanon and Doi Suthep; around the ASRR shear zone). Hence, Paleogene crustal thickening, buoyancy-driven crustal collapse, and lower crustal flow are important elements of the Tertiary evolution of Indochina. (3) Subduction of a proto-South China Sea oceanic crust during the Eocene–Early Miocene is necessary to explain the geological evolution of NW Borneo and must be built into any model for the region. (4) The Eocene–Oligocene collision of NE India with Burma activated extrusion tectonics along the Three Pagodas, Mae Ping, Ranong and Klong Marui faults and right lateral motion along the Sumatran subduction zone. (5) The only strike–slip fault link to the NW Borneo margin occurred along the trend of the ASRR fault system, which passes along strike into a right lateral transform system including the Baram line.     

内蒙古阿拉善地区的第三系

依据丰富翔实的地层古生物资料,首次在内蒙古西部建立了比较完整的第三纪地层层序：命名或厘订了中始新统乌兰乌珠尔组、上始新统查干布拉格组、下渐新统乌兰塔塔尔组、上渐新统、下中新统乌尔图组、上中新统呼和好来组和上新统昂冈浩特组等７个地层单元;区分出了中始新世乌兰乌珠尔、晚始新世查干布拉格、早渐新世早期克克阿木、早渐新世晚期乌兰塔塔尔、晚渐新世因德里沟、早中新世乌尔图、晚中新世呼和好来和上新世昂冈浩特等８个动物群（组合）。     

柴达木盆地西南部砂6井第三系沉积相研究

结合前人的研究成果,运用野外地质剖面、测井相标志的研究方法,对柴达木盆地西南第三系沉积相进行了较全面、系统的研究,描述了柴达木盆地砂6井第三系主要发育的三种沉积相及发育的主要类型,指出了研究区内有利于油气生成和储集的沉积相类型。     

舞阳、襄城凹陷下第三系盐湖相有机地球化学与沉积环境研究

舞阳、襄城凹陷下第三系为一套盐湖相沉积物。研究表明,沉积环境与有机地化特征具有明显对应关系,咸水湖-盐湖相和盐湖相区有机质丰度相对较高,(扇)三角洲前缘与(扇)三角洲前缘-盐湖相区次之,(扇)三角洲平原区相对最差。烃源岩类中以页岩、油页岩最好,白云质、灰质泥岩、泥质白云岩、泥岩次之,含膏、含盐泥岩相对最差。有机质类型主要为1型,其次为Ⅰ型,少量Ⅱ₂型。且Ⅰ型、Ⅱ₁型有机质一般分布在盐湖相区内,而Ⅱ₂型和Ⅰ型有机质则主要分布于(扇)三角洲平原相和(扇)三角洲前缘相带。生物标志物指示烃源岩沉积环境为还原-强还原、高盐度咸化湖泊环境,其正烷烃多呈双峰态分布,高碳数部位具有一定的奇碳优势,OEP值大于1植烷、伽玛蜡烷含量高,Pr/Ph分布范围为0.04～0.72,β-胡萝卜烷和藿烯、ββ藿烷、芳香含硫化合物及脱羟基维生素E普遍存在,Tm/Ts大于1。根据Pr/Ph、Pr/nC₁₇、Ph/nC₁₈相对组成三角图可有效区分半咸水湖相与咸水湖-盐湖相。     

赣中早第三纪镁铁质岩石的地质地球化学及其地质意义

赣中吉安-泰和白垩纪红盆中发育有大量的镁铁质岩石,呈岩墙、岩瘤等多种产状,野外穿插关系和全岩K-Ar法年龄(为49—65Ma,相当于古新世)均表明它们形成于早第三纪,微量元素以明显富集大离子亲石元素、中度富集高场强元素和轻稀土元素为特征,无明显的Nb和Ta负异常,同位素具有相对较低^87Sr／^86Sr(0．7041～0．7064)和较高^143Nd／^144Nd(εNd(T)= 0．8- 6．2)的特征。赣中古新世镁铁质岩石的地球化学特征表明它们与岛弧玄武岩明显不同,类似于洋岛玄武岩(OIB)。结合岩石的地质地球化学特征和区域地质发展史,认为赣中古新世镁铁质岩石的源区是EMⅡ型富集地幔和亏损地幔(DMM)混合,暗示古新世时太平洋板块对中国东南部的影响很弱,中国东南部自古新世初期进入大陆边缘的板内岩石圈伸展环境,岩石圈伸展与软流圈上涌有关。     

Mineralogy, geochemistry, and palynology of modern and late Tertiary mangrove deposits in the Barreiras Formation of Mosqueiro Island, northeastern Pará state, eastern Amazonia

A coastal environment has been interpreted from 110 cm thick mudstone deposits found at the base of a 10 m immature laterite profile, which forms the modern coastal cliff on Mosqueiro Island in northeastern Pará state, northern Brazil. The late Tertiary sediment deposits of the Barreiras Formation are studied by multi-element geochemistry and pollen analyses. The mineralogical and geochemical results show that the gray, organic-rich deposits are composed of kaolinite, quartz, and illite/muscovite, as well as pyrite and anatase. They are rich in SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and some FeO. The composition is homogenous, indicating that the detritus source area is formed of lateritic soils derived from acid rock composition. Their chemical composition, including trace elements, is somewhat comparable to continental shale, and the values are below the upper continental Earth crust composition. The pollen analytical data document that the mudstone deposits were formed by an ancient mangrove ecosystem. Mineralogical, geochemical, and pollen analytical data obtained from late Tertiary mangrove deposits are compared with modern mangrove deposits from the Bragança Peninsula of the northeastern coast of Pará state. Although the pollen composition of the deposits is very similar to the modern one, the geochemical and mineralogical composition is different. Smectite was only found in the modern deposit; illite/mica occurs in the ancient deposit, along with Mg, K, and Na. The pollen signature and detrital minerals (kaolinite, quartz and anatase) found in both mangrove deposits show that during the Miocene, a humid tropical climate condition prevailed, similar to modern conditions.     

Characteristics and evolution of the Tertiary palaeovalleys in the northwest Gawler Craton,South Australia

Integrated geoscientific datasets have contributed to an understanding of the Tertiary palaeovalleys once draining the Gawler Craton. Systematic investigations of both the shape and depth of the channels are based on interpretations from field exposures, a compendium of geological and drilling data, computer modelling of ancient landscapes, topographic and evaluated digital elevation models, remote sensing imagery, magnetics, seismic, gravity, airborne and transient electromagnetics, and radiometrics. Physical property contrasts that exist between the channel sediments and the underlying bedrock, for example, can be differentiated by geophysical methods to locate the incised‐valley thalweg. Evidence from sedimentology is combined with evidence from other geological and geophysical characteristics to arrive at a general reconstruction of palaeovalley architecture and history. The palaeovalleys were originally incised into the weathered pre‐Tertiary landscape of mostly weathered basement, and Tertiary fluvial, lacustrine, estuarine and even marine sediments accumulated during the Eocene and Miocene. Marine influence extended at least 100 km up the palaeovalleys during at least three major transgressions in the Eocene and Miocene intervals. Major sedimentary phases occurred in the Paleocene to Early Eocene, Middle to Late Eocene, Oligocene to Early Miocene, and Middle Miocene to Early Pliocene times.