双排管冻结下冻结壁温度场形成特征的数值分析

冻结时间、冻结壁厚度和冻结壁温度场的性状是冻结法施工的关键参数,以工程实例为背景,考虑了水的导热系数λ和比热c的相态变化以及冻结管吸热参数随温差而变化等因素,利用ANSYS大型有限元计算程序,对单、双排管冻结下冻结壁的形成及其变化特征进行详细的计算分析,得出了双排管冻结下冻结时间缩短、冻结效率提高、冻结壁平均温度下降等特性.最后,探讨了双排管冻结下冻结壁平均温度的简化计算方法     

增湿条件下膨胀土隧道衬砌破坏数值分析

针对小河沟膨胀土隧道降雨增湿塌方现象,以围岩含水率分布变化引起膨胀应力场为主要研究内容,展开增湿对隧道支护结构的影响研究。首先,利用热传导热能量平衡方程与孔隙渗流连续方程数学描述相似性,推导出热传导膨胀模拟增湿膨胀的替代方程。然后,结合室内试验和文献资料,率定膨胀土膨胀力及渗流参数。最后,在正确考虑地质构造影响的基础上运用有限差分软件FLAC3D热-力耦合模块进行建模计算,分别对不同膨胀力模型的增湿过程进行仿真模拟,得出支护结构受力变形随含水率分布及膨胀力大小的变化规律。分析得到了对隧道支护结构造成不良影响的关键含水率和膨胀力值。研究成果可以有效指导膨胀性黄土隧道支护设计和变形控制。     

黏土地基中能量桩力学特性数值分析

能量桩是将地源热泵系统中的换热管埋置在桩体内部,桩同时起到承载和换热的作用,是一种新型的基础型式。为了合理分析黏土地基中能量桩的力学特性,需要了解能量桩运行过程中桩和地基土的温度响应,并考虑温度变化对土体力学性能的影响。基于有限元软件ABAQUS建立了能量桩传热分析三维有限元模型,把能量桩的传热简化为换热管内液体与管壁之间的对流传热、桩体中的热传导和地基中的热传导,将计算结果与常规理论和实测数据进行了对比验证。对热力耦合边界面本构模型进行了二次开发,通过算例验证了模型对土体压缩和剪切性状温度效应的模拟能力。利用所提出的能量桩传热分析方法和热边界面模型,考虑不同的桩顶工作荷载水平,对正常固结黏土地基中能量桩单桩的长期性能进行了研究,分析了温度循环对桩顶沉降、桩侧摩阻力和桩身轴力的影响。结果表明,工作荷载越高,温度循环次数越多,桩顶累积沉降越大。     

ANSYS软件在求解地应力与流体耦合作用中的应用

地应力与流体的耦合作用是近年来研究的热点, 是工程和地质研究中经常遇到的重要课题.因此, 寻找简便的求解流固耦合的方法具有重要的意义.本文根据流固耦合方程和热传导方程的对应关系, 找出了在一定边界条件下, 可用ANsYS中的结构力学模块和热传导模块求解流固耦合方程的简便方法.并将该方法所得结果与理论解和实际结果进行了对比, 结果显示他们具有很好的一致性, 说明简便方法是可行的.      

青藏铁路透壁通风管通风路基模型试验及初始温度场特征

通风路基作为一种积极主动保护冻土路基的冷却调控技术能有效的抬升多年冻土上限, 保护冻土路基的稳定性. 目前实体试验工程通风路基一般采用路基内预埋实体混凝土管或PVC管, 管壁不能透风, 管壁与土体间主要通过热传导进行换热. 一种管壁开孔、可以透风的新型通风管--"透壁通风管"既能以管内空气间的对流带走管内热量; 因其管壁透风, 低温的冷空气可以透过管壁的大孔眼穿透到通风管周围的介质中, 直接与其进行热交换, 从而改善传统通风管换热模式. 为探索透壁通风管在青藏铁路路基中的实际温控效果而进行了青藏铁路透壁通风管路基现场试验, 试验路基短期监测资料的分析结果显示, 透壁通风管对青藏铁路路基具有良好的冷却能力, 可在一定程度上抬升冻土上限; 透壁通风管路基经填土级配优化重组后更能充分发挥其路基冷却效果     

Parameter estimation based on vertical heat transport in the surficial zone

Measured groundwater temperatures in the surficial zone are dependent on the properties of porous media and vertical flow velocity. Sensitivity analyses, collinear diagnostics and an inverse numerical solution to the one-dimensional heat-transport equation are used to determine which parameters can be estimated from temperature measurements in the surficial zone. This is done for heat transport in the saturated zone considering a constant vertical flow velocity. The use of temperature profiles, temperature time-series and temperature envelopes are considered. There is an important difference between a conduction and a convection dominated system. Sensitivity analysis shows that temperature measurements are sensitive to effective thermal conductivity and heat capacity and are insensitive to effective porosity and thermal dispersivity. In a conduction dominated system, temperature is also insensitive for vertical velocity. Collinear diagnostics show that in a conduction dominated system, only the combination of heat capacity and effective thermal conductivity, the thermal diffusivity, can be derived. In a convection dominated system, both the vertical velocity and the effective thermal conductivity can, theoretically, be derived.     

土壤中热量传输计算的研究进展与展望

土壤中热量传输计算的研究分为土壤热通量计算方法和土壤导温率计算方法两方面的成果. 目前已有土壤热通量的计算方法, 在土壤表层可以得到较好结果, 但在土壤深层的适用性无法确定. 多孔介质模型和考虑水的渗流造成的影响, 是多年冻土区土壤导温率的计算方法的研究方面新的进展. 为研究青藏铁路沿线冻土演化趋势找到合适的土壤热量传输计算方案, 应是今后工作的一个重点.     

Optimization of artificial ground freezing in tunneling in the presence of seepage flow

Artificial ground freezing is an environmentally friendly technique to provide temporary excavation support and groundwater control during tunnel construction under difficult geological and hydrological ground conditions. Evidently, groundwater flow has a considerable influence on the freezing process. Large seepage flow may lead to large freezing times or even may prevent the formation of a closed frozen soil body. For safe and economic design of freezing operations, this paper presents a coupled thermo-hydraulic finite element model for freezing soils integrated within an optimization algorithm using the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique to optimize ground freezing in tunneling by finding the optimal positions of the freeze pipe, considering seepage flow. The simulation model considers solid particles, liquid water and crystal ice as separate phases, and the mixture temperature and liquid pressure as primary field variables. Through two fundamental physical laws and corresponding state equations, the model captures the most relevant couplings between the phase transition associated with latent heat effect, and the liquid transport within the pores. The numerical model is validated by means of laboratory results considering different scenarios for seepage flow. As demonstrated in numerical simulations of ground freezing in tunneling in the presence of seepage flow connected with the ACO optimization algorithm, the optimized arrangement of the freeze pipes may lead to a substantial reduction of the freezing time and of energy costs.     

Soil thermal behavior in different moisture condition: an overview of ITER project from laboratory to field test monitoring

The thermal properties of soils can be considered one of the most important parameters for many engineering projects designing. In detail, the thermal conductivity plays a fundamental role when dimensioning ground heat exchangers, especially very shallow geothermal (VSG) systems, interesting the first 2 m of depth from the ground level. However, the determination of heat transfer in soils is difficult to estimate, because depends on several factors, including, among others, particle size, density, water content, mineralogy composition, ground temperature, organic matter. The performance of a VSG system, as horizontal collectors or special forms, is strongly correlated to the kind of sediment at disposal and suddenly decreases in case of dry-unsaturated conditions in the surrounding soil. Therefore, a better knowledge of the relationship between thermal conductivity and water content is required for understanding the VSG systems behavior in saturated and unsaturated conditions. Key challenge of ITER project, funded by European Union, is to understand how to enhance the heat transfer of the sediments surrounding the pipes, taking into account the interactions between the soil, the horizontal heat exchangers and the surrounding environment. In detail, changes of soil moisture content in the same climatic conditions and under the same thermal stress for five different soil mixtures have been monitored in the ITER test site. The relationship with precipitation and natural/induced ground temperature variations, reaching also water freezing point, are here discussed.     

地下水人工流场能效增强技术在浅层地热能开发中的应用

中新天津生态城地处天津市滨海地区,区内地下水位高,地下水流动性差,地层上部80~100 m深度内地下水均为咸水,地层天然的热传导能力差,在一个供能期内地埋管向土层中散出的冷量/热量难以在短时间消散,造成冷量/热量在地埋管附近处持续堆积,使地源热泵系统能效降低。地下水人工流场能效增强技术可通过地下水流动将地埋管周围堆积的冷量或热量较为均匀地转移到整个地埋管区域土壤中,使地埋管间的浅层地热能被充分利用,增大换热温差,提高地埋管的换热效率,从而提高地源热泵系统的能效。     

基于有限体积法的冻土水热耦合程序开发及验证

土体冻结和融化时的水分迁移、相变与传热是一个相互影响的耦合过程。采用基于有限体积法的开源软件OpenFOAM,编制描述土体冻融过程的水热耦合计算程序。首先,基于土体水分和热量迁移基本方程、水分相变与温度的平衡方程,同时考虑相变对水分特征参数和热特性参数的影响以及相变潜热对传热过程的影响,建立冻土水热耦合数学模型。然后,采用基于多面体网格的有限体积方法对水热耦合控制方程进行空间离散,采用全隐式向后差分方法对方程进行时间离散,由此编制冻土水热耦合计算程序。该程序具有良好的几何适应性、质量和能量守恒性,具备面向复杂问题的并行计算功能。最后,采用该程序对两组不同温度边界条件的室内土体冻结试验进行数值模拟,并与试验结果进行对比,结果表明该程序可以较为准确地模拟土体冻结过程中温度场和水分场的演化特征。     

Estimation of surface temperature from MONTBLEX data

It is observed that the daily mean temperature of the soil is linear with depth and the variation of the temperature is sinusoidal with a period of a day. Based on these observations the one-dimensional heat conduction equation for the soil can be solved which gives the amplitude and phase variation of the temperature wave with depth. Given the temperature data at three levels below the surface, the amplitude and phase variation and hence the surface temperature variation over the day are estimated. The daily mean temperature of the surface is estimated from linear extrapolation of the daily means at the three levels below the surface. Estimated values of soil thermal diffusivity show a subtantial change after sudden and heavy rains.     

基于CLM模式的青藏高原土壤冻融过程陆面特征研究

使用位于青藏高原东部若尔盖站的观测数据驱动CLM3.5模式,设计一组去除模式中冻融过程的"退化试验",进行为期一年的模拟研究。通过对比原试验与敏感性试验模拟结果,初步分析冻融过程在土壤温度变化、各能量通量分配中的作用,得到以下结论：（1）冻融过程是土壤温度变化的"缓冲器",冻结过程向周围环境释放能量减缓了土壤降温的速率,使土壤温度不至降得太低,而消融过程从周围环境吸收能量减缓了土壤升温的速率,使土壤温度不至升高太多;（2）冻融过程改变了地表辐射通量,土壤冻结改变了地表反照率,改变了向上短波辐射,且由于冻结过程减缓了地表温度的下降,改变了地表向上长波辐射,进而改变了净辐射通量;（3）冻融过程显著地改变了陆面能量的分配,通过相变能量的释放和吸收增大了地气间能量的传输,显著地增大了地表土壤热通量,且通过改变地表温度和地表蒸发,改变了感热及潜热通量。在冻结过程及完全冻结阶段,感热及潜热通量均增大,但在消融过程阶段,感热及潜热通量均减小。冻融过程对土壤热通量及感热通量的影响在冻结过程及完全冻结阶段更为显著,而对潜热的影响则是在消融过程阶段更为显著。     

寒区不同材质垂直埋管测温方式差异性分析

寒区土壤温度场观测多采用垂直埋管方式,常用管材有铁管、PVC管、PPR管、PE管等,在实践中发现同一地点不同材质测管所测温度场存在较大差异.为研究几种常用测温管材测试值的差异性,2014年11月3日至2015年4月29日对四种材质垂直埋管与土壤直埋传感器的测温方式进行了现场比对试验.结果表明：（1）不同材质垂直埋管因其物理性质的差异,在测温过程中对温度场有不同程度的影响,PVC管和PPR管的测温值分别偏高于相应土层温度约0.8℃和0.3℃,而铁管和PE管则分别偏低于相应土层温度约0.4℃和0.6℃.（2）管材中温度场数据与土壤温度场数据相关性由高到低排序为：铁管 > PPR管 > PVC管 > PE管.（3）通过最小二乘法,求得铁管-土壤各层埋深温度场的转换系数,并得到铁管-土壤温度场拟合方程,经证实相关性显著.     

Laplace方程若干问题的解及其在渗透破坏中的应用

利用Laplace方程可以得到一类边界条件下圆柱形域内竖向分层土的水头分布问题的解,并用这些解对渗透破坏现象进行了数学描述,这些解也可应用于热传导问题。对于管涌、流土、热传导等工程问题具有一定的意义。     

Numerical analysis of soil pipe effects on hillslope water dynamics

Soil pipes are considered to drain off water from a hillslope and play an important role in the subsurface runoff generation process, thus reducing the slope failure susceptibility. However, soil pipes are also often detected on the collapsed slope suggesting that they might act to induce slope instability. To examine how the soil pipes act on pore-water pressure generation and on a slope failure processes, a numerical model was developed. The model was used to test the response of pore-water pressure in a hillslope with soil pipes of different cross-sectional areas, lengths, distances from the impermeable bed, roughness, and hillslope angles. The model was also tested to find the response of open soil pipe if blocked. The study reveals that pipes reduce pore-water pressure (measured closed to bed) around its upstream end and increase around its downstream end if compared with no pipe case. Pore-water pressure at downstream end is increased with increase in hillslope angle, pipe cross-sectional area, pipe length, or depth of soil pipe. Soil pipe, even if it is ended within the hillslope, increases the total discharge from hillslope. Location of rough soil also affects the discharge and pressure within the hillslope. If the less rough pipe is close to the source of water, discharge from hillslope matrix is greater regardless of its downstream pipe roughness. Blockage of small portion of open soil pipe increases the soil pressure around the region but not beyond the case if there is no soil pipe. However, complete collapse of soil pipe from a point to all along the downstream end of hillslope increases the pore-water pressure beyond the pressure if there were no soil pipes. Therefore, the position and type of soil pipe collapse might play an important role in shallow landslide initiation.     

冻融循环下加筋膨胀土边坡稳定性模型试验

控制边坡在冻融循环中的劣化作用,可保障季节冻土区域膨胀土边坡长期稳定。为确定土工格栅对膨胀土边坡在冻融循环过程中的稳定效果与工程意义,本文开展了膨胀土边坡模型试验,对比冻融过程中边坡内土压力、含水率、位移、温度变化。结果表明：土工格栅可约束膨胀土冻融裂缝,使裂缝发育更为均匀一致,同时减小边坡位移;加筋材料能抑制边坡水分迁移与热传导并减小土压力变化;对膨胀土边坡加筋处理可显著降低含水率波动幅值,从而减小膨胀土受含水率变化引发的胀缩劣化;不同于普通黏土,膨胀土边坡冻融循环中呈现冻缩融胀特点,而边坡加筋可有效提升冻土区膨胀土边坡的冻融稳定性,具有工程应用价值。     

ANSYS在云龙水库心墙堆石坝三维地震反应分析中的应用

对比研究了瞬态热传导方程和孔压增长消散方程,提出了一种利用ANSYS温度-结构耦合场进行土石坝有效应力动力分析的方法,这种方法通过动态调整材料参数,使总应力分析更加贴近实际情况,因此是一种改进的TT方法。这种方法具有很好的计算稳定性,适合用于长持时的地震反应分析。最后,利用这种方法对对云龙水库心墙堆石坝进行了动力计算,得到了有价值的结论。     

桩埋管参数对渗流下能量桩热-力耦合特性的影响

为获得地下水渗流作用下桩埋管参数对能量桩热-力耦合特性的影响,建立了不同埋管参数的能量桩数值模型,分析了桩埋管数量、埋管布置形式、埋管管径对单位桩深换热量、日换热量、桩截面平均温升、桩身位移增量及桩身附加温度荷载的影响。结果表明：增加埋管数量可以增大能量桩换热量,但也会加剧桩内不同埋管间的热干扰,导致换热性能下降及桩身...     

青藏高原那曲地区非均质土壤导温率的变化及土壤温度数值模拟

土壤中的热传输是地-气能量交换的组成部分,而非均质土壤导温率/导热率的获得是研究土壤热传输过程中的一个难点,是至今仍未很好解决的问题.分析了一维热传导方程在非均质土壤条件下的适用形式,利用青藏高原那曲站实测土壤温度资料,计算了非均质土壤导温率,计算结果表明,土壤导温率有明显的随深度和季节的变化.利用考虑非均质土壤导温率参数的土壤温度数值模式,对那曲地区各层土壤温度的年变化进行了模拟试验,模拟结果显示,按冷季和暖季分别采用两组不同的土壤导温率,对土壤温度的年变化已有较好的模拟效果.