构造抬升过程中煤储层吸附能力的耦合效应及控制因素

煤层气盆地在地史演化过程中几乎都经历了多次抬升作用,构造抬升作用对煤储层吸附能力有着直接的影响。本文拟通过物理模拟实验和数值模拟对构造抬升过程中煤储层吸附能力的耦合效应和控制因素进行探讨。研究中选取高、低煤阶煤储层样品进行等温吸附实验,并假定地温梯度为分别为2℃/100m、4℃/100m和6℃/100m,压力梯度分别为0.3MPa/100m、0.5 MPa/100m和1.0MPa/100m模拟抬升过程中吸附量的变化。研究结果表明,煤储层在构造抬升过程中的吸附能力的变化主要受温压综合作用、煤储层热演化程度和构造抬升强度的控制。构造抬升时,温度作用效果占主导地位,煤储层吸附量增加;反之,压力作用效果占主导地位,煤储层吸附量减少。高煤阶煤层吸附量的变化量大于低煤阶变化量。抬升强度较大时煤层吸附量持续降低,较小时会使吸附量增加。煤层气在抬升过程中可能会出现吸附或解吸,与以往只是解吸的认识不同。当温度作用效果大于压力作用效果,即煤储层吸附量增加时,抬升作用易导致煤储层的含气欠饱和。     

高温高压下闪长岩弹性纵波速度的实验研究

利用YJ-3000吨压力机,在1.0 GPa、室温至1000℃条件下采用超声波脉冲透射-反射法就位测量了闪长岩的纵波速度(Vp),并在720℃、780℃、870℃和980℃获得了4个实验产物.在1.0 GPa恒定压力下,闪长岩的VP随温度升高呈线性缓慢降低;当温度大于750℃时,波速开始大幅度下降.显微镜观察和电子探针鉴定结果表明:在不同温度下闪长岩内部的矿物发生了不同程度的脱水和部分熔融等反应.波速随温度升高呈线性和非线性下降,主要是由于在高温高压条件下岩石内部矿物发生热膨胀、脱水和部分熔融等反应引起了岩石内部结构和成分的变化而造成的.     

Prediction Model of Coal Reservoir Pressure and its Implication for the Law of Coal Reservoir Depressurization

The main methods of coalbed methane(CBM) development are drainage and depressurization, and a precise prediction of coal reservoir pressure is thus crucial for the evaluation of reservoir potentials and the formulation of reasonable development plans. This work established a new reservoir pressure prediction model based on the material balance equation(MBE) of coal reservoir, which considers the self-regulating effects of coal reservoirs and the dynamic change of equivalent drainage area(EDA). According to the proposed model, the reservoir pressure can be predicted based on reservoir condition data and the actual production data of a single well. Compared with traditional reservoir pressure prediction models which regard EDA as a fixed value, the proposed model can better predict the average pressure of reservoirs. Moreover, orthogonal experiments were designed to evaluate the sensitivity of reservoir parameters on the reservoir pressure prediction results of this proposed model. The results show that the saturation of irreducible water is the most sensitive parameter, followed by Langmuir volume and reservoir porosity, and Langmuir pressure is the least sensitive parameter. In addition, the pressure drop of reservoirs is negatively correlated with the saturation of irreducible water and the Langmuir volume, while it is positively correlated with porosity. This work analyzed the reservoir pressure drop characteristics of the CBM wells in the Shizhuangnan Block of the Qinshui Basin, and the results show that the CBM reservoir depressurization can be divided into three types, i.e., rapidly drop type, medium-term stability type, and slowly drop type. The drainage features of wells were reasonably interpreted based on the comprehensive analysis of the reservoir depressurization type; the latter was coupled to the corresponding permeability dynamic change characteristics, eventually proving the applicability of the proposed model.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘上古生界煤储层非均质性及其意义

鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘陆续发现一批高产井,显示了上古生界煤层气资源勘探开发的潜力。然而,受煤储层非均质性影响,同一区块相邻井组甚至同一井组不同单井的产气效果表现出较大差异,因此深化对煤储层非均质性的认识是实现高效勘探开发的客观途径。该文从岩石学、物性、吸附性、含气性等特征方面对煤储层非均质性进行了研究,结果显示,区内3号、5号、11号煤层分布稳定,厚度较大,是煤层气勘探与开发的主要目的层;煤层以半亮煤和半暗煤为主,镜质组含量较高,具有较好的可压裂性;以低灰-中灰的瘦煤、贫煤为主,部分地段发育少量无烟煤,煤级较高;煤岩孔隙度和渗透率均较低,吸附性强,吸附时间较短且解吸率较高,有利于煤层气的产出,但需要加强煤储层改造措施研究;含气量平均在11 m~3/t以上,最高可达19.73 m~3/t,含气饱和度平均在61%以上,表明资源密度较大且具有较高的地层能量,有利于煤层气解吸产出。     

Preliminary Statistics of Temperatures and Pressures for Formation of Eclogites, Granulites and Peridotites in China

The rock-forming temperatures and pressures represent the p-T points of the local regions in the lithosphere at a certain age, providing some important information on rock formation. Based on the preliminary statistics on the temperatures and pressures for the formation of eclogites, granulites and peridotites in China, the variant ranges are given, in this paper, of temperatures, pressures and linear geothermal gradients of eclogites, granulites and peridotites. In addition, since the eclogite is different from granulite and peridotite in the p-T diagram, these three rocks can be classified into two groups: the first group includes eclogites and the second group granulites and peridotites. Then, the p-T correlation functions of these two groups of rocks are provided. Finally, the two groups of rocks have different geothermal gradients at the same pressure gradient or have different pressure gradients at the same geothermul gradient. The temperatures and pressures for the formation of the rocks can be calculated from the mineral chemical compositions, but the depths (H) for the rock formation can be calculated only under the hypotheses of given p-H (or T-H) correlation functions. The explanations for the ultrahigh pressure metamorphism vary obviously with different hypotheses.     

Pore Structure and Permeability Characterization of High‐rank Coal Reservoirs: A Case of the Bide‐Santang Basin,Western Guizhou,South China

The methods of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy,mercury injection porosimetry(MIP),and gas-water relative permeability(GWRP)were used to reveal the pore structure and permeability characteristics of high-rank coal reservoirs in the Bide-Santang basin,western Guizhou,South China,to provide guidance for coalbed methane(CBM)exploration and exploitation and obtain direct insights for the development of CBM wells.The results indicate that the coal reservoirs in the study area are characterized by well-developed adsorption pores and poorly developed seepage pores.The bimodal NMR transverse relaxation time(T2)spectra and the mutation in the fractal characteristic of the MIP pore volume indicate poor connectivity between the adsorption pores and the seepage pores.As a result,the effective porosity is relatively low,with an average of 1.70%.The irreducible water saturation of the coal reservoir is relatively high,with an average of 66%,leading to a low gas relative permeability under irreducible water saturation.This is the main reason for the low recovery of high-rank CBM reservoirs,and effective enhanced CBM recovery technology urgently is needed.As a nondestructive and less time-consuming technique,the NMR is a promising method to quantitatively characterize the pores and fractures of coals.     

The Relationship between Jurassic Coal Measures and Sandstone-type Uranium Deposits in the Northeastern Ordos Basin, China

Outcrop and drill hole data show that the Jurassic coal measures in the northeastern Ordos Basin are composed mainly of the Yan'an Formation and the lowstand system tract of the Zhiluo Formation,and there is a regional unconformity between them. The Dongsheng uranium deposit is associated with the Jurassic coal measures. Research data indicate that the Jurassic coal measures in the study area have a certain hydrocarbon-generating capacity,although the metamorphic grade is low(Ro=0.40%–0.58%). In the Dongsheng region alone,the accumulative amount of generated coalbed methane(CBM) is about 2028.29 × 108 –2218.72 × 108 m~3; the residual amount is about 50.92 × 108 m~3,and the lost amount is about 1977 × 108 m~3. Analysis of the burial history of the host rocks and the evolutionary history of the Dongsheng uranium deposit suggests that the Jurassic coal measures generated hydrocarbon mainly from Middle Jurassic to Early Crataceous,which is the main mineralization phase of the Dongsheng uranium deposit. By the Late Cretaceous,a mass of CBM dissipated due to the strong tectonic uplift,and the Dongsheng uranium deposit stepped into the preservation phase. Therefore,the low-mature hydrocarbon-containing fluid in the Jurassic coal measures not only served as a reducing agent for the formation of sandstone-type uranium deposits,but also rendered the second reduction of paleo-interlayer oxidation zone and become the primary reducing agent for ore conservation. Regional strata correlation reveals that the sandstone-type uranium reservoir at the bottom of the Zhiluo Formation is in contact with the underlying industrial coal seams in the Yan'an Formation through incision or in the form of an unconformity surface. In the Dongsheng region with poorly developed fault systems,the unconformity surface and scour surface served as the main migration pathways for low-mature hydrocarbon-containing fluid migrating to the uranium reservoir.     

The abnormal pressure regime of the Pennsylvanian No. 8 coalbed methane reservoir in Liulin–Wupu District, Eastern Ordos Basin, China

Coalbed methane reservoir pressure is an important parameter used to assess the producibility of coalbed methane wells. Practices indicate that high production of coalbed methane well is partly related closely to abnormally high pressure. Permo-Carboniferous coalbed methane resources are very abundant in the Liulin–Wupu District, Eastern Ordos Basin, which has been the highlight of coalbed methane exploration in China in recent years. In this district, the abnormally high pressure is present locally in the Pennsylvanian No. 8 coalbed methane reservoir (the Taiyuan Formation). Based on the distribution of the abnormally high pressure, burial history, hydrocarbon generation, hydrodynamics, and sealing regimes, the authors suggest that the abnormal coalbed methane reservoir pressure is related closely to local hydrodynamic trapping. The gas generated during the qualification is preserved, owing to the confinement of lower permeable roof and floor rock layers, and water trapping in the updip direction (like the “fairway” in San Juan Basin). As a result of pressure reconstruction event, the abnormally high pressure is formed during the uplifting stage. The current coalbed methane wells with high production are always located in abnormally high pressure areas. Therefore, the areas with abnormally high pressure in Liulin–Wupu District can be the preferred areas for commercial coalbed methane development.     

Experimental Study on Water‐rock Reactions with CO2 Fluid in a Deep Sandstone Formation under High Temperature and Pressure

Qiongdongnan Basin has a tectonic geological background of high temperature and high pressure in a deep reservoir setting,with mantle-derived CO2.A water-rock reaction device was used under high temperature and high pressure conditions,in conjunction with scanning electron microscope(SEM)observations,to carry out an experimental study of the diagenetic reaction between sandstone at depth and CO2-rich fluid,which is of great significance for revealing the dissolution of deep clastic rock reservoirs and the developmental mechanism of secondary pores,promoting deep oil and gas exploration.In this study,the experimental scheme of the water-rock reaction system was designed according to the parameters of the diagenetic background of the deep sandstone reservoir in the Qiongdongnan Basin.Three groups of single mineral samples were prepared in this experiment,including K-feldspar samples,albite samples and calcite samples.Using CO2 as a reaction solution,a series of diagenetic reaction simulation experiments were carried out in a semi-closed high temperature and high pressure simulation system.A field emission scanning electron microscope(SEM)was used to observe the microscopic appearance of the mineral samples after the water-rock reaction,the characteristics of dissolution under high temperature and high pressure,as well as the development of secondary pores.The experimental results showed that the CO2-rich fluid has an obvious dissolution effect on K-feldspar,albite and calcite under high temperature and high pressure.For the three minerals,the main temperature and pressure window for dissolution ranged from 150℃to 300℃and 45 MPa to 60 MPa.Scanning electron microscope observations revealed that the dissolution effect of K-feldspar is most obvious under conditions of 150℃and 45 MPa,in contrast to conditions of200℃and 50 MPa for albite and calcite.Through the comparative analysis of experimental conditions and procedures,a coupling effect occurred between the temperature and pressure change and the dissolution strength and calcite.Under high temperature and high pressure,pressure changed the solubility of CO2,furthermore,the dissolution effect and strength of the sandstone components were also affected.The experiment revealed that high temperature and high pressure conditions with CO2-rich fluid has a significant dissolution effect on aluminosilicate minerals and is conducive to the formation of secondary pores and effective reservoirs.Going forward with the above understanding has important implications for the promotion of deep oil and gas exploration.     

基于“定体积法”的大佛寺井田煤储层稳产阶段动态含气量反演

含气量是影响煤层气井生产的关键参数,但是,多数煤层气井无法直接获得目标煤层含气量,且解吸法测定的低阶煤储层含气量误差较大。文章以大佛寺井田煤层含气量动态变化特征为研究目标,结合煤层气井排采数据对煤储层参数动态的同步反馈,采用“定体积法”分析煤层气井排采数据,进行4#煤储层实时含气量的动态反演。结果表明：（1）设定多个原始含气量,实时含气量随时间变化呈线性递减关系,且下降趋势一致,皆能得到实时含气量变化线性斜率相同的结果：产气量与含气量消耗同步,且与生产时间间隔无关。（2）分析1 d、3 d、5 d的不同时间步长,设定原始含气量分别为2 m3/t、3 m3/t、4 m3/t、5 m3/t、6 m3/t、8 m3/t时,煤储层实时含气量变化关系高度一致,认为煤层气井遵循“定体积”产气规律,即不存在压降漏斗的形成与扩展。（3）连续排采阶段,实时含气量与排采时间呈线性降低关系,排采间断前后两个阶段煤储层实时含气量线性降低速率不同：为-0.00546和 -0.00435;第二阶段较第一阶段实时含气量变化斜率减小,是因为排采过程产生煤粉,堵塞阻碍块煤的解吸作用,造成储层伤害,能够解吸的煤层体积缩小。     

准噶尔盆地南缘硫磺沟煤层气富集主控地质因素及有利区优选

为评价煤层气资源勘探开发潜力和指导矿井安全生产,对准噶尔盆地南缘硫磺沟煤矿主煤层(4-5、7、9-15号煤)的储层物性特征(显微组分、裂隙及含气性等)进行了测试分析,结合现场钻井资料、瓦斯解吸及瓦斯涌出量等资料,从构造、沉积、煤层埋深、水动力条件等方面分析了该区煤层气的控气地质因素。结果表明：煤储层物性较好,孔裂隙较为发育,微裂隙高达3 935条/9 cm²;煤层含气性(瓦斯含量)较好,4-5号煤层为4.88~10.81 m³/t,平均6.56 m³/t。控气地质因素分析表明,准南硫磺沟煤层气的控气模式以构造-水动力耦合控气为主。同时,利用多层次模糊数学综合评价模型,预测的硫磺沟煤矿(4-5号煤)煤层气赋存有利区为钻孔29-3和28-3周边区域。     

Features of the Excess Adsorption Isotherms of High-Pressure Methane Adsorption on Coal and Simulation Model

<正>Four coal samples of different ranks are selected to perform the adsorption measurement of high-pressure methane(CH4).The highest equilibrium pressure of the measurement exceeds 20 MPa. Combined with the measuring results and theoretical analyses,the reasons for the peak or the maximum adsorption capacity appearing in the excess adsorption isotherms are explained.The rules of the peak occurrence are summarized.And then,based on the features of coal pore structure,the adsorption features of high-pressure gas,the microcosmic interaction relationship of coal surface and CH4 molecule,and the coalbed methane reservoir conditions,three theoretical assumptions on the coal adsorption high-pressure CH_4 are suggested.Thereafter,on the basis of these theoretical assumptions,the Ono-Kondo lattice model is processed for simplification and deformation. Subsequently,the equations modeling the excess adsorption isotherm of high-pressure CH_4 adsorption on coal are obtained.Through the verification on the measurement data,the fitting results indicate that it is feasible to use the Ono-Kondo lattice mode to model the excess adsorption isotherm of high-pressure CH_4 adsorption on coal.     

第4轮全国煤层气资源评价方法及结果

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁−吉县区块深部煤层气资源丰度高,煤储层天然裂缝与煤自身割理裂隙发育、煤体结构好、机械强度高、顶底板封盖能力强,为大规模体积压裂缝网的形成提供了有利条件。超大规模压裂改造工艺使深部煤层气单井产量获得重大突破,但示踪剂监测结果显示,水平井各压裂段产气效果贡献不均一、资源动用存在盲区、综合效益未达预期。指出深部煤储层形成超大规模有效缝网面临两类主要挑战：(1) 深部煤层裂缝扩展规律认识不清;(2) 现有压裂技术存在过度改造及改造不充分区域。基于此问题,提出适合深部煤储层改造的多轮次转向缝网弥合压裂技术。首先,分析深部煤层超大规模缝网形成的可行性;其次结合现场压裂数据与微地震监测结果,分析地层曲率、倾角等对压裂裂缝扩展的影响;最后建立应力场计算方法,以此为依据,进行多轮次转向工艺优化及现场试验。在大宁−吉县区块现场进行试验验证,井周微应力场非均匀区域水力裂缝实现了较为均匀的扩展,增大了裂缝整体改造体积,单井产气效果较周边井有明显提升,其中DJ55井5轮次压裂,储层改造体积达到243.6×10⁴ m³,生产340 d累产气量970.5×10⁴ m³,平均日产气量2.85×10⁴ m³,日产量和压力均保持稳定,改造效果较好,预计采收储量(EUR)大于3 000×10⁴ m³,产气潜力较大;JS8-6P05井第1—7段采用2 ~ 3轮次压裂,压后日产气量8.59×10⁴ m³,相比各段均采用单轮次压裂的JS8-6P04井加砂规模降低41.9%、压裂费用降低21%,但2口井水平段千米日产气量相当。试验效果表明,多轮次压裂工艺在一定程度上解决了水平井两侧应力差异而导致的裂缝单侧扩展问题,促进井筒两侧压裂裂缝趋于均匀扩展,极大程度上保障了深部煤储层资源动用程度和压后产量,是深部煤层气压裂工艺降本增效的主要技术途径。

     

新疆地区侏罗系中低变质煤储层吸附特征及煤层气资源前景

利用高压吸附仪对新疆主要沉积盆地侏罗系煤储层的甲烷吸附能力进行了测试。测试结果表明中低变质煤的吸附能力普遍较低 ,且吸附能力随煤镜质组反射率值的增加而增加 ,随煤中水分的增加而减小 ,其原因与煤的微孔特征有关。根据煤储层的吸附兰氏体积 ,新疆侏罗系煤储层可分为 4类区 ,并认为新疆具有煤层气资源前景的地区分布在煤的吸附兰氏体积大于 12m3 /t的第三类区及第四类区     

鄂尔多斯盆地东部煤岩孔隙特征实验分析

煤层气储层孔隙结构特征决定着煤层的吸附能力。利用低温氮吸附法和汞侵入法对鄂尔多斯盆地东部地区煤样的孔隙特征进行测试,并分别对煤样的低温氮吸附孔隙特征和汞侵入孔隙特征进行分析。在此基础上,综合两种实验的测试结果,对煤样的孔隙类型进行分类。压汞实验表明:压汞曲线和退汞曲线相似性较好,两者之间的间距很小,退汞效率达65%~75%;液氮实验表明:低变质煤孔以一端封闭的孔为主,随着煤变质程度的增加,先是较大的孔变为两端开放的孔,接着较小孔变为两端开放的孔,到了无烟煤阶段微孔也变成以两端开放的孔为主。综合两种结果,认为煤样的孔隙中以微孔和过渡孔为主,并且微孔和过渡孔是构成煤样孔隙容积的主要贡献者,大孔和中孔的总孔容所占比例较小。鄂尔多斯盆地东部煤岩的孔隙特征有利于煤层中气体的吸附,是煤层气储层的良好场所。     

煤层群条件下合层多段压裂技术研究

贵州地区普遍发育薄—中厚煤层群,煤层气开发地质条件复杂特殊,需要与之相匹配的工艺技术。在具体分析贵州地区煤层群发育特点的基础上,提出煤层气合层多段压裂技术。合层多段压裂是从煤层群的角度出发,从同一口井中优选多个压裂段,每个压裂段包含相邻的多个煤层及煤层之间的夹层;通过小层射孔,投球封堵,填砂封隔,可降低施工难度,提高合层多段压裂施工效果。合层多段压裂技术已在盘江矿区松河矿煤层气地面开发示范工程中应用实施并取得一定成效。     

煤矿区钻探技术装备新进展与展望

我国煤层气资源非常丰富。在煤矿区,煤层气(瓦斯)开发具有增加洁净能源供给、提高煤矿安全生产保障能力、减少温室气体排放等多重效益。地面钻井开发与井下钻孔抽采是煤矿区煤层气(瓦斯)开发的基本途径,同时也是煤矿区应急救援的主要手段。本文介绍了煤矿区地面煤层气开发新技术装备,大直径钻孔施工技术与装备及井下中硬、松软煤层和岩层瓦斯抽采钻孔成孔技术与装备。在此基础上分析了在新形势下煤矿区煤层气（瓦斯）抽采钻孔成孔技术和装备发展需求,为我国煤矿区煤层气（瓦斯）钻孔成孔提供借鉴。     

低温低压下水—岩反应动力学实验中一些主要元素的变化规律

作者根据北京小汤山一带热、矿泉水文地质特征，把９０％的白云岩和１０％的花岗岩作为试料，把二次蒸馏水作为反应溶液，将它们一起放在纯钛高压釜内，在５０—２００℃的温度和（２００—５００）×１０￣５Ｐａ的压力下进行水—岩反应动力学的实验。实验结果表明：水从岩石中萃取出的Ｋ￣（＋）、Ｎａ￣（＋）、Ｃａ￣（２＋）、Ｍｇ￣（２＋）、Ａｌ￣（３＋）、ＨＣＯ、ＮＯ、Ｆ￣（－）、Ｃｌ￣（－），ＳＯ、∑Ｆｅ和ＳｉＯ＿２等离子和氧化物的含量随着岩石的成分、温度、压力、水的ｐＨ值、岩石粒度、氧化—还原环境、时间和水的循环次数呈规律性变化。这些规律揭示了小汤山一带热、矿泉形成的机理。为热田的开发和人造温泉提供了理论上的依据。     

鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界渭北隆起热演化恢复——以耀县桃曲坡剖面为例

利用包裹体测温技术研究分析鄂尔多斯盆地渭北隆起耀县地区的热演化状况,恢复其热演化史,对油气勘探的进一步深入具有重要的理论意义。对目标区块的包裹体切片进行镜下分析,观察薄片中包裹体的形态,大小,包裹体类型及其出现的部位。通过对包裹体测温技术进行测试,测得下古生界背锅山组的均化温度主要集中在140℃~150℃区间内,推测该地区至少经历过一次油气运移与充注的过程。由均化温度的峰值区间结合渭北隆起的生烃史图,得到对应的生烃年限为170~200个百万年之间,即早侏罗世。     

高温高压下水的剪切粘滞度的平衡分子动力学计算

本项工作用ＴＩＰ４Ｐ模型对水分子进行了平衡分子动力学模拟。根据Ｇｒｅｅｎ－Ｋｕｂｏ理论,计算了温度从６５２Ｋ到８１４Ｋ,密度从０．５３６０ｇ／ｃｍ３到０．８６３８ｇ／ｃｍ３六个不同温度和密度水的剪切粘滞度,并和实验值进行了对比。在所计算的温度和密度范围,平衡分子动力学计算结果与实验值的平均绝对值差别为１５％,好于使用非平衡分子动力学方法获得的粘滞度值。平衡分子动力学的方法将是获得地学中高温高压下流体输运性质的重要途径。