“5·12”汶川特大地震灾害特点及其防灾启示

本文介绍了"5·12"汶川特大地震发生的构造背景、震源与余震分布特点,认为该地震是青藏高原巴颜喀拉块体东向运动并与四川盆地相互长期作用的结果,地震主要能量释放在长330km、宽52km、深20km的块体(震源体)内,能量释放时间长达100多秒.地震在震源体内释放的能量极其不均匀,地面运动在震中区也具有强烈的时间、空间不均匀性.高烈度区沿震源体分布,烈度分布具有明显异常特征.地震造成的人员死亡90%以上位于烈度Ⅸ度以上地区.居民建筑、学校和医院等建筑物遭受严重破坏,交通、水利等生命线也遭受重大破坏.地震引发的崩塌、滑坡和泥石流灾害十分严重.巨大的地震灾害暴露出防震减灾管理、地震科学研究、防震减灾技术研发应用,以及防震减灾宣传等方面的严重不足. 震主要能量释放在长330kin、宽52kin、深20kin的块体(震源体)内,能量释放时间长达100多秒.地震在震源体内释放的能量极其不均匀,地面运动在震中区也具有强烈的时间、空间不均匀性.高烈度区沿震源体分布,烈度分布具有明显异常特征.地震造成的人员死亡90%以上位于烈度Ⅸ度以上地区.居民建筑、学校和医院等建筑物遭受严重破坏,交通、水利等生命线也遭受重大破坏.地震 发的崩塌、滑坡和泥石流灾害十分严重.巨大的地震灾害暴露出防震减灾管理、地震科学研究、防震减灾技术研发应用,以及防震减灾宣传等方面的严重不足. 震主要能量释放在长330kin、宽52kin、深20k     

汶川地震给地方防震减灾工作的几点启示

通过全方位考察汶川8.0级地震重灾区, 从进一步加强地方防震减灾工作的角度科学总结抗震救灾的经验教训, 并结合广西经济建设和社会发展实际及区情、 民情和防震减灾事业发展现状, 从如何实现防震减灾与经济建设协调发展的层面, 提出了九点启示。     

Characteristics of the May 12,2008 Wenchuan M_S8.0 Earthquake Sequence and Discussion on Relevant Problems

The aftershock activity of the May 12, 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake Sequence shows an obvious segmented feature. Most of the large aftershocks were distributed in the north and south parts of the aftershock zone. Thrusting was dominant with a small amount of strike-slip component in the south part. The aftershock activity decayed gradually, presenting the sequence features of a mainshock-aftershock pattern. The north part was the ending area of the maiushock fracture where strike-slipping was dominant, showing an obvious swarm feature. Therefore it became the major area for large aftershocks. The modulation of the earth tide on aftershock activity is remarkable; most large aftershocks occur during the period of flood and neap tide. The time period around 16:00 was the dominant occurring time for large aftershocks. The p-value, a parameter of modified Omori formula, increases gradually with time, and reaches about 1 at the end. Based on previous study, the sequence patterns, magnitude of maximum aftershock, as well as the duration of aftershock activity has been discussed. The primary results also show that the magnitude difference between the maiushockand the maximum aftershock is proportional to the rupture size of the maiushock for huge earthquakes of about Ms8.0. This means that when the magnitudes of the earthquakes are nearly the same, large rupture size corresponds to sufficient energy release.     

汶川地震对江苏省盐城市防震减灾工作的几点启示

通过分析汶川地震后应急工作中存在的一些问题,结合盐城市防震减灾工作的实际,从加强盐城市县级地震机构和能力建设、健全和完善地震应急预案体系、加强抗震设防工作、加强监测台站建设、全面开展防震减灾知识宣传教育、加强地震应急救援建设等6个方面提出了今后做好本地区防震减灾工作的建议和措施。     

姚安6.5级地震的震害特征

对姚安M6．5地震极震区（Ⅷ度）及姚安，大姚，南华和牟定等县城内的建筑物与结构物的震害做了系统的调查。作为系统研究这一，叙述了多层钢筋混凝土框架，多层砌体，底层框架，砖木结构，土木结构各类房层，单层厂房及砖砌塔的地震破坏现象，分析了建筑物的地震震害特征及对建筑物震害加剧的主要影响，讨论了地震区域城镇建设中防震减灾应重视的问题，以及经验和教训。这对今后多震区的城市规划，建筑物设计具有一定的参考价值。     

Emergency Seismic Damage Assessment of the M_S8.0 Great Wenchuan Earthquake Based on Remote Sensing Imagery

The fast processing, seismic damage data extraction and loss evaluation from RS imagery acquired immediately after a destructive earthquake occurs, are important means for compen-sating the insufficiency of seismic damage information from ground-based investigations and provide an important basis for emergency command and rescue. The paper introduces the method of emergency seismic damage assessment using remote sensing data and its application to the great Wenchuan earthquake of magnitude 8.0 occurring in southwest Sichuan Province on May 12, 2008. The practical effectiveness of the method is also evaluated in the paper.     

汶川8.0级地震中宁夏南部山区震害特征分析

介绍了汶川8.0级特大地震对宁夏南部山区造成的黄土崩塌、地裂缝等地质灾害和典型房屋破坏情况,分析和总结了房屋破坏的致灾机理,最后对发现的问题提出了几点建议。     

The Focal Mechanism Solutions of the M_S 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake in Sichuan on May 12,2008 and Some of Its Aftershocks

The focal mechanism solutions of the Wenchuan earthquake(MS8.0) of May 12,2008 and some of its aftershocks occurring up to December 10,2008 are determined with lower semisphere of equal-projection and first motion sign data of P waves from regional and distant stations.The focal mechanism solutions of the MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake are:Nodal planeⅠ:strike 5°,dip angle 48°,slip angle 39°; Nodal planeⅡ:strike 247°,dip angle 62°,slip angle 131°; P axis azimuth 309°,plunge 8°,T axis azimuth 208°,plunge 54°,B axis azimuth 44°,plunge 35°.Combining geological tectonics and spatial distribution of aftershocks,nodal plane II can be identified as a seismogenic fault.According to focal mechanism solutions,the fault activity that triggered the huge earthquake is reverse thrusting.The main rupture surface is S67° W,basically identical to the fault strike on which the earthquake occurred.The main compression stress P axis is N51°W,which is basically the same as the direction of the regional tectonic stress field.According to the results of focal mechanism solutions of aftershocks,the aftershocks occurring in the southern and northern sections of the Longmenshan fault zone have predominant orientations and are obviously different.For the main shock and the early aftershocks occurring on the southern section of the Longmenshan fault,the rupturing is mainly characterized by reverse-dip slip with some strike-slip,and over time,the aftershocks migrated towards the northern section.The rupturing in the source is mainly characterized by strike-slip with some reverse-dip slips.The stress field is controlled by the main shock stress field in the southern section of the Longmenshan tectonic zone,while it is controlled by the main shock stress field and regional stress field in the northern section of the Longmenshan tectonic zone.     

2008年5月12日汶川M_S8.0地震甘肃强震记录与初步分析

2008年5月12日四川汶川发生MS8.0地震,甘肃省甘东南地区也成为地震的受灾区."十五"期间在甘东南地区共架设了20个固定强震台站,大多数台站都记录到了这次地震,其中最大加速度峰值为184.9 cm/s2.本文展示了全省20个台站所记录的共60道强震记录信息,并初步分析了加速度的衰减规律.     

汶川8.0级地震中汶川县城房屋震害及其加固情况分析

依据5.12汶川地震中汶川县城(威远镇)11个区域共522栋房屋的房屋安全鉴定报告,深入统计分析房屋的震害情况及特点。结果表明,县城房屋倒塌较少,但破坏程度较重。破坏多集中在低层房屋以及砌体结构和木结构,而钢筋混凝土框架及高层房屋破坏较轻。结合房屋的破坏情况,对县城房屋的维修和加固情况进行分类统计,分析维修加固中出现的问题,并提出了相应建议。     

包头6．4级地震灾害特点及城市地震对策

分析总结了1996年包头6.4级地震的地震地质背景、工程场地条件及地震灾害特点,介绍了包头市的城市地震防御措施和应急对策,提出城市地震应急对策的主要问题。     

汶川地震桥梁震害分析及抗震设计启示

汶川地震中公路桥梁破坏严重,且破坏形式在破裂面南、北两端出现显著的差异。本文从震源机制、断层运动方式和桥梁本身特点等角度,分析了产生这一差异的原因。分析结果表明,断层南端由于释放能量巨大,断层逆冲作用显著,结构在竖向和水平向地震力作用下出现强度破坏;而断层北端右旋走滑作用显著,结构在剧烈的地面错动中出现位移型破坏。在此基础上,本文对强震区的桥梁抗震设计提出了相应的改进措施。     

Stress changes on major faults caused by M_w7.9 Wenchuan earthquake,May 12,2008

On May 12,2008,a magnitude 7.9 earthquake ruptured the Longmenshan fault system in Sichuan Province,China,collapsing buildings and killing tens of thousands people.As predicted,aftershocks may last for at least one year,and moreover,large aftershocks are likely to occur.Therefore,it is critical to outline the areas with potential aftershocks before reconstruction and resettling people as to avoid future disasters.It is demonstrated that the redistribution of stress induced by an earthquake should trigger su...     

Damage and Seismic Intensity in the Meizoseismal Region of the M_S8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake,Sichuan,China

This paper presents the damage in the meizoseismal region of the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan, China, and the seismic intensifies determined according to "the Chinese Seismic Intensity Scale", and discusses briefly the types of earthquake-generating faults and some features of seismic damage.     

汶川大地震曲线梁桥震害及破坏机理分析

以汶川大地震中严重破坏的回澜立交桥为例,基于数值模拟手段并结合现场震害调查,分析了回澜立交桥的地震破坏机理。数值分析表明,地震时设有支座的最矮的1号桥墩支座发生滑移破坏,以致刚度较大（次矮）的2号刚构桥墩承受很大的地震惯性力,2号墩首先发生弯曲屈服,此后随延性发展因抗剪能力不足最终发生剪切破坏直至倒塌损毁,呈现典型的弯剪破坏特征。现场震害调查发现,回澜立交桥震害集中于抗弯刚度较大的刚构墩上,而其余桥墩震害相对较轻,主要表现为混凝土保护层的脱落、混凝土开裂以及墩顶支座的滑移破坏等。数值分析结果与震害调查呈现出较好的一致性。     

宁夏测震台网的大震应对改进方案

5.12汶川大地震后,根据现行测震台网运行中暴露出的一些问题,就仪器及服务器机柜加固,通讯信道备份,测震虚拟台网的组建,测震台网中心备份等方面提出了一些改进方案,以保证宁夏数字化地震观测台网在大震来临时或出现突发事件时仍然能够正常运行。     

汶川地震综合参数处理与地震台网救灾作用研究

汶川特大地震发生后,全球地震台网都对汶川8.0级地震作了快速反应,仅仅地震速报已经无法满足特大地震的挽救生命及救灾的需要,本文研究了世界主要地震台网在汶川特大地震后的反应和产出,提出了我国地震台网必须反思只重视"地震速报"的作法,建议我国地震台网必须结合大地震救灾实际,研究地震台网综合快速地震动和震源参数产出,以适应政府和人民抗震救灾的需要.     

盈江5.8级地震的震害特征及破坏机理

介绍了盈江5.8级地震震区的建(构)筑物、生命线系统和水利设施的概况,阐述了各类建(构)筑物、生命线系统和水利设施的震害特征及破坏机理.最后提出了震区在恢复重建与规划发展时的建议、建(构)筑物在选址、施工、抗震设防方面的经验教训、各类建(构)筑物加强抗震的措施.     

汶川8.0级地震后安徽省流体异常分布和地震活动特征

收集了汶川地震后安徽省前兆地下流体观测资料和各宏观观测点上报的宏观地下水变化资料.通过分析安徽省流体异常点的分布与断裂构造之间的关系,探讨汶川地震通过大地构造上的关联可能对安徽产生影响的敏感位置.还使用了汶川地震后安徽省地震台网记录的地震资料.分析了地震主体活动区域与流体异常集中区之间的关系,并结合震例,探讨了未来地震...     

《内陆地震》与防震减灾

为了推进防震减灾事业的发展,本文介绍一本反映内陆地震活动的学术刊物《内陆地震》。总结该刊的诞生背景、主要内容以及研究成果等以了解天山地震学术研究的进展。通过学科领域统计的国内外论文收录以及通过逐年(近十年)统计的论文、简报、信息收录情况都从不同角度反映了《内陆地震》的成长。