库车坳陷依南2“连续型”致密砂岩气藏成藏临界物性条件

“连续型”致密砂岩气藏是一种重要的非常规油气资源.恢复储层临界物性条件的演化对于揭示致密砂岩气成藏机理及成藏过程具有重要的理论意义.以库车坳陷依南2“连续型”致密砂岩气藏为例,利用数值模拟方法结合盆地模拟技术,恢复了储层临界物性的演化过程,并根据临界物性条件和储层演化的耦合关系,确定了该地区“连续型”致密砂岩气藏可以成藏的最早时间.研究表明,“连续型”致密砂岩气成藏临界物性并不是固定不变的,它随着地质条件的变化而不断发生改变.依南2“连续型”致密砂岩气藏最早的形成时间为距今9 Ma,对应的临界孔隙度为6.95%;现今储层临界孔隙度为7.26%.结合实际地质情况进一步证实了依南2气藏为“连续型”致密砂岩气藏.      

库车坳陷东部致密砂岩气藏发育特征与富集规律

库车坳陷东部致密砂岩气是库车天然气勘探开发的重要接替领域。由于研究区致密砂岩气藏的复杂性,目前对该区气藏的特征与分布规律还不十分清楚。从气藏的基本特征研究入手,通过对依南2气藏的解剖研究,认为本区致密砂岩气藏具有砂岩储层致密、微裂缝发育、异常高压发育、含气饱和度低等特征。其中孔隙度低、渗透率高是该区致密砂岩气藏的独特特征;排驱压力与喉道半径对气藏的成藏效率具有重要的影响;致密砂体中发育的裂缝对天然气的聚集和富集具有重要的影响和控制作用,表现为早期微裂缝提高了天然气的充注聚集效率,晚期构造缝控制了天然气富集带的分布。气藏类型为晚期成藏、持续充注的异常高压致密砂岩气藏。     

致密砂岩储层构造裂缝特征及地质建模——以塔里木盆地库车坳陷大北12气藏为例

以塔里木盆地库车坳陷大北12气藏为例,基于岩心、薄片、成像测井等资料表征了构造裂缝的类型与产状,分析了构造裂缝的影响因素及形成期次,分别采用随机和确定性建模方法建立了小尺度和大尺度裂缝模型,二者叠加得到总裂缝模型。结果表明：(1)在燕山运动和喜马拉雅运动近NS向的构造挤压背景下形成的大北12背斜型气藏,其目的层白垩系巴什基奇克组致密砂岩的宏观裂缝以近NS向的直立和高角度裂缝为主,剪切裂缝和张性裂缝均有发育;微观构造裂缝也可沟通基质孔隙,提高储层的连通性。(2)在岩性相同的前提下,构造裂缝密度随单层厚度增大而减小,且减小幅度也随之降低;单层平均厚度相近时,构造裂缝密度与距断层距离呈良好的负相关;细砂岩中的裂缝密度最高。(3)大北12气藏发育3期构造裂缝,其中形成于喜马拉雅中期和晚期的第2、3期有效裂缝是天然气高效富集成藏的关键因素。(4)背斜型油气藏核部的构造裂缝密度低,但张开度、渗透率高,通常具有较高的单井产能;翼部的构造裂缝密度高,但张开度和渗透率低,可采用压裂措施提高产能。该成果可为裂缝属性等效模型建立及气藏数值模拟提供数据基础,服务于气藏开发。     

库车坳陷白垩系深层致密砂岩储层溶蚀作用实验模拟研究

库车坳陷前陆区白垩系发育特低物性、强非均质性和高稳产砂岩储层,溶蚀作用显著,但成因机制尚不是很明确。利用高温高压热模拟实验还原了目的层在成岩演化过程中1种表生流体和2种埋藏流体环境下溶蚀作用差异,揭示了成岩矿物演化过程及储集空间结构变化特征。结果表明,表生成岩期大气淡水淋滤弱酸性流体环境（CO₂饱和溶液,pCO₂=1 MPa）溶蚀作用最为显著,长石类矿物发生明显溶蚀,石英和黏土矿物相对难溶,Na+、Ca2+和K+等离子析出明显,Si4+和Al3+析出较少,样品表面沉淀出较多的疑似多边形石英和铝硅酸类矿物;成岩晚期油气充注酸性流体环境（乙酸溶液,2 mL/L）溶蚀作用其次,易于溶解白云石、石膏和长石类矿物,Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+和Si4+等离子析出明显,样品表面无沉淀;成岩早-中期碱性流体环境（NaHCO₃溶液,pH=7.46、HCO₃-=0.6 mol/L）溶蚀作用相对较弱,石英、长石和部分黏土矿物均发生了不同程度的溶蚀,且随着温度、压力的增加,溶蚀作用程度增加。综合分析表明:表生流体是研究区砂岩储层溶蚀孔隙发育的关键因素,其次为有机酸和碱性埋藏流体。这一认识能够丰富致密砂岩储层孔隙成岩演化理论,为下一步寻找规模储层发育区和气田有效开发提供理论支撑。     

川西坳陷深层叠复连续型致密砂岩气藏成因及形成过程

川西坳陷深层上三叠统须家河组发育典型的致密砂岩气藏,由于该气藏多期构造演化、多期生排烃过程、多期成藏及储层致密化过程复杂的特点,其成因类型和成因机制经过多年的勘探和研究仍然存在争议。文章在剖析典型气藏的基础上,结合研究区构造演化、烃源岩生排烃史和储层致密化过程的研究,综合判识了致密气藏的成因类型,并分析其成因机制。研究结果表明：川西坳陷深层须家河组致密砂岩气藏具有“叠复连续资源潜力大、构造高点低点富气共存、高孔低孔储层含气共存、高压低压气层共存、气水分布复杂”的地质特征。目前气藏的成因类型为“后成”型致密气藏与“先成”型致密气藏的叠加复合型,属叠复连续型致密气藏。川西坳陷深层须家河组演化过程中存在浮力成藏下限和成藏底限,致密砂岩气藏形成和演化受控于2个界限控制下的3个流体动力场的分布和演化。叠复连续型致密砂岩气藏成藏过程可划分为4个阶段：①三叠纪沉积初至三叠纪末,初期天然气成藏条件准备阶段;②三叠纪末至中侏罗世末,早期常规气藏形成阶段;③中侏罗世末至晚侏罗世末,“先成”型致密气藏与“后成”型致密气藏形成阶段;④早白垩世至今,叠复连续型致密油气藏形成及改造阶段。     

库车坳陷东部下侏罗统致密砂岩储层特征及主控因素

塔里木盆地致密砂岩气分布广、勘探潜力大,是今后勘探的重要前瞻性领域.库车坳陷东部下侏罗统砂岩储层普遍致密,加强其储层特征及主控因素的研究,对指导下一步的天然气勘探开发具有重要意义.为了揭示了塔里木盆地库车坳陷东部下侏罗统致密砂岩储层的发育规律及主控因素,通过铸体薄片、阴极发光、扫描电镜、激光共聚焦等测试手段并结合测井资料,研究了储层的岩石学特征、孔隙结构特征和物性特征.结果表明,该区储层岩石类型以岩屑砂岩为主,岩石成分成熟度低,结构成熟度中等;孔隙结构主要为中孔细喉和小孔微喉,孔隙连通性较差;孔隙度大部分为4%~12%,平均为8.12%,有效空气渗透率主要为(0.1~3)×10-3μm2,属于典型的致密砂岩储层.在此基础上,综合分析了致密储层与沉积作用、成岩作用、构造作用的关系.研究认为,储层的物性受沉积作用、成岩作用、构造作用等的共同影响,其中主控因素是受沉积作用控制的粒度、成岩作用中的压实作用和构造压实作用.     

库车坳陷大北-克深地区深层致密砂岩气地球化学特征及成因

为探讨库车坳陷大北-克深地区深层致密砂岩气的地球化学特征及成因,对采集的天然气样品进行了组分定量和碳同位素组成分析。结果显示,库车坳陷大北-克深地区深层致密砂岩气中甲烷占绝对优势,为87.30%～98.33%,平均为96.18%;其重烃气含量较低,为0%～3.41%,为明显的干气;天然气的δ¹³C_1为-31.9‰～-26.5‰,δ¹³C_2为-24.2‰～-16.1‰,δ¹³C_3为-31.1‰～-15.7‰;烷烃气碳同位素偏重,主体呈正碳同位素序列,局部出现倒转;天然气成熟度为1.50%～3.62%,平均为2.39%,为高-过成熟天然气;δ¹³C_CO2主要为-19‰～-10.3‰。研究表明,大北-克深地区深层致密砂岩气中烷烃气属于煤成气成因,同型不同源气或煤成气与油型气的混合是烷烃气碳同位素倒转的主要原因,同时也与深层高温高压条件下烷烃气的形成与成藏过程有关;深层致密砂岩气中CO_2主要为有机成因。     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷盐构造成因机制探讨

以盐构造解析的方法,综合地震与地质资料分析,在盐构造成因要素剖析的基础上探讨库车坳陷盐构造动力学特征.研究表明库车坳陷盐构造的成因受多重作用影响,差异负载是库车坳陷盐构造初始形成时的动力来源,中新世—上新世中晚期差异负载作用是盐构造形成与缓慢生长的主要动力.盐上盖层快速沉降是该期盐构造生长缓慢的主要原因.上新世中晚期以来强烈的区域挤压作用是库车坳陷盐构造发育的主控因素,构造挤压决定了盐构造的样式、分布与规模,并促进了差异负载、重力作用与浮力作用的发展,以区域挤压为主的多种作用因素造成了库车坳陷盐构造晚期异常高速的生长.     

库车坳陷克拉2气藏异常高地层压力成因力学分析

在已有的众多超压机制中,构造应力作用是人们普遍认为有效的少数几种增压机制之一．为此,进行了克拉2气藏剖面三维构造应力场数值模拟．研究结果表明在克拉2储集层构造部位有10MPa左右的应力集中,克拉2气藏异常高地层压力中约50MPa由构造应力作用引起,剩余部分由其他增压机制引起．该研究对于准确评价气藏的储量、指导气藏开发等有一定的意义．     

断裂对川西坳陷致密砂岩气藏天然气运聚的控制作用

川西坳陷致密砂岩气藏的形成和分布受断裂控制作用明显。在对断裂的分布特征、断裂性质、断层几何特征、断裂形成时间等研究的基础上,结合研究区断裂与砂体的沟通关系、已发现气藏的开发情况和失利井的综合分析,揭示了断裂对陆相领域致密气藏天然气运聚的控制作用。研究结果表明,断裂影响和控制川西坳陷致密天然气藏有5种情况:断裂发育促使深层须家河组天然气富集成藏、断裂输导使深部须家河组天然气部分破坏、断裂输导深部须家河组天然气使中浅层侏罗系成藏、断裂破坏严重使中浅层侏罗系成藏效率低和断裂不发育的部位中浅层侏罗系含气性较差。单井与断裂距离的远近对单井产能具有一定的影响,且不同级别断裂影响规律存在较大差异:I级断裂(延伸长度L≥100 km)和II级断裂((10km2 000 m,单井产能低。     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷下侏罗统砂岩储层性质的控制因素

通过对4口钻井，4条地表剖面的地层沉积详细描述及相应的3000余块储层浅钻样品和近万个岩矿分析测试数据等翔实资料的分析认为，库车坳陷下侏罗统发育辫状三角洲沉积体系，三角洲平原的辫状分流河道和三角洲前缘的水下分流河道是主要的储集砂体。这套储层以吐孜洛克地区为界，东，西两区在成岩作用，储集性质和成因机制上均存在显著差异。经研究表明，砂岩粒径，地层埋藏史和构造侧向挤压是引起此差异的关键控制因素；时间域上主要表现为砂岩粒径对储集性质的影响，而空间域上储层特征的显著差异受控于地层埋藏史和构造侧向挤压。     

超深层裂缝性致密砂岩储层砂体、裂缝发育特征及对产能的影响:以塔里木盆地库车坳陷KS2气田为例

库车坳陷KS2气田目的 层构造裂缝普遍发育,而位于不同构造位置的裂缝发育特征有所差异,其与储层砂体的发育特征共同控制了该区单井产能的高低.综合利用岩心、薄片、扫面电镜、测井以及电成像测井解释资料,对库车坳陷KS2气田目的 层巴什基奇克组的储层岩石学特征、砂体组合特征以及裂缝的性质、开度、填充性等特征进行了分析,并对砂体...     

Analysis of Reservoir Forming Conditions and Prediction of Continuous Tight Gas Reservoirs for the Deep Jurassic in the Eastern Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin

The exploration targets in the Kuqa Depression at present are mainly structure traps in Cretaceous-Tertiary. Due to the complexity of mountain distribution and reservoir forming conditions, the exploration of Jurassic in the eastern Kuqa Depression has been in a state of semi-stagnation since the discovery of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir. According to the concept and theory of “continuous petroleum reservoirs” and the re-analysis of the forming conditions of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir and regional natural gas in the eastern Kuqa Depression, it is believed that the deep Jurassic has good natural gas accumulation conditions as well as geological conditions for forming continuous tight gas reservoirs. The boundary of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir is not controlled by a structural spillpoint. The downdip part of the structure is dominated by gas, while the hanging wall of the fault is filled by water and forming obvious inverted gas and water. The gas reservoir has the normal temperature and ultra-high pressure which formed in the near source or inner-source. All of these characteristics indicate that the Yinan-2 gas reservoir is different from conventional gas reservoirs. The deep Jurassic in the eastern Kuqa Depression has multisets of source-reservoir-cap assemblages, which comprise interbedded sandstones and mudstones. These assemblages are characterized by a self-generation, self-preserving and self-coverage model. Reservoir sandstones and coal measure mudstones are interbedded with each other at a large scale. As the source rocks, Triassic-Jurassic coal measure mudstones distribute continuously at a large scale and can generate and expel hydrocarbon. Source rocks contact intimately with the overlying sandstone reservoirs. During the late stage of hydrocarbon expulsion, natural gas charged continuously and directly into the neighboring reservoirs. Petroleum migrated mainly in a vertical direction over short distances. With ultra-high pressure and strong charging intensity, natural gas accumulated continuously. Reservoirs are dominated by sandstones of braided delta facies. The sand bodies distribute continuously horizontal. With low porosity and low permeability, the reservoirs are featured by strong heterogeneity. It is hypothesized that the sandstones of the interior depression tend to be relatively tight with increasing depth and structure stress weakness. Thus, it is predicted that continuous tight gas reservoirs of ultra-high pressure may exist in the deep formations of the eastern and even the whole Kuqa Depression. So, it is worth evaluating the exploration potential.     

Depositional and Diagenetic Controls on Pore Structure of Tight Gas Sandstone Reservoirs: Evidence from Lower Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Kelasu Thrust Belts,Kuqa Depression in Tarim Basin of West China

Deeply buried Lower Cretaceous Bashijiqike sandstones are important gas exploration targets in the Kelasu thrust belt, Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin in China. The sandstones are characterized by low porosity, low permeability and strong microscopic heterogeneity due to diagenesis during their geologic history. Mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical analyses combined with high‐pressure mercury injection analysis have been used to investigate the diagenesis, diagenetic minerals, and their impact on reservoir quality. This article addresses the controls exerted by depositional parameters and diagenetic modifications on pore‐network characteristics (porosity, pore types, sizes, shapes, and distribution), with the aim to unravel the formation mechanisms of this complex pore structures, and to improve the characterization and classification evaluation for the Bashijiqike sandstone reservoirs. The Bashijiqike sandstones are dominated by lithic arkoses and feldspathic litharenite. The pore system consists of intergranular macropores, intergranular micropores, and intragranular pores. Framework grains are generally heavily compacted. Authigenic quartz, authigenic feldspar, clay minerals and carbonates are the major pore‐filling constituents. The pore structure is characterized by small pore radius and poor interconnectivity. Entry pressure reflects the microscopic pore network and macroscopic reservoir property characteristics. Pore structure characteristics are linked to the depositional parameters, type and degree of diagenesis. Clays do not control reservoir pore networks alone, and pores and pore throats are wider in coarser grained sandstones. Entry pressure decreases with the content of the rigid quartz. Compaction and cementation continue to decrease the pore‐throat size, while dissolution enlarges pores and pore‐throats radius. Considerable amounts of microporosity associated with clay minerals and altered grains contribute to the high entry pressure. Comprehensive Coefficient of Diagenesis (CCD), which considers the integrative effect of diagenesis, shows strong statistical correlations with entry pressure. CCD is an integrative modulus of diagenesis and physical property, and generally the higher the values are, the better the pore structure. It is suitable for quantitatively characterizing pore structure in tight gas sandstones. The results of this work can help assess pore‐network characteristics like the Bashijiqike sandstones which had experienced strong diagenetic modifications during their geological history.     

Genesis and Evolution of Structural Fracture in Tight Sandstone Reservoir of Keshen-2 Gas Field, Tarim Basin, NW China

<正>1 Introduction Keshen-2 gas field is located in the middle of KelasuIchicklick Structural Belt,Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin,NW China.*The primary reservoir of Keshen-2 gas field is Bashijiqike Formation,Lower Cretaceous(K1bs),buried-6500~-7600 m.Exploration in this area has shown that structural fracture is the primary factor that improving     

Characteristics and Formation Mechanisms of Tight Sandstone Reservoirs in the Huahai Depression, Jiuquan Basin

<正>It is significant to study the reservoir features and formation mechanisms of unconventional reservoirs.The reservoir characteristics of tight sandstone reservoirs in the Huahai Depression,Jiuquan Basin are systematically described in this paper,and in particular the micro pore structures of observed core samples are qualitatively classified.Fundamentally,this research is benefit for the     

Pore-Throat Combination Types and Gas-Water Relative Permeability Responses of Tight Gas Sandstone Reservoirs in the Zizhou Area of East Ordos Basin,China

With the aim of better understanding the tight gas reservoirs in the Zizhou area of east Ordos Basin, a total of222 samples were collected from 50 wells for a series of experiments. In this study, three pore-throat combination types in sandstones were revealed and confirmed to play a controlling role in the distribution of throat size and the characteristics of gas-water relative permeability. The type-Ⅰ sandstones are dominated by intercrystalline micropores connected by cluster throats, of which the distribution curves of throat size are narrow and have a strong single peak(peak ratio 30%). The pores in the type-Ⅱ sandstones dominantly consist of secondary dissolution pores and intercrystalline micropores, and throats mainly occur as slice-shaped throats along cleavages between rigid grain margins and cluster throats in clay cement.The distribution curves of throat size for the type-Ⅱ sandstones show a bimodal distribution with a substantial low-value region between the peaks(peak ratio 15%). Primary intergranular pores and secondary intergranular pores are mainly found in type-Ⅲ samples, which are connected by various throats. The throat size distribution curves of type-Ⅲ sandstones show a nearly normal distribution with low kurtosis(peak ratio 10%), and the micro-scale throat radii(0.5 μm) constitute a large proportion. From type-Ⅰ to type-Ⅲ sandstones, the irreducible water saturation(Swo) decreased; furthermore, the slope of the curves of Krw/Krg in two-phase saturation zone decreased and the two-phase saturation zone increased,indicating that the gas relative flow ability increased. Variations of the permeability exist in sandstones with different porethroat combination types, which indicate the type-Ⅲ sandstones are better reservoirs, followed by type-Ⅱ sandstones and type-Ⅰ sandstones. As an important factor affecting the reservoir quality, the pore-throat combination type in sandstones is the cumulative expression of lithology and diagenetic modifications with strong heterogeneity.     

塔里木盆地库车坳陷中生代盆地性状及成因分析

库车坳陷充填有厚约4000~5000 m(局部最大厚度可达6000 m)的中生界陆相地层。地面特征和地震资料表明,库车坳陷北部地区中生界与下伏强烈变形、变质的古生界呈角度不整合接触,南部地区中生界与下伏寒武系-奥陶系呈平行不整合或微角度不整合接触。按照地层厚度趋势推测的中生界在山前地带有强烈的剥蚀,沉积厚度轴线位于南天山晚古生代造山楔之上,显示库车坳陷中生代盆地是上叠在塔里木克拉通北部边缘隆起和南天山晚古生代造山楔过渡带上的拗陷盆地。三叠纪-侏罗纪沉降-沉积中心向后陆(造山带)迁移,早白垩世向前陆迁移,且盆地同沉积期区域规模的断裂活动不明显,据此推测晚古生代造山作用后的岩石圈热作用及地壳均衡作用是中生代盆地沉降的主控动力学因素。     

库车坳陷克深气田致密砂岩储层构造裂缝形成序列与分布规律

综合采用岩心、薄片和成像测井等资料,对库车坳陷克深气田白垩系巴什基奇克组构造裂缝的形成序列、分布规律和影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:剪切裂缝和张性裂缝在克深气田均有发育,以直立缝和高角度缝为主,主要形成于近南北向的挤压作用、背斜弯曲拱张作用和异常流体高压作用,微观裂缝切穿胶结物和部分颗粒,早期充填构造裂缝可在后期构造应力和异常流体高压作用下重新裂开成为有效裂缝。克深气田发育3期构造裂缝,其中第3期构造裂缝的形成时间与天然气大量充注期吻合,是工业规模性气藏形成的关键因素。单个断背斜高部位的构造应力低于背斜翼部,因此背斜高部位的构造裂缝线密度相对较低,但背斜弯曲变形使裂缝开度较大,有效性好,单井的无阻流量较高;翼部和断层附近构造裂缝线密度较大,但开度较小,有效性差;构造应力、岩石强度和变形时间的不同造成了构造裂缝特征在各气藏之间具有差异性。储层中部第3砂层组的构造裂缝发育程度中等,充填程度相对较低,并且平面上分布连续,可形成连片分布的储层"甜点"区,应成为克深气田开发中的重点层位。对克深气田构造裂缝起主要贡献作用的为水下分流河道和河口坝微相的粉-细砂岩。