中国油气储层地质研究面临的挑战和发展方向

论述了我国采取“稳定东部 ,发展西部”的油气战略后 ,油气地质所面临的形势 ,以及油气工业的发展对储层地质提出四个领域的挑战 :深部储层、挤压盆地储层、低渗透储层和碳酸盐岩储层 ;这些都是石油勘探开发中久攻不克的难题。根据我国陆上东西部油气区的勘探开发实际和近年的储层研究实践 ,文章系统多视角地分析了这四个难题 ,并提出了相应客观的研究思路和研究方向。     

低孔渗储层临界物性确定及其石油地质意义

随着油气勘探领域的不断扩展,以现今储层特征为依据的储层评价体系越来越不适应低孔渗储层成藏条件动态评价。由于成藏期后储层物性通常会发生变化,现今储层含油物性下限已不能客观反映成藏期的储层质量下限,储层物性下限的应用意义变得十分局限。作者提出运用“储层临界物性”概念评价储层的新思路,把成藏机制与储层评价相结合,重新认识低孔渗储层的成藏能力。本文提出了3种砂岩“储层临界物性”的确定方法,即①录井资料分析法、②试油资料分析法和③砂岩烃类充注临界条件实验分析法。显然由于成藏期后成岩作用较弱,正常储层的物性特征变化很小,储层临界物性用录井资料分析法和试油资料分析法中求得的现今含油物性下限即可确定;而储层由于成藏期后孔隙度、渗透率的大幅降低,变成了低孔渗储集层,则需要将现今含油物性下限恢复到成藏期相应的临界物性。“储层临界物性”的应用是对传统储层评价体系的补充,只有与成藏结合,动态地评价储层质量,才能客观地区分不同储层的含油气性。在低孔渗储层评价中引入储层临界物性参数分析,能够更有效地评价和预测该领域的储集条件。     

东营凹陷盐家地区沙四上亚段砂砾岩储层分类评价方法

综合利用岩芯观察、薄片鉴定、物性测试等技术方法,以孔隙度、储集空间特征、成岩作用特征、孔喉分布特征以及含油性特征等为综合分类依据,将东营凹陷盐家地区沙四上亚段近岸水下扇砂砾岩储层划分成3大类7小类。Ⅰ-1类以中等偏弱压实-弱胶结为特征,原生孔隙相对发育;Ⅰ-2类以中等压实-较强溶蚀为特征,长石、岩屑溶孔以及晶间孔相对发育;Ⅰ-3类以中等胶结-较强溶蚀为特征,碳酸盐、长石溶孔相对发育;Ⅱ-1类以中等偏强压实-中等溶蚀为特征,长石、岩屑溶孔相对发育;Ⅱ-2类以中等偏强胶结-中等溶蚀为特征,碳酸盐、长石溶孔相对发育;Ⅲ类孔隙不发育,Ⅲ-1类以强压实为特征,Ⅲ-2类以强胶结为特征。从Ⅰ-1类到Ⅲ-2类储层孔隙含量降低,孔喉结构变差,荧光强度降低,岩芯油气显示变弱。结合试油试采资料对不同沉积亚相储层组合类型进行了评价,结果表明不同沉积相带储层组合对应的产能存在较大差异,其中扇中储层组合类型相对优越,储层组合单层厚度变化大,对应着中等-高单位厚度日产液量;扇根储层组合类型次之,储层组合单层厚度较大,对应着较低的单位厚度日产液量;扇缘储层组合类型最差,储层组合单层厚度最薄,对应着低单位厚度日产液量。     

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏溶洞发育规律

塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层为该区最重要的油气生产层段.依据地质岩心(屑)、录井、钻井、测井、地震等多种资料,运用由点到线再到面的方法,探讨了塔河油田奥陶系碳酸盐岩油藏的溶洞发育规律.由区内溶洞充填砂泥岩的伊利石K-Ar同位素定年,得出其形成时间在369.33～451.90Ma,古溶洞的形成时间应该早于该时段或与该...     

准噶尔盆地腹部陆梁油田储层特征

陆梁油田油气主要分布于白垩系吐谷鲁群、侏罗系的西山窑组和头屯河组；储层岩性主要为中细砂岩，砂岩分选性好-中等，结构成熟度较低。白垩系吐谷鲁群和侏罗系储集岩的孔隙组合类型主要为粒间孔、粒间孔 高岭石晶间孔，少量粒内溶孔 高岭石晶问孔。影响储层储集性能的主要因素：(1)沉积环境．(2)古气候，(3)成岩作用，(4)构造运动，(5)粘土矿物。     

中国陆相储层表征与成藏型式

:中国中、新生代陆相沉积盆地主要有 3种类型 ,其巨厚的地层中含有丰富的油气资源。陆相沉积作用所特有的地质条件 ,决定了储集岩的矿物及结构成熟度偏低 ,物性变化大 ,非均质性较强 ,砂体连续性较复杂。储层砂岩与泥岩大多呈薄互层状。储层物性受埋藏深度及成岩作用等因素所控制。在湖盆内储层砂体邻近生烃区 ,油气运移距离短 ,砂体类型决定主要运移方式 (侧向或垂向 )。有利圈闭为岩性、构造岩性、断块及断层等类型。文中按砂体成因归纳出 8种陆相储层成藏型式。     

准噶尔盆地致密粗粒储层发育特征及影响因素：以玛湖地区二叠系致密砾岩储层为例

为明确准噶尔盆地玛湖地区二叠系粗粒储层发育规律及增产潜力,利用钻井取心、录井、薄片、扫描电镜及分析化验等各种资料和数据对其储层系统研究,明确了储层主要为扇三角洲分流河道砾岩,为典型低—特低孔、渗致密储层;中砾岩为主,砾石成分主要为凝灰岩,结构成熟度中等,成分成熟度较低;胶结物以石英、方解石和浊沸石为主,长石和暗色矿物粒内溶孔及沸石类和碳酸盐胶结物粒间溶孔等两类溶蚀孔发育,各级、各类裂缝发育,有效改善储层质量,构成了致密粗粒储层的双重介质;埋深2 800～3 600 m、4 000～4 400 m和4 700～5 300 m发育3个次生孔隙富集带,且埋深3 100 m以下地层普遍发育异常高压。优势岩类、溶蚀作用、裂缝发育和异常高压共同控制了相对优质“甜点”储层的形成和分布。     

油气开发阶段基于Petrel软件的碳酸盐岩储层白云石含量平面预测方法——以川东北C地区应用为例

将地震与测井技术相结合,对已经进入油气开发阶段、有一定测井资料的地区,提出了地震属性约束测井插值预测碳酸盐岩储层白云石体积含量平面分布的方法。方法分三个步骤:(1)利用多矿物模型测井解释技术,计算得到单井白云石含量;(2)利用地震属性与测井白云石含量曲线进行相关分析,找出相关性最好的地震属性;(3)利用Petrel软件的Convergent插值算法,在相关性最好的地震属性约束下,进行井间测井插值。该方法在川东北C地区进行了预测应用,效果较好。准确计算单井白云石含量和优选最相关地震属性,是该方法的关键。     

准噶尔盆地深层—超深层致密碎屑岩储层特征及有效储层成因

为明确准噶尔盆地深层—超深层致密碎屑岩储层特征及有效储层成因，利用60余口关键探井岩芯、录测井、薄片及化验等各项分析、鉴定数据和资料，对其储层基本特征和物性特征研究和分析，明确储层类型、特征、质量及有效储层成因。结果表明：储层以三角洲分流河道砂体为主，分为砾岩和砂岩两大类，为典型低—特低孔、低—特低渗致密碎屑岩储层；砾岩以中砾岩为主，砾石成分主要为凝灰岩，砂岩岩屑含量高，岩性以细粒、中—细粒岩屑类砂岩为主，岩屑主要为凝灰岩，成分成熟度较低；胶结物以碳酸盐和硅质为主，局部富集浊沸石和钠长石；成岩作用主要包括破坏型的压实、压溶和胶结作用及建设型的溶蚀作用。孔隙垂向变化可分为南部原生孔隙型和北部次生孔隙型两类，次生孔隙型又分为长石类溶蚀型和沸石类溶蚀型两种，二者在不同区块和埋深范围分别发育数目不同的次生孔隙带。有利相带、溶蚀作用和异常高压共同形成了有效储层。     

鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区延长组长6_3岩性油藏储层地质建模

针对鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区勘探开发的需要,运用石油地质综合方法、测井技术、地质统计学及随机序贯高斯模拟方法,从储层特征和沉积相等基础研究出发,建立研究区长63油藏的储层地质模型,进而分析研究区岩性油藏物性的控制因素。结果表明:长63砂体主要发育在研究区中部和东部,砂体沿物源方向连续性较好,垂直物源方向连续性略差;孔隙度和渗透率的分布范围与砂体展布具有相似性,且渗透率分布范围比孔隙度略小。除受沉积作用控制外,成岩作用对研究区储层参数的分布也具有重要影响,有利储层主要分布在绿泥石膜剩余孔-长石溶蚀相及绿泥石膜剩余孔成岩相带上,根据试油资料,处于该有利相带的井一般日产油大于10t/d。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.