电阻率测深在地电异常判定中的应用

塘沽台NS方向地电阻率观测值在观测极距缩短后出现大幅度上升变化，为了判断此变化的性质及其产生的可能原因，开展了多次恢复原极距的对比观测。并依据该台已有的电测深资料，对此变化进行了最佳拟合的理论反演计算。经比测及反、正演计算结果分析，认为该台NS方向大幅度的上升变化其主要原因与台站观测极距缩短有关，可能是随观测极距的缩短，受浅部电性结构层影响增大，而与深部电性结构无关，因而这一变化不具有震兆意义。     

人工源地电场"选择性"现象研究

地震电信号的"选择性"现象是地电学中非常重要的特征.地电信号的"选择性"现象普遍存在: 上海浦东张江台观测不到源自其西南方向三个接地极上千安培入地大电流的附加地电场, 而能够观测到其正南方向接地极入地大电流的附加地电场; 山东地区邹城台和乳山台无法接收到青州接地极上千安培入地大电流.通过大地电磁测深手段探明了张江台出现该现象的主要原因在于其西南方向信号源至观测台之间地下存在着巨大的高阻体; 其正南方向观测台至信号源之间地下以中低阻体和低阻体为主.上述大地电磁测深资料和断层解释为张江地电场台站观测特征的机理进行了很好阐释, 解释了地震电信号在大区域范围传播过程中由于大尺度地下电性结构复杂性带来的影响, 为深入认识地震电信号"选择性"现象提供了直接的勘探依据.     

Electrical Struture of the Crust in Manas Earthquake Area,Xinjiang,China

Magnetotelluric sounding data obtalned recently in Manas earthquake area were processed. Inthe result, curves of apparent resistivity, impedance Phase, skewness and optimum rotationangle versus period and the real magnetic induction vectors were obtained. Then the data ofall measuring points were interpreted by 2D automatic inversion. The result indicates thatalong the sounding profile the shallow crust can be divided into 5 segments and the deep crustcan be divided into 3 segments, with faults or deep-seated fault zones as the contactboundaries between them. The sedimentary cover along the profile extents down to depthabout 12 km in maximum and a low-resistivity body exists in the crust in southern section ofthe profile. The interpretation results are well consistent with geological and othergeophysical data. The Manas M7. 7 earthquake occurred near a contact zone where theelectrical structure of the crust sharply changes.     

Joint parameter estimation from magnetic resonance and vertical electric soundings using a multi‐objective genetic algorithm

Magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) has increasingly become an important method in hydrogeophysics because it allows for estimations of essential hydraulic properties such as porosity and hydraulic conductivity. A resistivity model is required for magnetic resonance sounding modelling and inversion. Therefore, joint interpretation or inversion is favourable to reduce the ambiguities that arise in separate magnetic resonance sounding and vertical electrical sounding (VES) inversions. A new method is suggested for the joint inversion of magnetic resonance sounding and vertical electrical sounding data. A one‐dimensional blocky model with varying layer thicknesses is used for the subsurface discretization. Instead of conventional derivative‐based inversion schemes that are strongly dependent on initial models, a global multi‐objective optimization scheme (a genetic algorithm [GA] in this case) is preferred to examine a set of possible solutions in a predefined search space. Multi‐objective joint optimization avoids the domination of one objective over the other without applying a weighting scheme. The outcome is a group of non‐dominated optimal solutions referred to as the Pareto‐optimal set. Tests conducted using synthetic data show that the multi‐objective joint optimization approximates the joint model parameters within the experimental error level and illustrates the range of trade‐off solutions, which is useful for understanding the consistency and conflicts between two models and objectives. Overall, the Levenberg‐Marquardt inversion of field data measured during a survey on a North Sea island presents similar solutions. However, the multi‐objective genetic algorithm method presents an efficient method for exploring the search space by producing a set of non‐dominated solutions. Borehole data were used to provide a verification of the inversion outcomes and indicate that the suggested genetic algorithm method is complementary for derivative‐based inversions.     

The use of multi-electrode resistivity imaging in gravel prospecting

We investigated the potential of using a 24-electrode resistivity imaging apparatus for rapid reconnaissance surveys for natural-aggregate accumulation. The surveys were first calibrated at sites with known geometry of sand and gravel layers, which showed that subsurface accumulation of coarse material was accurately resolved with both 2- and 4-m electrode spacing. The inverted absolute resistivity of economically viable gravel deposits varied in the range of 300–1500 Ω m, depending on variation in ground-moisture levels. The exploration surveys were then conducted at seven sites where geomorphological analyses indicated a potential for gravel. Four of these sites, where subsurface resistivity did not exceed 30–40 Ω m, were found to have very little or no coarse material. The three remaining sites showed significant accumulations of high-resistivity material, two of which were subsequently augered for verification. The results of drilling demonstrated that resistivity images were an effective indicator of the presence of coarse material in the subsurface, allowing accurate determination of subsurface distribution and thickness of sand and gravel strata. The total volume of a deposit could easily be estimated from resistivity images. The absolute quality and economic value of the material, is, however, difficult to ascertain from resistivity images alone without drilling.     

深地震测深揭示的华南地区地壳结构及其动力学意义

20世纪70年代以来,我国实施与华南地区有关的深地震测深剖面达57条.本文收集该区的深地震测深研究成果,利用保真能力强的三维克里金插值技术构建了100°E~125°E,18°N~34°N区域内的三维地壳速度模型.基于三维地壳结构模型,分别探讨了华南地区不同构造单元地壳厚度空间变化特征、地壳属性、上地幔顶部地震波速变化以及太平洋向欧亚板块的俯冲方向等.研究结果表明:(1)扬子地块平均地壳厚度为40 km左右,地壳平均速度为6.30 km/s;华夏地块平均地壳厚度32 km左右,地壳平均速度6.24 km/s.(2)扬子地块的四川盆地与全球地台区具有相似的地壳速度-深度变化特征,华夏地块与全球伸展区结构相似,台湾造山带具有较典型全球大陆弧的特点.(3)华夏地块上地幔顶部Pn波平均速度为8.02 km/s;台湾造山带Pn波平均速度为7.98 km/s;扬子地块的Pn波速度为7.94 km/s,包含四川盆地(Pn速度达8.02 km/s)和川滇地区(Pn速度最低为7.75 km/s).川滇地区和松潘—甘孜褶皱带东部构造活动性较强,四川盆地和华夏地块相对较稳定.(4)推测太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲的方向为NW-SE方向.     

Azimuthal resistivity soundings over a steeply dipping anisotropic formation: A case history in central Tunisia

Azimuthal Resistivity Soundings (ARS), using the so-called “Arrow-type array” as proposed by Bolshakov et al. were carried out in Central Tunisia, together with azimuthal resistivity tomography, because of the known anisotropic behaviour of the nearly vertical formations.First, the developments designed by Bolshakov et al. are reviewed: they deal with the separation between the effects of anisotropy and of heterogeneities, the design of the Arrow-type array and the introduction of the azimuthal spectral analysis.Second, the main methodological results obtained near Gouazine Lake are presented: (1) the clear effect of a quasi-vertical contact and (2) the characterisation of the anisotropic substratum below a thin superficial layer in one site close to the axis of the valley: the strike direction (α = 50°N), and a rather high anisotropy coefficient (λ ≈ 4) are determined.And lastly two directions for further developments are suggested.     

Glacier development and topographic context

This paper analyses the topographic context of the remaining glaciated areas in the Maladeta Massif (Central Spanish Pyrenees). These ice‐covered surfaces have been incorporated into a geographic information system (GIS) in an attempt at correlating the presence of ice with a range of topographic variables obtained from a digital elevation model. The use of generalized additive models and binary regression tree models enabled us (i) to quantify the spatial variability in the distribution of glaciers attributable to characteristics of the local terrain, (ii) to investigate the interaction between the variables that account for the ice cover distribution and (iii) to map the probability of glacier development. Our results show that although the development of glaciers depends on regional climate conditions, the topographic context is of paramount importance in determining the location, extent, shape and recent evolution of each glacial body. Thus, the joint effect of altitude, exposure to incoming solar radiation, slope and mean curvature is able to explain more than 70 per cent of the observed variance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electrical imaging of lateritic weathering mantles over granitic and metamorphic basement of eastern Senegal, West Africa

The electrical properties of several tens of metres of lateritic weathering mantle were investigated by using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) in two basement areas of eastern Senegal. The field survey was conducted along two profiles providing continuous coverage. Colour-modulated pseudosections of apparent resistivity vs. pseudo-depth were plotted for all survey lines, giving an approximate image of the subsurface structure. In the area underlain by granitic basement, the pseudosection suggests a very inhomogeneous weathered layer in which the apparent resistivity changes more rapidly than thickness. In the second area, underlain by schists, the lateral changes in electrical properties are less pronounced than those of the granitic area. Interpretation of 2D Wenner resistivity data yielded considerable detail about the regolith, even without pit information. In both areas, the near-surface topsoil comprising undersaturated lateritic material is highly resistive. The intermediate layer with low resistivities (e.g., 20–100 Ωm) contains clays including small quantities of water. The third, highly resistive layer reflects the granitic basement. Comparison of ERT survey results with pit information shows general agreement and suggests that ERT can be used as a fast and efficient exploration tool to map the thick lateritic weathering mantle in tropical basement areas with hard rock geology.     

Effects of fluid displacement pattern on complex electrical impedance in Berea sandstone over frequency range 104–106 Hz

To better understand the effect of fluid distribution on the electric response of rocks saturated with oil and brine, we conducted experimental studies on the complex electrical impedance in a Berea sandstone, together with in situ acquisitions of oil distribution images employing a high‐resolution medical X‐ray computed tomography. We performed two tests of brine displacement by oil under high (10 MPa) and low (5 MPa) pressures, which were accompanied by fingering and stable displacement patterns, respectively. The measured complex impedance data were fitted to the Cole model to obtain the resistance, capacitance, peak frequency of the imaginary impedance, and the exponent α of the rock–fluid system. With increasing oil saturation, the resistance showed an increasing trend, whereas the other three parameters decreased. The fingering displacement exhibited lower resistance and capacitance than the stable displacement. The analysis of the resistance changes using a simple parallel connection model indicates that there are more components of residual brine in parallel connections in the fingering pattern than in the stable displacement pattern at the same saturation. We also interpreted the normalised changes in the capacitance (or apparent dielectric constant) with respect to the oil saturation via an analysis of the shape factor of fluid distribution based on the Maxwell–Wagner–Brugermann–Hanai model. The changes in the shape factor suggest that the pinch‐off of the brine in parallel connection by the oil is a dominant mechanism reducing the capacitance. In the stable displacement, most of the connections in the brine phase are immediately pinched off by oil displacement front at a local oil saturation of 65%. Conversely, in the fingering displacement, there is a transition from the bulk or layered brine to the pinched‐off at a local oil saturation below 60%. The analyses indicate that the difference in the fluid distribution under different fluid conditions is responsible for the non‐Archie behaviour.     

宁夏海原大震区西安州—韦州剖面大地电磁探测与研究

对穿过宁夏海原大震区西安州(N36.5°,E105.5°)北至同心县韦州(N37.28°,E106.48°)的大地电磁测深剖面，采用远参考道大地电磁方法进行测量和资料处理，得到高精度的数据如视电阻率、阻抗相位、二维偏离度、最佳主轴方位角等. 依据这些数据，对测区的电性结构进行了定性分析和二维定量反演解释. 结果表明，沿剖面可以分成5个电性区块，与西、南华山隆起(Ⅰ)、兴仁堡—海原盆地(Ⅱ)、中卫—清水河盆地(Ⅲ)、中宁—红寺堡盆地(Ⅳ)和鄂尔多斯西缘带(Ⅴ)对应，各区块的边界由大断裂构成. 地表到深度10km左右，西、南华山隆起和鄂尔多斯西缘带呈高阻特性，兴仁堡—海原、中卫—清水河、中宁—红寺堡三个盆地的电阻率较低且呈盆地凹陷形状，盆地基底显示为西南深东北浅的簸箕状起伏形态，基底最深约为8km. 西、南华山隆起、中卫—清水河盆地和鄂尔多斯西缘带的下地壳为“正常”电阻率结构. 兴仁堡—海原和中宁—红寺堡盆地的下地壳上部为“异常”低电阻率带. 1920年的海原大震区存在明显的电性结构差异，震区西南侧和上部区域为相对高阻，东北侧和下部区域为相对低阻.     

郯庐断裂带中段电性结构及其地学意义研究

郯庐断裂带是中国大陆东部一个重要的左行走滑断裂系,对于研究中国大陆的形成演化与构造格局有着十分重要的意义.阿拉善左旗—山东日照超宽频带大地电磁测深剖面在山东莒县附近穿越了郯庐断裂带中段,电性主轴分析结果表明断裂带附近构造走向大致为北东20°;反演电阻率模型表明剖面穿越处郯庐断裂带的宽度约为30 km,断裂带主体是两条切割深度大、陡倾的断裂,西侧断裂切割深度约为60 km,向西倾斜,断面陡立,倾角约为70°,东侧断裂切割深度大于80 km,但小于100 km,界面东倾,陡立,倾角约为60°~80°;这两条断裂都切穿了地壳,但未切穿岩石圈.郯庐断裂带东缘至剖面终端日照,整个地壳为高阻,与断裂带西侧地壳的电性结构差异明显,这表明郯庐断裂带是华北地块与胶辽朝地块的边界断裂.     

宁芜火山岩盆地及邻区上地壳电性结构研究

为了较全面、客观地认识宁芜矿集区上地壳电性结构,研究"玢岩铁矿"成矿规律与深部地球物理、地质结构的对应关系,为探索深部"第二找矿空间"提供物性参数,我们完成了6条宽频大地电磁测深剖面.通过分析各剖面电性成像结果,讨论了"长江断裂带"与矿集区成矿的关系,并且认为围岩、岩浆及其上侵通道是区内矿床的控矿因素.此外,结合姑山铁矿床的位置以及铁矿床成矿规律判断宁芜火山岩盆地南部低阻条带为矿集区姑山火山-岩浆旋回的岩浆(导矿)通道,而盆地东部邻区的倾斜"叠瓦状"电性特征说明该区在经历了印支期褶皱构造运动后发育了逆冲推覆构造.     

电阻率层析成像和激电测深对栾川铅锌矿的联合勘探

在栾川铅锌矿的物探工作中，采用了电阻率层析成像和激电测深两种方法，电阻率层析成像法采用温纳装置或偶极装置，电极数量和极距视情况而定，主要调查工作区内隐伏构造情况，激电测深采用对称四极测深法，最小AB／2距为3M，最大AB／2距为500M，主要研究激电测深参数的变化规律，对于含矿构造而言，激电参数呈异常高值反映，视极化率在15－40％，两种方法的联合应用，具有快速而准确的特点，在探矿工作中取得了良好的效果。     

松辽盆地北部地热场深部控制因素研究: 基于大地电磁探测的结果

松辽盆地北部存在中低温地热场,地热场呈现中间高、四周环状降低的特征.松辽盆地内部形成高地热场的主要因素,一是深部热源供给;二是浅部热能储集.通过深部结构特征研究可揭示热源及热储的分布及相互联系,对松辽盆地北部地热场成因研究具有重要意义.为了揭示松辽盆地北部地热场的深部控制因素,本文基于古龙镇至依安县的246 km长大地电磁剖面,对71个宽频测点数据通过傅里叶变换、Robust估计以及相位张量分解等处理手段,在精细分析维性特征及电性主轴的基础上,利用非线性共轭梯度反演获得了剖面40 km深二维电性结构模型.研究发现：电阻率模型具有"纵向分层,横向分块"的特征,以水热性温泉富集的林甸地区为界,剖面南北两侧电性结构存在明显的差异,南侧呈现"低阻-高阻-低阻"的三元电性结构,北侧呈现"低阻"的一元电性结构,这两种结构与地温场分布具有良好的对应关系,林甸以南的三元电性结构区对应高地热异常,以北的一元电性结构区热异常下降明显;林甸地区位于这两种端元的分界区,地表温泉丰富,且发育有基底断裂,为水热型地热发育的"热点"地区;林甸南北两侧深部存在两个高导体C1、C2,这与普遍认识的松辽盆地存在软流圈隆起有关,说明盆地下方具有统一的热源,部分熔融热物质作为深部热源向上传递热量,不同之处在于林甸以南地区,中地壳存在巨厚高阻特征的前寒武纪结晶基底R1,为地热的保存提供了有利条件,而林甸以北地区深部缺少聚集热量的结晶基底,导致地热异常迅速降低.     

The modified pseudo-depth section as a tool in resistivity and IP prospecting — A case history

Following the depths of investigation of different electrode arrays, given byRoy andApparao (1971) andRoy (1972), a modified pseudo-depth section was suggested for any array byApparao andSarma (1981) as a tool in resistivity and IP prospecting. The tool was used for the interpretation of IP and resistivity anomalies obtained in a virgin area—Jonnagiri village, Pattikonda Taluq, Kurnool district (A.P.) India. Two of the four bore holes recommended encountered sulphide mineralization, while the other two met with white altered ashy material at the position of the maximum anomaly contour in the depth sections. The drilling results prove the utility of the modified pseudosections in the interpretation of the field data.     

采空区地震与电法探测数据的联合反演研究及应用

综合地球物理技术在采空区的探测中发挥了重要作用.目前通常采用单方法反演、仅对不同方法反演结果进行对比解释的综合勘探方式,单方法反演的多解性严重降低了其探测精度.如何提高采空区的探测精度,对采空区进行有效探测一直被认为是地球物理技术面临的首要难题.为了提高地震与电法技术的探测精度,基于交叉梯度联合反演理论,设计了地震初至折射走时数据和高密度电法数据的联合反演算法流程,对采空区理论模型和野外实际数据进行了联合反演处理.结果发现通过两者的联合反演,不仅可以提高采空区电阻率反演模型的成像效果,而且能够获得地震单方法反演难以成像的采空区低速异常体,从而提高了地震与电法技术对采空区的探测精度.表明地震与电法探测数据联合反演是一种提高采空区探测精度的有效方法.     

电磁勘探中各向异性研究现状和展望

电各向异性广泛存在于自然界中,已成为电磁勘探资料解释中不可忽视的因素.特别是在一些沉积岩地区,由于层理发育导致地下介质电阻率随电流方向发生变化,表现出很强的各向异性导电性.此时,利用各向同性模型进行电磁数据解释将引起很大的误差.本文回顾了电磁勘探中电各向异性研究的历史,简要介绍电各向异性成因、数值模拟中的数学描述及电各向异性介质中电磁场正反演模拟方法等研究现状,总结电各向异性在大地电磁、可控源电磁、航空电磁和感应测井等方面的最新研究进展及未来的挑战.随着多维电磁数据采集及正反演模拟技术的进步和计算能力的提高,给电各向异性信息提取和应用带来了新的契机.电各向异性研究将在矿产资源勘查、油气存储与运移特征分析、地下水和地热、环境工程地质调查、大地构造及地质灾害预测等方面发挥积极作用.