油气区断层带摩擦强度研究进展

油气区断层再活动会造成过断层井的井壁不稳定,增加生产井剪切套损风险及油气渗漏风险甚至诱发地震.浅埋断层带中广泛发育的断层泥对断层摩擦滑动具有重要影响,在特定地质条件下断层泥对断层带摩擦强度具有显著的弱化作用.传统的断层稳定性评价方法多数采用断层摩擦强度的均质模型.然而大量研究表明,断层泥受多种因素的影响在空间上表现出明...     

滇西北地区断层破碎带宽度与为断层错距的统计关系

本文对非粘土断层泥带宽度与断层错距在断层（带）发育中期线性相关的实验结果为依据，对滇西北地区断层破碎带宽度（Ｗ）与断层错距（Ｄ）的关系作了统计分析，目的在于建立一种从断层破碎带几何特征反演断层背景位移的新方法。通过对该区中等发育程度的３３条断层４８组样本的统计，得到相关性较好的Ｄ＝１８．５Ｗ的经验关系式，同时还就这一关系式的适用范围及影响因素进行了分析讨论。应用Ｄ－Ｗ关系，确定了直线型的剑川断裂中     

滇西北地区断层破碎带宽度与断层错距的统计关系

本文以非粘土断层泥带宽度与断层错距在断层(带)发育中期线性相关的实验结果为依据,对滇西北地区断层破碎带宽度(W)与断层错距(D)的关系作了统计分析,目的在于建立一种从断层破碎带几何特征反演断层背景位移的新方法。通过对该区中等发育程度的33条断层48组样本的统计,得到相关性较好的D=18.5W的经验关系式,同时还就这一关系式的适用范围及影响因素进行了分析讨论。应用D—W关系,确定了直线型的剑川断裂中北段的背景位移分布,并提出断层的背景位移分布可作为断层分段的一个重要指标。     

五莲拆离断层带的结构、应变及运动学涡度特征

五莲拆离断层带发育于胶东半岛,作为五莲变质核杂岩的重要构造单元,分隔了作为下盘的苏鲁造山带超高压变质岩与上盘的早白垩世诸城盆地与盆地基底.断层带走向由南向北总体由NNE转为NE向,倾向W或WNW,平面上具有"波瓦状"延伸特征,主要由断层角砾岩、糜棱岩组成,向下过渡为糜棱岩化片麻岩.拆离断层带总体具有上盘向W或WNW向伸展运动.调和平均值法计算获得断层带中弗林指数K取值范围0.98～2.0,平均值约为1.35.极摩尔圆法、伸展褶劈理法、Rs/θ法、石英光轴法等多种方法获得糜棱岩、初糜棱岩的平均运动学涡度值分别为0.64～0.97、0.76～0.93、0.6～0.92、0.63～0.98,均值分别为0.83、0.80、0.78和0.86;应变测量与运动学涡度估算的结果共同说明五莲拆离断层带是在伸展拉伸条件下形成的一般型韧性剪切带.运动学轨迹显示,从NW向SE方向运动学涡度值总体存在递减的趋势,在剪切带的中上部,简单剪切作用更为明显,表现为较高的涡度值(涡度值>0.75,最大可达0.98)、低的减薄率和较低的K值;向下盘方向,纯剪切应变的成份明显增加,表现为较低的涡度值(涡度值<0.70,最小可达0.64)、相对高的减薄率和较高的K值.结合大地构造背景,五莲拆离断层带的形成与演化是华北克拉通岩石圈减薄与破坏作用在其东部边缘的一种反映.五莲断层带可以被厘定为形成于地壳伸展环境的减薄型一般剪切带,是地壳伸展引起断层带简单剪切、下盘快速抬升及岩浆上涌引起垂向施加在断层带的纯剪切联合作用的结果.     

断层带围陷波研究及其应用进展

断层带结构研究对于认识地震的孕育发生、地震破裂过程及其地震灾害具有重要的意义,因而多种方法被用来观测和研究断层带结构,其中断层带围陷波就是有效方法之一.断层带围陷波是由地震波入射到断层带内低速介质与高速围岩之间的界面时在界面内侧经多次反射相干叠加形成,具有大振幅、低频率和频散的特点.由于断层带围陷波在断层带的内部传播,它携带有断层带的介质物性和结构的重要信息,因此可以利用围陷波的波形特征研究断层带的精细结构.本文详细介绍了断层带围陷波的形成机制、传播和特性,全面阐述了断层带围陷波在观测研究、传播和特性理论研究和利用围陷波反演断层带结构的方法及应用三个方面的进展,并探讨了断层带围陷波研究方面存在的不足和问题.     

山西带断层形变特征研究

本文基于山西带跨断层形变测量的全部历史资料, 通过对1989年大同—阳高6.1级和1998年张北6.2级二次地震前断层形变群体性异常变化的分析, 对山西带断层形变特征及与强震孕育发生之间可能存在的关系进行了系统研究, 指出了断层形变在空间上和时间上存在的相对性特征, 可供用震例中总结出的断层形变规律跟踪预测和研究未来震情的趋势时参考, 同时对当前华北震情, 特别是山西带震情的跟踪研究工作提出了建议和看法。     

活动断层带地下水流

对一个断层平行荷载达6MPa的活动走滑断层带的边界元研究表明，张应力集中在断层带端部周围一个较大区域，在这些区域中，张应力超出了岩石原有的应力强度，引起了形变或张性破裂的重新激活。这些破裂向断层带的中方向弯曲如果相互连接，它们就会增加岩石的渗透，通过极的断层滑支。也同样能够增加增断层带的暂时渗透力，如果断层走向与地下水流的交角较大，那私它对周围地下水的影响一般很小，但如果水流和断层的交角降低，则这种影响就会逐步增加，当断层带走向与地下水流趋于一致时，上游部分就汇集了地下水，则下游部分则排出了地下水，因而，上游部分的泉水流量减少了而下游部分 的泉水流量则增加了。     

非粘土断层泥带厚度与断层错距关系的实验研究

通过济南辉长岩双剪摩擦实验,笔者研究了非粘土断层泥带厚度随断层滑移的变化特征及主要影响因素。结果表明:非粘土断层泥的形成过程具有明显的分段特征。在断层演化的中期阶段,非粘土断层泥带厚度与断层错距呈明显的线性关系。该关系的建立,为从构造物理角度反演断层错距提供了一个可尝试的途径;凹凸体作用的结果,为非粘土断层泥的形成提供了丰富的物质来源,同时,凹凸体的几何尺度又控制着断层泥带的极限厚度。这一发现不仅对于研究断层泥的形成过程,而且对于研究断层发育的后期阶段的摩擦滑动性状都有重要意义。     

辉长岩摩擦实验中断层泥的剪切组构及成因

模拟断层泥的摩擦实验对地震的成核及断层带变形组构的研究具有重要意义。文中对辉长岩摩擦实验中的断层泥变形组构及形成机理进行了研究 ,以期从实验室角度来理解地壳深部断层活动的性质和特点。断层泥剪切组构中的边界剪切带 ,R1,Y剪切面比较发育 ,T裂隙次之 ;R2 ,P ,X剪切面不发育。R1面与边界面的夹角较小 ,平均在 1 1°左右 ,为单剪变形过程中达到破裂极限状态时形成的 1组库仑破裂面。分析表明R1面密度随正应力的增加而明显增高。而在相同的正应力下 ,随温度的增高 ,R1面的密度也有增加的趋势。当温度高于 5 0 0℃时 ,断层带内的斜长石出现塑性变形特征 ,R1剪切面与矿物的压性面理组成典型的S -C组构     

长江三峡仙女山断层带的变形结构及其动力学分析

根据仙女山断层分带性、分段性、分层性和断层变形结构特征，建立了其空间变形结构模式，进而讨论了仙女山断层带时间演化系列中两个主要变形阶段的几何学和运动学特征，并利用断层带的共轭节理、断面擦痕和显微构造标志分别确定燕山主期和喜马拉雅主期构造应力方向和差异应力大小，获得了若干重要的动力学资料     

郯庐断裂带南段与大别──胶南造山带构造复合（叠加）的显微构造证据

对那庐断裂带南段构造岩特别是中深层次韧性剪切带中的糜棱岩进行了研究自北向南于部庐断裂带主干断裂沿线选取6条有代表性的初一脆性剪切带进行地质测量,应用高分辨透射电子显微镜对构造岩中变形石英的位错结构进行观察,求得了韧性剪切作用下构造岩石所受的古差异应力和应变速率等一系列应变参数从显微构造角度提出了郊庐断裂带与大别一胶南造山带构造复合（叠加）的证据：构造岩石的一组应变参数是郊庐断裂带的产物,严格受其中的韧性剪切带控制,另一组系大别-胶南造山带与部庐断裂带复合的产物还讨论了都庐断裂带南段中深层次构造岩的变形一变质历史     

FAULT ROCKS AND ACTIVITIES OF THE KANGDING-MOXI FAULT ZONE

Mylonite,cataclasite and especially fault rocks subjected to both mylonitization and cata-clasis widely developed along the Kangding-Moxi fault zone.A mylonite zone has formed as a result of ductile shearing in early stage.In later stage brittle fracturing has occurred along this mylonite zone,accompanied by the formation of the present Kangding-Moxi fault zone.Later on,ductile shearing and multiperiods of brittle fracturing occurred along the fault zone.Differential stress magnitude d     

沂沭断裂带中段基底韧性剪切带

在沂沭断裂带中段的泰山群结晶基底中,存在着一系列北东、北北东走向的左行韧性剪切带。对其中发育糜棱岩的韧性剪切带的结构构造、应变测量、变形岩石的显微构造、显微组构以及长石粒度和含量的变化规律进行了观测分析。讨论了韧性剪切带的变形条件和机制。及其递进发展的趋势。指出基底韧性剪切带是沂沭断裂带元古宙时期断裂活动时在地壳较深层次上形成的构造表象。在此基础上,讨论了地壳不同层次上的断裂变形及断裂岩石的综合分类问题     

两类糜棱岩的特征、成因及其地质意义

笔者依据野外实际观察,基于岩石的物理和力学性质,将糜棱岩分为三类:第一类是浅成的、低温的脆性变形的糜棱岩,即B型;第二类是中深成的、中高温的和韧性的糜棱岩,即D型;第三类是深成的、高温的和粘性的糜棱岩,即V型。鉴于目前的研究程度,本文只讨论前两类     

Characteristics of fault rocks and paleo-earthquake source along the Koktokay-Ertai fault zone,Xinjiang,China

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磨子潭-晓天断裂(晓天至佛子岭间)的构造分析

根据断裂带切割变质围岩中各期变形旋回形成的褶皱,断裂带中的断层岩为形成于地表条件下的角砾岩和碎裂岩并切割围岩中各种糜棱岩带,构成上侏罗统火山岩盆地的边界断层等特征,磨子潭-晓天断裂应是晚侏罗世形成于地表条件下的断层;根据断层附近上侏罗统砂岩夹层中的裂隙焊接,磨子潭-晓天断裂在晚侏罗世形成后,还有两次较强烈的活动。据地表、钻探和地震资料,断层面向北倾,倾角向深部变缓     

Shear zones within the Bloody Bluff fault zone: Analysis and tectonic implications

The Bloody Bluff fault zone, which divides the New England Avalon zone and Nashoba zone, contains at least two shear zones that are within Avalonian rocks. The Rice Road shear zone (sinistral, strike-slip) affects the Westboro Formation and is intruded by the 630 Ma Dedham Granite. The Rice Road shear zone, and equivalent pre-granite mylonites appearing in drill cores, parallel the terrane boundary, and may have controlled the later mylonitization. The Nobscot shear zone (dextral, strike-slip) is a prograde shear zone cutting a granite assumed to be related to the surrounding 630 Ma plutons. Similar shear zones have been seen cutting Late Proterozoic plutons in the New England Avalon zone, and represent a series of en echelon strike-slip shears. The Burlington mylonite zone (shear sense equivocal) is part of the terrane boundary. This is a retrograde shear zone that forms the southeastern border of the Wolfpen lens, a lenticular body of sheared and altered metamorphic and intrusive rock that has been assumed to be part of the New England Avalon zone. Microstructural characteristics indicate that the Burlington mylonite zone was active after the Nobscot shear zone. In particular, quartz in the Nobscot shear zone was dynamically recrystallized by a combination of grain boundary migration and rotation recrystallization processes, thought to occur during shearing at upper-greenschist conditions. In contrast, quartz in the Burlington mylonite zone was recrystallized predominantly by rotation recrystallization, indicating lower-greenschist, retrograde, deformation. The two shear zones are too close for these differences to be a result of a simple thermal field gradient.While mineral assemblages in most of the study area indicate no metamorphic grade higher than upper-greenschist temperatures, the Wolfpen lens contains amphibolites with assemblages formed at temperatures above the oligoclase isograd, indicating mid-amphibolite facies metamorphism. As metamorphic contrast is one of the key features differentiating the Nashoba zone from the New England Avalon zone, the Wolfpen lens cannot be assumed to be part of Avalon. It may be a small block of rocks of intermediate grade between the two terranes.     

红河断裂带中南段糜棱岩分形特征及主要流变参数的估算

红河断裂带是一条经历了长期构造演化的块间构造变形带,该断裂的西南侧出露一套经韧性剪切形成的糜棱岩。研究区糜棱岩宏观上发育多种变形组构,如构造面理、线理、S-C组构等。微观变形特征有云母鱼、长石碎斑、长石和角闪石压扁拉长、碎斑旋转形成的压力影等;尤其是石英普遍变形,其特征有波状消光、核幔构造、动态重结晶、单颗粒压扁拉长及石英条带等;石英动态重结晶新颗粒尤其发育,重结晶的新颗粒边界具有锯齿状或港湾状等不同的微观特征,这些不同的特征记录了变形时的温压环境和流变速率。石英新颗粒分维几何统计分析表明:研究区石英动态重结晶颗粒边界形态具有自相似性,表现出分形特征。分维数值为1.150～1.180,变形温度大约500℃,同构造变质环境属高绿片岩相-低角闪岩相;初步估算应变速率可能低于10-8.4s-1,根据石英重结晶的粒径估算变形古应力为42.0～58.0MPa     

ESTIMATE OF DIFFERENTIAL FLOW STRESS AND STRAIN RATE FOR HONGHE FAULT ZONE

Microstructures of quartz in Honghe mylonite zone are studied and recent result of microstructural paleopiezometry is used in this paper to estimate the differential flow stress and strain rate for the southern Honghe fault zone. The calculations show that the differential flow stress during the development of mylonites of the southern Honghe fault zone varied gradually from 45MPa in the south to 120MPa in the north. Because the formation depth of mylonite zone became shallow from south to north, this variation indicates the decrease of flow stress with depth. The strain rate was roughly of the order of 10-12/se     

DEFORMATION MECHANISM OF GRANITIC ROCKS IN BRITTLE-PLASTIC TRANSITION ZONE

Field studies and seismic data show that semi-brittle flow of fault rocks probably is the dominant deformation mechanism at the base of the seismogenic zone at the so-called frictional-plastic transition. As the bottom of seismogenic fault, the dynamic characteristics of the frictional-plastic transition zone and plastic zone are very important for the seismogenic fault during seismic cycles. Granite is the major composition of the crust in the brittle-plastic transition zone. Compared to calcite, quartz, plagioclase, pyroxene and olivine, the rheologic data of K-feldspar is scarce. Previous deformation studies of granite performed on a quartz-plagioclase aggregate revealed that the deformation strength of granite was similar with quartz. In the brittle-plastic transition zone, the deformation characteristics of granite are very complex, temperature of brittle-plastic transition of quartz is much lower than that of feldspar under both natural deformation condition and lab deformation condition. In the mylonite deformed under the middle crust deformation condition, quartz grains are elongated or fine-grained via dislocation creep, dynamic recrystallization and superplastic flow, plagioclase grains are fine-grained by bugling recrystallization, K-feldspar are fine-grained by micro-fractures. Recently, both field and experimental studies presented that the strength of K-feldspar is much higher than that of quartz and plagioclase. The same deformation mechanism of K-feldspar and plagioclase occurred under different temperature and pressure conditions, these conditions of K-feldspar are higher than plagioclase. The strength of granite is similar to feldspar while it contains a high content of K-feldspar. High shear strain experiment studies reveal that granite is deformed by local ductile shear zones in the brittle-plastic transition zone. In the ductile shear zone, K-feldspar is brittle fractured, plagioclase are bugling and sub-grain rotation re-crystallized, and quartz grains are plastic elongated. These local shear zones are altered to local slip-zones with strain increasing. Abundances of K-feldspar, plagioclase and mica are higher in the slip-zones than that in other portions of the samples (K-feldspar is the highest), and abundance of quartz is decreased. Amorphous material is easily formed by shear strain acting on brittle fine-grained K-feldspar and re-crystallized mica and plagioclase. Ductile shear zone is the major deformation mechanism of fault zones in the brittle-plastic transition zone. There is a model of a fault failed by bearing constant shear strain in the transition zone:local shear zones are formed along the fractured K-feldspar grains; plagioclase and quartz are fine-grained by recrystallization, K-feldspar is crushed into fine grains, these small grains and mica grains partially change to amorphous material, local slip-zones are generated by these small grains and the amorphous materials; then, the fault should be failed via two ways, 1)the local slip-zones contact to a throughout slip-zone in the center of the fault zone, the fault is failed along this slip-zone, and 2)the local slip-zones lead to bigger mineral grains that are in contact with each other, stress is concentrated between these big grains, the fault is failed by these big grains that are fractured. Thus, the real deformation character of the granite can't be revealed by studies performing on a quartz-plagioclase aggregate. This paper reports the different deformation characters between K-feldspar, plagioclase and quartz under the same pressure and temperature condition based on previous studies. Then, we discuss a mode of instability of a fault zone in the brittle-plastic transition zone. It is still unclear that how many contents of weak mineral phase(or strong mineral phase)will control the strength of a three-mineral-phase granite. Rheological character of K-feldspar is very important for study of the deformation characteristic of the granitic rocks.