Contaminants and habitat choice in the Baltic Sea: Behavioural experiments with the native species, Monoporeia affinis, and the invasive genus, Marenzelleria

The invasive polychaete genus, Marenzelleria and the native amphipod, Monoporeia affinis are food and habitat competitors in the Baltic Sea. Previous studies have shown that moderate densities of Marenzelleria can affect the behaviour of M. affinis. To examine the short-term interactive effects of interspecific habitat choice and environmental contaminants a series of habitat colonisation experiments were performed. The contaminants examined included harbor sediments and sediment spiked with the antifouling substances, Cu, Zn and Irgarol. Polychaetes and amphipods were exposed to contaminants in single-species and two-species experiments. In spiked-sediment experiments, M. affinis showed clear dose-dependent response. These experiments verified that behavioural response of M. affinis to different habitats is a sensitive method for testing toxicity under controlled conditions. In experiments with three different harbor sediments and reference sediment both species showed the lowest preference for the reference sediment. This sediment also had the lowest content of quality food, indicating that factors such as food quality and quantity may override the disturbing effects of contaminants in natural sediments. The presence of Marenzelleria spp. did not affect amphipod habitat choice, indicating no short-term effects, which implies that both species can co-exist provided sufficient food is available.     

不同状态浒苔对东海原甲藻生长的影响

近年来富营养化等海洋污染现象日益加重,我国近海每年都会暴发浒苔绿潮和微藻赤潮现象。本文在实验室模拟条件下,研究了不同状态不同含量的浒苔（Ulva prolifera）,即浒苔新鲜藻体、浒苔培养液和浒苔干粉末与东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）共培养时产生的竞争抑制作用。结果表明,浒苔新鲜藻体、浒苔培养液和浒苔干粉末在初始质量含量大于1 g/L的条件下都会对东海原甲藻产生抑制作用,浒苔干粉末的抑制强度远远超过浒苔培养滤液和浒苔新鲜藻体。在二者共培养时,出现了“低促高抑”的现象,即浒苔含量较低时会促进东海原甲藻的生长,而高含量的浒苔则抑制东海原甲藻的生长,且抑制作用随浒苔含量的升高而增大。浒苔对东海原甲藻的这种抑制作用,一方面可能来自于营养物质的竞争和消耗,另一方面可能来自于浒苔释放的化感物质对东海原甲藻产生的影响。利用浒苔对东海原甲藻的抑制作用,可为东海原甲藻赤潮的生物防治提供一种思路与方法。     

Impact of predation on the polychaete Hediste diversicolor in estuarine intertidal flats

In estuarine sediment flats benthic macroinvertebrates are intensively consumed by a variety of predators, such as aquatic birds and nekton (mostly fish and crustaceans). However, there is still a lack of conclusive studies that evaluate if this predation has a relevant impact on the populations of those invertebrates, which are a key element of the estuarine food chain. In the Tagus estuary we experimentally tested and quantified the impact of predation on the polychaete Hediste diversicolor, one of the most important prey for a variety of predators in many estuaries. Using an exclusion experiment, we compared the seasonal variation in the densities of H. diversicolor from February to November in sediment plots (1) available to both bird and nekton predators, (2) just to nekton, and (3) without predators. We also followed changes in the abundance of potential predators throughout the study. The lowest densities were systematically observed in the plots accessible to all predators, followed by those which excluded just birds, and finally by those that excluded all predators. The exclosures were in place for 9 months, at the end of which the average density of H. diversicolor in the plots protected from all predators was eight times greater than in those without any protection. These results demonstrate that predation had a major impact on the densities of H. diversicolor. The relative importance of bird and nekton predation varied along the study, and this seems to be determined by different peaks of abundance of the two types of predators. However, when present in high densities, birds and nekton seem to have a similar impact on H. diversicolor. Our results suggest that predation is a key factor on the population dynamics of H. diversicolor. In addition, the levels of predation that we observed suggest that this polychaete can be a limited resource, and this could have major ecological consequences for predators for which it is a key prey.     

盐度对双齿围沙蚕耗氧率和排氨率的影响

为优化双齿围沙蚕养殖条件,促进沙蚕资源的合理开发和利用,作者探讨了不同盐度下(8、16、24、32、40、45)双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)耗氧率和排氨率的情况。结果表明:盐度对双齿围沙蚕的耗氧率和排氨率均有显著性影响(P0.05)。在盐度为8~32时,耗氧率随着盐度的升高呈先下降后上升的趋势;在盐度为24时耗氧率最低(0.22 mg/(g·h)±0.01 mg/(g·h));在盐度为32时耗氧率达到最大值(0.37 mg/(g·h)±0.05 mg/(g·h))。在盐度为8~40条件下,沙蚕的排氨率随着盐度的升高呈先降低后上升的趋势;在盐度为24时,双齿围沙蚕的排氨率最低(0.10μmol/(g·h)±0.02μmol/(g·h));当盐度为40时排氨率达到最大值(0.94μmol/(g·h)±0.11μmol/(g·h))。盐度为8~40时,沙蚕的O︰N比值随着盐度的上升呈先升高后降低的趋势,在盐度24和32时,沙蚕的O︰N比值分别为130.84和126.47,且变化较小,当盐度40时,O︰N比值急剧下降到13.3,然后再度上升。综合上述结果,双齿围沙蚕生活的最适盐度为24~32。     

Demersal fishing disturbance increases predation risk for whelks (Buccinum undatum L.)

Field observations by divers indicated that a high rate of predation of whelks (Buccinum undatum) by starfish (Asterias rubens) occurred in an area disturbed by scallop dredging, although these whelks mostly appeared to be alive and externally undamaged. The ability of whelks to escape from starfish was tested in the laboratory after they were dropped or rolled to simulate direct physical contact with bottom fishing gear. Dropping whelks did not significantly affect their escape behaviour, but whelks which had been rolled took significantly longer to right themselves and were significantly less likely to perform an escape response than whelks that had not experienced this treatment. This study suggests that demersal fishing may indirectly increase whelk mortality by increasing their risk of predation.     

低温对不同规格刺参幼参生长与耗氧率的影响

采用实验生态学方法, 选取（0.50±0.07）g（A）、（2.53±0.42）g（B）、（23.87±2.46）g（C）3 种不同规格的刺参（Apostichopus japonicus Selenta）幼参, 设置6℃（I）、8℃（II）、10℃（III）、13℃（IV）4 个不同温度处理组, 分析比较了低温对工厂...     

日本蟳捕食栉孔扇贝机制的初步研究

在现场和室内条件下研究了日本蟳(Charybdis japonica)对栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)的捕食机制。现场实验表明,成年日本蟳可以捕食壳高小于5.0 cm的栉孔扇贝,其捕食强度随着水温的升高而增大,而壳高大于5.9 cm的栉孔扇贝则可以免遭日本蟳的捕食;相对于栉孔扇贝,日本蟳更倾向于捕食贻贝;室内实验表明水温低于10℃时,日本蟳对大规格扇贝的捕食作用不明显。相同温度条件下,室内实验日本蟳的捕食强度要低于现场,但其温度系数(Q10)差别不大。在上述实验基础上,本文提出了提高底播栉孔扇贝成活率的方法,即选择大规格的扇贝在水温较低的秋、冬季进行底播,同时添加一部分贻贝作为牺牲诱饵以减少日本蟳对扇贝的捕食。     

Effects of water-borne copper on metallothionein and lipid peroxidation in the marine amphipod gammarus locusta

The aim of the current work was to determine over 10 days the effects of water-borne exposure of the marine amphipod Gammarus locusta to 4 μgCu l⁻¹ on the metallothionein (MT; measured by differential pulse polarography) protection system and lipid peroxidation (LP; thiobarbituric acid-reactive malondialdehyde equivalents) as a measure of oxidative damage. MT levels in exposed animals increased significantly at day 2 (36% > control; P<0.001) and remained high at days 6 and 10 (55 and 38%, respectively, P<0.001). The maximum level of MT at day 6 coincided with the highest Cu body-burden. LP increased within 1 day of exposure, indicative of Cu as an oxidative stressor. However, in contrast to MT, the highest LP level was seen at day 4 (68% > control, P<0.001) before returning to control values by day 6, indicating a protective role of MT against the pro-oxidant effects of Cu.     

Spatial spring distribution of the copepod Eurytemora affinis (Copepoda,Calanoida) in a restoring estuary,the Scheldt (Belgium)

The spatial spring distribution of Eurytemora affinis (adults and C5) in the Scheldt estuary (Belgium) brackish and freshwater reaches was studied in between 1996 and 2007. The bulk of the E. affinis population being generally situated in the brackish water reach (salinity > 0.5); we studied which environmental factors are responsible for its recent sporadic occurrence in the freshwater estuarine reach. Using PLS analysis, it is shown that its presence upstream is limited by a sufficient oxygen concentration (>4 mg l⁻¹) that is associated with temperature. Not only are the environmental conditions in the upstream zone important, but also the frequent presence of an O₂ minimum zone in the mid-estuary (O₂ min < 1.3 mg l⁻¹) seems to block the movement of the downstream E. affinis population in an upstream direction. Occasionally, the bulk of the population is however situated upstream. During these periods, high E. affinis abundance was also observed in the Durme tributary. Our findings suggest the possibility to use E. affinis as an “indicator” species of water quality, but also lead us to stress the necessity to consider conditions over the entire estuary when studying restoration effects, not exclusively in the zone of interest.     

Reduced survivorship of Himasthla (Trematoda, Digenea)-infected cockles (Cerastoderma edule) exposed to oxygen depletion

Bivalve populations from inshore waters often accommodate a diverse trematode fauna that may have a variety of effects on host specimens. In particular, larval trematodes that grow or reproduce within their host are known to be severe pathogens, whereas trematodes utilising bivalves only for encystment are thought to be relatively benign. Yet this may depend on the environmental conditions, and it can be expected that such trematodes in concert with other stress agents can be detrimental to host organisms. To examine the impact of such larval trematodes on hosts subjected to stress, we studied the digenetic trematode Himasthla elongata and one of its second intermediate hosts, the bivalve Cerastoderma edule. Experimentally infected cockles and non-infected cockles were exposed to oxygen depletion, whereupon we measured their burrowing ability and survivorship. After 30 h of hypoxia, the survival of infected cockles was significantly reduced compared to non-infected cockles, whereas no effect of parasites on cockles under normoxic conditions was found. In addition, parasites tended to reduce the burrowing ability of cockles exposed to hypoxia but the effect was not clear. The effect of parasites and possible ecological consequences are discussed and it is suggested that the combined effects of parasites and oxygen deficiency may explain some hitherto unexplained cases of mass mortalities in bivalve populations.     

温度与盐度对福建牡蛎与长牡蛎、熊本牡蛎、香港巨牡蛎种间杂交子代孵化及其早期生长成活的影响

本研究以野生福建牡蛎(A)为亲本一方, 分别与野生长牡蛎(G)、熊本牡蛎(S)、香港巨牡蛎(H)进行杂交, 除A♀×S♂、A♀×H♂两组杂交不育外, 共得到AG(A♀×G♂)、GA(G♀×A♂)、SA(S♀×A♂)、HA(H♀×A♂)、AA(A♀×A♂)5个不同组合, 并研究不同盐度与温度对其幼虫孵化率、早期生长及成活率的影响。结果表明, 盐度25时AG、GA、SA、HA、AA五组孵化率分别达到最大值78.33%、75.00%、63.33%、55.00%、71.67%; 温度低于25℃时, GA孵化率高于其他组, 温度高于25℃时AG孵化率最大, 其中25℃时达到最大孵化率83.33%; 不同盐度条件下D型幼虫经过7 d培育, HA在盐度20时壳高达到最大值97.8 µm, 成活率46.67%, 在盐度为35时第5天全部死亡。AG、GA、SA、AA四组在盐度为25时壳高有最大值, 分别为124.7 µm、121.2 µm、93.7 µm, 111.8 µm; 不同温度条件下D型幼虫经过7 d培育, 在温度为25℃时各组壳高和成活率均有最大值, 大小排列依次为AG>GA>AA>HA>SA, 各组成活率随温度升高呈现出先增大后减小的趋势, AG在25℃时成活率在所有组中最高, 为88.89%; 孵化后在适宜温度盐度条件下连续培养16 d, 不同组之间壳高表现为: AG > GA> AA > HA > SA, AG壳高、壳高SGR及成活率始终大于其他组, 而SA、HA两组壳高、壳高SGR及成活率始终小于自交组AA。研究表明, 相较于福建牡蛎与熊本牡蛎、香港巨牡蛎的杂交, 以及福建牡蛎的自交, 福建牡蛎与长牡蛎的杂交子代表现出明显的生长及存活优势, 生长潜力较好, 且AG优于GA; AG组在盐度25、水温25℃条件下生长速率最大, 成活率最高。研究结果可为福建牡蛎育苗行业良种选育提供参考依据。     

甘草和连翘对牙鲆CYP3A 活性影响的研究

研究甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)和连翘(Forsythia suspensa)对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)肝细胞色素P4503A(CYP3A)活性的影响。将牙鲆随机分为3组,即对照组、甘草组和连翘组,对照组每日口灌0.9%的生理盐水,试验组每日1次口灌甘草30 mg/kg和连翘100 mg/kg,连续口灌6 d,第7天时,采用直接测定法和间接测定法(探针药物)进行CYP3A酶活性的测定。结果显示:在肝微粒体水平上,甘草和连翘均可明显提高红霉素-N-脱甲基酶活性,分别提高了1.79倍、4.87倍。与对照组相比,甘草组和连翘组氨苯砜的半衰期分别降低了4.51%(P0.05)和36.8%(P0.01);药时曲线下面积分别减小了8.28%(P0.05)和32.3%(P0.01);总清除率分别增加了5.63%(P0.05)和99.3%(P0.01)。说明连翘对牙鲆CYP3A的活性具有极显著诱导作用,甘草诱导作用不显著。提示其他药物与连翘合用时,其有效性和安全性可能会受到影响。     

Phosphorus deficiency affects multiple macromolecular biosynthesis pathways of Thalassiosira weissflogii

Phosphorus(P) is one of the key nutrients for the growth of phytoplankton. In this study, we used a method coupling label-free quantitation with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry(LFQ–LC–MS/MS) to track the change of relative protein abundance between P-replete and P-deficient treatments in a non-model diatom, Thalassiosira weissflogii. Out of the 631 proteins identified, 132 were found to have significant changes in abundance(1.5 folds) between the two treatments, especially those proteins involved in macromolecular biosynthesis pathways. For example, the up-regulation of sulfolipid biosynthesis protein in the P-deficient culture suggested a switch from using phospholipids to sulfolipids. In addition, the ribosome subunits and tRNA synthetases were down-regulated, which might explain the decrease in protein content in the P-deficient culture. A vacuolar sorting receptor homologous protein was found to be 9.2-folds up-regulated under P-deficiency, indicating an enhancement in the vacuolar sorting pathway for protein degradation. Our results show that T. weissflogii has sophisticated responses in multiple macromolecular metabolism pathways under P-deficiency, a mechanism which can be critical for this species to survive under various levels of P availability in the environment.     

不同盐度对文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)呼吸代谢及体内酶活性的影响

为研究不同盐度对文蛤呼吸代谢的影响,本实验设置5个盐度(‰)梯度(11、18、25、32、39),检测不同盐度对文蛤(Meretrixmeretrix)耗氧和排氨的影响,以及文蛤的外套膜、鳃、肝胰腺三种组织中乳酸脱氢酶和Na+/K+-ATP酶活性的变化。结果表明:随着盐度的不断升高,文蛤耗氧率先升后降再升,在盐度18时达到最大值;排氨率先升后降,在盐度32时达到最大值。随着盐度不断升高和胁迫时间延长,文蛤的肝胰腺中乳酸脱氢酶活力总体呈先升高后下降再升高的趋势(P0.05),酶活力在盐度39时为最高;随着盐度不断升高和胁迫时间延长,文蛤的外套膜中Na+/K+-ATP酶活力总体呈先下降再升高后下降的趋势(P0.05),在盐度32时为最高;文蛤的外套膜和鳃中乳酸脱氢酶活力以及鳃和肝胰腺中Na+/K+-ATP酶活力受盐度影响不显著(P0.05),酶活力变化也多呈现"W"形的变化趋势。研究结果为文蛤的人工养殖提供参考。     

不同来源美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种菌株表型差异性分析

美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种(Photobacterium damselae subsp.damselae)可感染多种海水养殖动物发病,为研究不同菌株之间的表型差异性,作者对不同来源的25株美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种菌株的溶血特性、生理生化特征、药物敏感性以及5种最敏感抗生素的最小抑菌浓度进行了分析。结果表明:(1)25株菌株在TSB培养基上均为白色不透明圆形菌落,TCBS培养基上菌落显绿色,直径为1～2 mm,革兰氏染色均为阴性;(2)25株菌对3%胰胨水、无盐胰胨水、葡萄糖、肌醇、3%NaCl、ONPG以及精氨酸双水解酶等22种生化反应呈现出高度一致性,对于丙二酸盐、赖氨酸脱羧酶、尿素酶以及西蒙氏枸橼酸盐表现出明显差异;(3)所有菌株中仅有2株菌表现出β溶血,23株菌表现出α溶血;(4)25株菌对丁胺卡那、链霉素、复方新诺明、乙酰螺旋霉素以及苯唑青霉素5种抗生素均表现出耐药性;对萘啶酸、氟罗沙星、菌必治、头孢胺噻肟、盖伯斯林以及洛美沙星6种抗生素均表现敏感性;对恩诺沙星等27种抗生素的药物敏感性存在显著差异;(5)5种抗生素的MIC检测结果表明,25株菌对萘啶酸以及环丙沙星的MIC基本一致,浓度分别是2.5～10μg/mL以及低于2.5μg/mL,对多粘菌素B、氧氟沙星以及洛美沙星3种抗生素差异较大。通过本研究证实不同来源的美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种菌株表型特征存在明显差异。     

恩诺沙星、磺胺嘧啶和呋喃西林对共培养的萱藻丝状体和膨胀色球藻生长的影响

为有效抑制萱藻种质保存和丝状体扩增时膨胀色球藻的污染,本实验应用实验生态学法,研究了恩诺沙星、磺胺嘧啶和呋喃西林3种抗菌药对共培养的萱藻丝状体和膨胀色球藻生长的影响.结果显示:在5～100 mg/L范围内,50 mg/L恩诺沙星适于除去萱藻种质保存或丝状体扩增过程中出现的膨胀色球藻,实验第18 d膨胀色球藻的日均增长率...     

不同温度对方斑东风螺生理代谢的影响

为了研究温度对方斑东风螺(Babylonia areolata)能量收支的影响,作者采用室内静水法,分析了不同养殖水体温度条件下方斑东风螺幼螺的摄食率、排粪率、耗氧率、排氨率、黏液排泄率的变化规律。结果表明,方斑东风螺摄食率、排粪率、耗氧率和排氨率均随温度升高呈现先上升后下降趋势。其中各温度处理组摄食率差异显著(P<0.05),在23℃时最低为2.548±0.093mg/(g/h),29℃时最高为4.958±0.150 mg/(g/h);排粪率为1.695±0.037～2.892±0.074 mg/(g/h),在29℃时达到最高;耗氧率在29℃时最高为0.437±0.054mg/(g/h), 23℃时最低为0.202±0.027 mg/(g/h);在本实验条件下,方斑东风螺排氨率为0.009±0.001～0.025±0.003mg/(g/h),各温度处理组间均有显著差异(P<0.05),且在29℃时最高为0.025±0.003 mg/(g/h)。黏液排泄率在23℃时最高为0.030±0.001 mg/(g/h),显著高于其他各温度组(P<0.05)。基于不同温度下能量...     

4种多环芳烃对仿刺参耗氧率和排氨率的影响研究

为探究多环芳烃(PAHs)对海洋生物的生态毒理效应,作者将仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)分别暴露于质量浓度为10、20、50、100、150μg/L的菲、三甲基菲、蒽和二甲基蒽中,检测4种代表性多环芳烃胁迫下仿刺参的耗氧率和排氨率.结果显示:在不同质量浓度多环芳烃的胁迫下,仿刺参的耗氧率均显著高...     

铅(Pb)胁迫对泥蚶血液MT及Vg基因表达的诱导效应研究

为了解泥蚶金属硫蛋白基因(MT)和卵黄蛋白原基因(Vg)在重金属Pb胁迫下的表达响应模式,本文设置了1、3、6及9μg/L 4个浓度梯度的重金属Pb攻毒实验。在此基础上,利用qRT-PCR技术检测了0、7、14、21、28 d泥蚶血液MT、Vg的相对表达量。结果显示泥蚶MT基因在Pb~(2+)暴毒14 d时开始被显著诱导,在整个实验过程中基本呈现先增后降的态势。且在14 d和28 d时,6μg/L及9μg/L浓度组泥蚶MT相对表达量均高于1、3μg/L浓度组。由此可见,在Pb~(2+)胁迫下泥蚶血液MT基因的表达具有一定的时间依赖性和浓度依赖性。相比之下,泥蚶血液Vg基因的诱导表达情况较MT基因而言不明显。3μg/L浓度组泥蚶Vg mRNA较对照组在14、21 d时被显著诱导;9μg/L浓度组其在28 d时才开始被显著诱导。综上可见,泥蚶MT和Vg在应激重金属Pb过程中起到了一定的抗氧化及重金属解毒作用。     

福建沿海米氏凯伦藻赤潮对皱纹盘鲍鳃组织抗氧化酶活性的影响研究

本文初步研究了在较低赤潮密度(低于107个/m L)下,一株米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)对皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)鳃内几种抗氧化酶,如超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)的毒性效应,以期分析米氏凯伦藻对鲍鱼生命活动可能的胁迫方式。研究表明,米氏凯伦藻对SOD、CAT酶活性均造成不利影响,并未对GSH-Px酶造成不利影响,其酶活性显著高于对照组。米氏凯伦藻对SOD酶活性的影响表现为"先诱导后抑制"效应,24 h内,各处理组(0.1个/m L,0.5个/m L,1.0×104个/m L)中,酶活性急剧增高,分别是对照组的1.2,1.3,1.3倍,之后酶活性迅速下降,分别是对照组的77%,77%,73%。SOD能够清除机体体内多余的自由基,其活力变化反映了机体抵制自由基损伤能力已受到明显抑制。此外,米氏凯伦藻处理组中,CAT酶活性则处于"被抑制"状态,48 h内酶活性持续下降,分别降低至对照组的58%,51%,37%。CAT可以清除SOD歧化超氧阴离子自由基产生的H2O2,其活力的下降也可能造成机体内过氧化物的累积及氧化损伤。结果表明,即使未达到较高赤潮密度(不超过107个/m L)时,米氏凯伦藻短时间内仍可对鲍鱼鳃内关键抗氧化酶活性造成显著抑制效应,这极有可能导致鲍鱼机体抗氧化系统遭受严重损伤。