华北陆块前寒武纪两次重大地质事件的特征和性质

分类统计了华北陆块236个精度较高的大于16亿年的年龄数据。统计分析显示,年龄数据存在2个最为明显的峰期,分别位于2550～2475MaBP和1900～1750MaBP区间,对应华北陆块25亿年和18亿年地质事件。同时,这2次地质事件所包含的变质作用峰期和成岩作用峰期均有不同步的特点。25亿年地质事件中成岩作用峰期早于变质作用峰期,而18亿年地质事件中变质作用峰期早于成岩作用峰期。由此反映这 2次地质事件性质的差异。25亿年地质事件表现为巨型麻粒岩带、岩浆构造热事件、沉积建造开始和环境变化等,可能代表华北陆块一次重要的拼合事件;而18亿年地质事件表现为非造山岩浆活动、裂谷型火山-岩浆活动和强烈的退变质作用等,可能代表华北陆块一次重要的裂解事件。     

STAGES IN THE ALTERATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS AND PARAGENETIC RELATIONS OF COMBUSTIBLE MINERALS

Alterations of coal organic matter in the course of metamorphism are considered in the paper. Under the influence of temperature and pressure the organic matter contained in sedimentary rocks is liable to easier and quicker alteration than the inorganic substance. As a result of a study of oil- and coal-bearing sediments it is suggested that the transformation of the organic matter contained in coal disseminations should be used as an indicator of general sedimentary rock alterations, taking place during their submergence into higher temperatures and pressure zones. The reflectivity of vitrinite, determined by means of photocells under the microscope serves as a quantitative expression of different sedimentary rock transformation stages. Thus, 22 stages of sedimentary rock alteration have been isolated. These stages have been subdivided into 6 subgroups and 3 groups. Paragenetic relations between coal alterations and oil distribution in sedimentary rocks of different stages have been established.—Auth. English Summary.     

Petrography and origin of granulite‐facies rocks in the Western Musgrave Block,Central Australia

The granulite‐facies rocks in the Tomkinson Ranges of central Australia are dominated by layered felsic (quartzofeldspathic) gneisses with minor interbanded mafic, calcareous, ferruginous, and quartzitic granulites. They are regarded as representing a middle Proterozoic metasedimentary and/or metavolcanic sequence which has undergone anhydrous granulite‐facies metamorphism approximately 1200 m.y. ago. Conditions of metamorphism have been derived from a petrogenetic grid based on several experimentally determined reactions and give estimates of 10–11 kb pressure and 950–1000°C. Such metamorphism could take place close to the base of the crust with a moderate geothermal gradient of 25–30°C/km.     

Stratabound scheelite in altered Archaean komatiites,West Greenland

Extensive scheelite-bearing calc-silicate zones with elevated contents of chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, yttrium and barium are found in Archaean supracrustal rocks of the Nuuk area, West Greenland. The calc-silicate zones are largely stratabound and occur in mafic and ultramafic metavolcanic rocks. The calc-silicates are interpreted as amphibolite facies metamorphosed alteration zones in komatiitic intrusive and extrusive rocks as well as in tholeiitic pillow lavas. The alteration which antedates the amphibolite facies metamorphism and the main deformation of the supracrustal rocks, presumably took place at the sea-floor or immediately below the sea-floor. The brines which caused the alteration were enriched in elements such as tungsten, boron, sulphur, iron, copper and zinc. The boron was precipitated as thin tourmalinites and the iron in massive to semi-massive sulphide bodies. The scheelite in the calc-silicates is mainly found as disseminated grains, as stringers and as veinlets. Rare veins up to 15 cm wide with massive scheelite are encountered. Channel sampling revealed grades up to 0.35% W over a width of 2.5 m. Highly anomalous bromine contents up to 418 ppm and equally anomalous chlorine/bromine ratios down to 3 have been found in scheelite-bearing calc-silicates. Somewhat similar anomalous bromine contents and Cl/Br ratios have been reported from serpentinites in the Outokumpu ore body, Finland. At Mount Isa, northern Australia and in the Antimony line in the Murchinson greenstone belt, southern Africa anomalous Cl/Br ratios have been observed. The possible role of bromine in the ore-forming processes is as yet poorly understood.     

西藏日土以东地区蚀变遥感异常特征

根据蚀变岩的TM波谱特征,在日土县以东地区进行了蚀变岩遥感信息提取。通过对研究区羟基（OHA）和铁染（FCA）两种异常的分析,为下一步地质调查工作提出建议。     

Multi-stage pseudomorphic replacement of garnet during polymetamorphism: 1. Microstructures and their interpretation

Metapelites from the southern aureole of the Vedrette di Ries tonalite (eastern Alps) were variably overprinted by contact and earlier regional metamorphic events during pre-Alpine and Alpine metamorphic cycles. In these rocks, starting from a primary garnet mica-schist (garnet stage), a complex sequence of transformations, affecting the site of the garnet, has been recognized. In the outermost part of the aureole, the primary garnet sites are occupied by nodules of kyanite (kyanite stage). Closer to the tonalite, kyanite is replaced by staurolite (staurolite stage), which in turn is pseudomorphed by muscovite (muscovite stage). The aggregates of kyanite do not overgrow garnet directly; they post-date a stage (fibrolite stage) represented by the pseudomorphic alteration of garnet into fibrolitic sillimanite plus biotite. A further sericite stage is likely to have occurred between the fibrolite and kyanite stages. Preservation of the sub-spherical garnet shape during all these transformations and persistence of mineralogical and textural relicts from earlier stages were favoured by the very low strain experienced by the rocks since the garnet stage. The textural sequence is in agreement with the metamorphic history of this part of the Austroalpine basement of the Eastern Alps: the garnet and fibrolite stages, and the coeval main foliation of the samples, are referred to the high-grade Hercynian metamorphism; the kyanite stage to the Eo-Alpine metamorphism; the staurolite and muscovite stages to the Oligocene contact metamorphism. It is suggested that kyanite growth as microgranular aggregates took place in polymetamorphic rocks where static, high- P /low- T  metamorphism overprinted high- T  assemblages that contained sillimanite or andalusite.     

Metamorphic evidence for an inverted crustal section, with constraints on the Main Karakorum Thrust, Baltistan, northern Pakistan

Abstract The Shyok Suture Zone separates rocks in the Asian plate from rocks in the Kohistan-Ladakh island arc. In Baltistan, this suture has been reactivated by the late 'break-back'Main Karakorum Thrust (MKT). The P-T histories of metamorphic rocks both north and south of the MKT have been determined in an effort to place constraints on the tectonic history of this zone. The terranes north and south of the MKT have different, unrelated metamorphic histories. Rocks from the Kohistan-Ladakh island arc south of the MKT have undergone a static low- P (2–4 kbar, c. 500° C) thermal metamorphism. The P-T paths and metamorphic textures of these rocks are consistent with metamorphism due to emplacement of plutonic rocks into the island arc. This metamorphism pre-dates folding and deformation of these rocks. Rocks in the Karakorum Metamorphic Complex, north of the MKT, have experienced a complex deformational and metamorphic history. Prograde metamorphic isograds have been deformed by subsequent south-verging folding and by gneiss dome emplacement. However, decompression metamorphic reactions occurred during nappe emplacement. Higher pressure rocks are associated with higher level nappes, creating an inverted pressure metamorphic sequence (8–9-kbar rocks over 5–6-kbar rocks). There is little variation in temperature with structural level (550–625° C). These two different terranes have been juxtaposed after metamorphism by the late south-directed MKT.     

Reactions to define the biotite isograd in the Ryoke metamorphic belt,Kii Peninsula,Japan

Two types of biotite isograd are defined in the low-grade metamorphism of the Wazuka area, a Ryoke metamorphic terrain in the Kii Peninsula, Japan. The first, BI₁, is defined by the reaction of chlorite+K-feldspar= biotite+muscovite+quartz+H₂O that took place in psammitic rocks, and the second, BI₂, by the continuous reaction between muscovite, chlorite, biotite and quartz in pelitic rocks. The Fe/Mg ratios of the host rocks do not significantly affect the reactions. From the paragenesis of pelitic and psammitic metamorphic rocks, the following mineral zones were established for this low-pressure regional metamorphic terrain: chlorite, transitional, chlorite-biotite, biotite, and sillimanite. The celadonite content of muscovite solid solution in pelitic rocks decreases systematically with the grade of metamorphism from 38% in the chlorite zone to 11% in the biotite zone. Low pressure does not prohibit muscovite from showing the progressive change of composition, if only rocks with appropriate paragenesis are chosen. A qualitative phase diagram of the AKF system relevant to biotite formation suggests that the higher the pressure of metamorphism, the higher the celadonite content of muscovite at BI₁, which is confirmed by comparing the muscovites from the Barrovian and Ryoke metamorphism.     

Hydrothermal alteration vs. ocean-floor metamorphism. A comparison between two case histories: the TAG hydrothermal mound (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) vs. DSDP/ODP Hole 504B (Equatorial East Pacific)

This article presents a review of hydrothermal alteration of the various basaltic rocks forming the oceanic crust, emphasizing especially on the water–rock interaction processes, the petrography and secondary mineralogy of hydrothermally altered rocks from the present-day ocean, hence excluding the ophiolitic complexes. A brief summary of the history of the first studies of hydrothermally altered oceanic rocks leads to a comparison between Miyashiro's concept of ‘ocean-floor metamorphism’ and that of hydrothermal alteration that warrant caution when applying Eskola's metamorphic facies of regional metamorphism to hydrothermally altered oceanic rocks. The functioning of mid-oceanic ridge axial hydrothermal systems, and the role of oceanic Layer-3 gabbros are discussed in detail. The mechanisms of the various alteration processes of the rocks forming the oceanic crust are presented. The case histories of the two examples more particularly studied by the author and his collaborators, are compared, i.e., the DSDP-ODP Hole 504B reference section South of the Costa Rica Ridge, and the TAG active mound at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The significance of the paragonitic phyllosilicate in highly altered rocks form the TAG Mound is compared to the other known occurrences of ‘white micas’ in the oceanic crust. The importance of metabasites as major components of the oceanic crust is emphasized. The elemental fluxes resulting from hydrothermal alteration of oceanic rocks in regulating seawater chemistry are only briefly alluded, because this topic is covered by the last article of this thematic issue by J.C. Alt, who assesses the chemical budgets resulting from ocean hydrothermal activity. To cite this article: J. Honnorez, C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

武当地区武当岩群变火山岩原岩性质及其构造环境研究

武当岩群中的变火山岩类经历了海水蚀变和区域变质的改造,其岩石学特征和化学成分发生了较大变化。不活动组分的研究表明,武当岩群中的变基性火山岩属拉斑玄武岩浆系列,原岩为玄武岩类;变酸性火山岩属钙碱性岩浆系列,原岩为流纹岩类,后者是前者结晶分异的产物。它们的地球化学特征具岛弧火山岩的性质,形成于岛弧环境。     

震击高压变质作用:观察与启示

近六十多年来,关于造山带高压变质作用发生的原因一直存在争议。当前的主流观点认为高压变质岩形成于俯冲带深部以后折返到地壳。虽然早就认识到蓝片岩相变质作用总是与逆冲断裂相伴并且变质压力朝着冲断面增高,而标志地震的榴辉岩相假玄武玻璃也已经发现了二十多年,但是一般认为断裂或剪切带的作用只是引进流体促进深部岩石的变质反应。几年前,苏文辉等人(Su et al.,2006)通过实验演示了石英经过非晶化可以在柯石英稳定的压力下迅速转变为柯石英,提出无需深俯冲,浅源地震即可形成柯石英。本文介绍笔者等人对中国苏鲁超高压变质带仰口榴辉岩的部分工作结果,从地质观察角度为这一论点提供证据。例如,粒间柯石英仅出现在榴辉岩相角砾岩的角砾而非胶结物中,它必须在相当于地震的时间尺度快速降压冷却才能得以保存。变辉长岩中的榴辉岩相碎裂岩脉也记录了应力导致的瞬时高压和高温。角砾岩和碎裂岩中包含大量高压矿物的石榴石和针状蓝晶石以及局部出现的"显微花岗岩"都是类似地震熔体淬火的结果。它们指示震后高压矿物没有再生长。而如果地震发生在深部,流体浸入后矿物应当在高压下持续结晶,从而消除淬火结构。碎裂岩脉中星散的铬铁矿微粒极可能是附近超镁铁岩通过断裂迸溅进入基性岩的,是地震中不同岩石机械混合的证据;环绕它们的富铬榴辉岩矿物记录着一次无可争议的瞬时高压结晶事件。碎裂岩脉相对围岩更缺乏流体的事实反映应力而非流体在高压相变中的关键作用。榴辉岩相角砾岩和碎裂岩脉形成的时间尺度太小,来不及完成俯冲和折返过程。它们更可能是辉长岩在地壳原地因地震波引起的高压发生了榴辉岩化作用。目前的地震力学模型不能导出高压相变所需要的压力,只是因为建立模型时没有考虑涉及高压相变的地震。需要强调的是,假说或理论需要观察事实的检验而不是相反。已有资料显示,瞬时熔融和非晶化可能是震击高压相变的路径。     

Petrochemical characterization of mafic rocks from the Ligurian ophiolites,southern Apennines

New mineralogical and chemical data for ophiolitic rocks from the southwesternmost Liguride Units are presented in order to constrain their ocean-floor origin and subsequent emplacement in an accretionary wedge. Their complete petrochemical evolution is particularly well preserved in the southern Apennine metabasites. Metadolerites show amphibolite and greenschist facies mineral assemblages of ocean-floor metamorphism. Metabasalts display greenschist facies ocean-floor metamorphism and spilitic alteration. Veins cutting the mafic rocks show mineral assemblage of the prehnite–pumpellyite metamorphic facies. HP/LT orogenic metamorphism, reflecting underplating of the ophiolitic suite at the base of the Liguride accretionary wedge during subduction of the western Tethys oceanic lithosphere produced a mineral assemblage typical of the lawsonite–glaucophane facies. Bulk-rock chemistry suggests that the mafic protoliths had a MORB-type affinity, and were affected by ocean-floor rodingitic and/or spilitic alteration. Hydrothermal alteration-induced LREE mobility and LREE enrichment may be correlated with the ocean-floor metamorphism.     

The metamorphic history of the Vredefort dome at approximately 2 Ga as revealed by coesite-stishovite-bearing pseudotachylites

The Vredefort dome (2.0 Ga) represents the central uplift of a very large impact structure. This uplift exposed a nearly complete cross-section through the continental crust in the region, which is 25–30 km thick. Two metamorphic events took place at about the same time as the impact. The first event, so-called static metamorphism, is pre-impact and produced lithologies varying from low-grade shale to high-grade hornfels. It resembles contact metamorphism by its lack of schistosity, but is more regional as it extends over a large area and is not associated with large intrusions.
The second event, the post-shock metamorphism, is responsible for the recrystallization of the shock features. The investigation of this event has been focused on the degree of alteration of the coesite-stishovite-bearing pseudotachylite veins that formed during the transit of the shock wave. These high-pressure silica polymorphs are only present in the upper part of the stratigraphic sequence; downward they have been converted to fibrous quartz. At the highest grade, the fibrous quartz is in turn replaced by triple-junctioned mosaic quartz. The post-shock metamorphism was generated by the heat of the rock before shock, plus the heat released by the shock wave. The isograds, plotted on a map, can be translated into depth of burial and therefore provide valuable information regarding the geological setting immediately before impact. At the time of impact, the rocks were relatively cool and the static metamorphism had ceased with several tens of millions of years separating the two metamorphic events. The static metamorphism was probably caused by continental crustal extension in a stress-free environment and the lack of deformation is probably due to rapid uplift during the later stages of the impact event.     

滇中大红山岩群变质火山岩类的原岩性质和构造属性

大红山岩群中的变质火山岩类经在了区域性的海水蚀变和区域变质的改造,其岩石学特征和化学成分都发生了较大的变化,不活动组分的研究显示,其原岩主查拉斑玄武岩类,且具有形成于洋中脊环境的地球化学特征,可能属于Ｔ型地幔源区的洋中脊玄武岩（ＭＯＲＢ）大红山式Ｃｕ－Ｆｅ矿床具有富洋壳成矿元素特性,与所识别的变质火山岩类的原岩和形成的大地构造背景是一致的。     

Scale and timing of Rare Earth Element redistribution in the Taconian foreland of New England

Clastic sedimentary rocks, deposited on eastern North America in response to the Taconian Orogeny, commonly have Sm/Nd isotope relationships indicating substantial isotope disturbance near or subsequent to the time of sedimentation that may be associated with severe depletion in light rare earth elements (LREE). Affected units [Normanskill Formation (Austin Glen and Pawlet Members), Frankfort Formation and Perry Mountain Formation] are widely separated both geographically (western New York to western Maine) and stratigraphically (Middle Ordovician to Silurian). A model is proposed for the most likely explanation of the observed REE and Sm/Nd isotope relationships involving a two‐stage process. In the first stage, REE are redistributed on a mineralogical scale (dissolution/precipitation on a sample scale) often with the involvement of REE‐enriched trace phases such as apatite and monazite. This stage typically takes place during diagenesis but may also take place later during metamorphism and/or recent weathering, and results in isotope re‐equilibration on a sample scale. The second stage occurs when one or more of these phases is redissolved and REE are transported on large advective scales. Where LREE‐enriched phases are involved, this gives rise to LREE depletion in whole rocks. The timing of this second stage cannot be constrained from Sm/Nd isotope data and may take place at any time subsequent to the isotope re‐equilibration. Such complex histories of REE redistribution may result in serious errors in estimating Nd model ages but not in estimating the Nd isotope composition at the age of sedimentation. Thus, Sm/Nd ratios even of unmetamorphosed sedimentary rocks have to be carefully evaluated before the calculation of depleted mantle model ages for the provenance.     

Corrigendum: Geological setting and origin of fuchsite‐bearing rocks near Menzies,Western Australia

Quartz‐andalusite‐fuchsite rocks in an Archaean greenstone belt at Menzies, Western Australia, are described in their geological setting. They are shown to have developed from intense metasomatism of layered rocks of komatiitic composition. Ratios of the immobile components Al₂O₃, TiO₂, Cr, V and Zr are consistent, despite wide variations in their absolute values, and compare closely with those of an underlying komatiite suite. Marked depletion of Ca, Na, Mg and Fe has led to a strongly peraluminous composition and enhanced Cr values. Silicification and introduction of K has also occurred. Most of the metasomatism took place before peak metamorphism, and the mineral assemblage is now dominated by andalusite, fuchsite, and recrystallized quartz. Schlieren or vein‐like segregations rich in andalusite, chromite, rutile and minor sulphides and tourmaline are interpreted as the original fluid pathways, where concentration of immobiles was achieved through solution of mobile components, and volume loss. They have been termed residual veins. Metasomatism is believed to have taken place by synvolcanic processes analogous to those operating in modern hot spring systems. The rocks were severely modified by metamorphism and tectonism. The fuchsitic rocks at Menzies are compared to similar rocks in other areas.     

The mechanism of veining and retrograde alteration of Alpine eclogites

Abstract The introduction of externally derived fluids into rocks of the Zermatt–Saas zone of the Swiss Alps gave rise to the simultaneous formation of shear and hydraulic fractures. These fractures are now filled with albite-rich assemblages and surrounded by alteration halos up to c. 2 m wide. The alteration assemblages are zoned and an examination of reactions in P–T–a H₂O space implies that the parageneses developed by the hydration of fluid-absent eclogites. A mechanical analysis of the veins (after Sibson, 1981) shows that P _fluid/ P _load must have been at least 0.96. Fluid migration into the country rocks must have been driven by excess hydraulic head either derived from the vertical extent of the veins or due to their connection to a deeper, external reservoir, possibly tapped along thrust surface(s). Diffusive and capillary transport were insignificant. The fluids may have been derived from underlying metasediments that were dehydrating during the quasi-isothermal uplift of this part of the Alps, or they may have originated during the prograde mesoalpine metamorphism documented in the area.     

CO2-poor composition of the fluid attending Franciscan and Sanbagawa low-grade metamorphism

Previous phase equilibrium and oxygen isotopic researches on the high-pressure, low-temperature metamorphic rocks of the Franciscan and Sanbagawa blueschist type terranes have demonstrated the near ubiquity of a fluid at high (≈ total) pressure and its oxygen-rich nature during metamorphism. The coexistence of quartz with a CaCO₃ polymorph instead of wollastonite, and of sphene rather than rutile + quartz + calcium carbonate in these rocks places narrow, rather low limits on the partial pressures of CO₂, as computed in this note; equilibrium calculations indicate that the mole fraction of carbon dioxide in the fluid must have been less than about 0.04 in the Sanbagawa terrane and less than 0.01 in the Franciscan terrane. The rocks are not sulfated or strongly oxidized, hence the only other likely component which could comprise the balance of this phase is H₂O. Evidently metamorphism in the Sanbagawa belt and particularly in the Franciscan terrane must have taken place in the presence of a highly aqueous fluid.     

Stable isotope geochemistry of Alpine ophiolites: a window to ocean-floor hydrothermal alteration and constraints on fluid–rock interaction during high-pressure metamorphism

 The subduction of hydrated oceanic lithosphere potentially transports large volumes of water into the upper mantle; however, despite its potential importance, fluid–rock interaction during high-pressure metamorphism is relatively poorly understood. The stable isotope and major element geochemistry of Pennine ophiolite rocks from Italy and Switzerland that were metamorphosed at high pressures are similar to that of unmetamorphosed ophiolites, suggesting that they interacted with little pervasive fluid during high-pressure metamorphism. Cover sediments also have oxygen isotope ratios within the expected range of their protoliths. In the rocks that escaped late greenschist-facies retrogression, different styles of sub-ocean-floor alteration may be identified using oxygen isotopes, petrology, and major or trace element geochemistry. Within the basalts, zones that have undergone high- and low-temperature sub-ocean-floor alteration as well as relatively unaltered rocks can be distinguished. Serpentinites have δ¹⁸O and δ²H values that suggest that they were formed by hydration on or below the ocean floor. The development of high-pressure metamorphic mineralogies in metagabbros occurred preferentially in zones that underwent sub-ocean-floor alteration and which contained hydrated, fine-grained, reactive assemblages. Given that the transformation of blueschist-facies metabasic rocks to eclogite-facies assemblages involves the breakdown of hydrous minerals (e.g. lawsonite, zoisite, and glaucophane), and will thus liberate considerable volumes of fluids, metamorphic fluid flow must have been strongly channelled. High-pressure (quartz+calcite±omphacite±glaucophane±titanoclinohumite) veins that cut the ophiolite rocks represent one possible channel; however, stable isotope and major element data suggest that they were not formed from large volumes of exotic fluids. Fluids were more likely channelled along faults and shear zones that were active during high-pressure metamorphism. Such strong fluid channelling may cause fluids to migrate toward the accretionary wedge, especially along the slab–mantle interface, which is probably a major shear zone. This may preclude all but a small fraction of the fluids entering the mantle wedge to flux melting. Additionally, because fluids probably interact with relatively small volumes of rock in the channels, they cannot "scavenge" elements from the subducting slab efficiently. Received: 28 January 1999 / Accepted: 2 February 1999     

The Basil Cu–Co deposit,Eastern Arunta Region,Northern Territory,Australia: A metamorphosed volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposit

The Basil Cu–Co deposit, Harts Range, central Australia, is hosted by the Riddock Amphibolite, a sequence that has been metamorphosed at upper-amphibolite- to granulite-facies conditions at 480–460 Ma (Larapinta Event), and subsequently reworked at amphibolite-facies conditions (450–300 Ma). As a result, many of the primary mineralization textures and other features that could characterise ore genesis have been obliterated. However, preserved textures and mineral relationships in the mineralized zone, allow some constraints to be placed on the genetic history of the deposit using mineralogical, petrographic and geochemical studies of host rocks and sulphides.Results of this study permit at least two genetic models to be ruled out. Firstly, whole rock geochemistry and garnet compositions suggest that the deposit is not a skarn system. Secondly, the lack of any significant Ni-signature, and the presence of abundant zircons in the host amphibolite (indicating that not all host rocks are mafic in composition and/or magmatic in character), make an orthomagmatic Ni–Cu–(PGE) system unlikely. Alternatively, Basil is assigned to a volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS)-style of mineralization, formed on the seafloor, within basaltic and sedimentary host rocks, typical of deposits occurring in such settings. The lack of a recognisable hydrothermal alteration zone is consistent with either destruction of the alteration zone during metamorphism or detachment of the ore from alteration during later deformation.The occurrence of sulphide inclusions within garnet and amphibole indicates that the sulphides must be syn-metamorphic or earlier. Partitioning of trace elements between pyrite and co-existing pyrrhotite suggests that (re)crystallization occurred under equilibrium conditions. The composition of sphalerite coexisting with pyrite and pyrrhotite indicates crystallization at pressures of at least 10 kbar, consistent with peak metamorphism during the Early Ordovician Larapinta Event. Zr-in-titanite geothermometry indicates peak temperatures of 730–745 °C.