秦岭造山带与南北相邻地带远震接收函数与地壳结构

从2013年3月至2014年11月,我们布设了一条延川—涪陵的流动宽频带地震台阵,剖面由70个流动台站组成,全长约900km,穿越华北克拉通、秦岭—大巴造山带和扬子克拉通东北缘陆内三大构造单元.利用记录到的远震波形资料,提取得到5638个远震P波接收函数,使用H-κ叠加扫描和CCP偏移叠加方法刻划了秦岭造山带与南北相邻地带的地壳厚度、泊松比以及构造界带.研究结果显示,(1)关于地壳厚度:地壳最厚的区域出现在大巴山,地壳厚度集中在47~51km之间,秦岭的地壳厚度相对大巴山较薄,且呈向北减薄趋势,集中在37~46km之间,渭河盆地地壳厚度为本区域最薄地带,在34°N左右处达到最薄为35km,剖面北侧的南鄂尔多斯盆地的地壳厚度变化缓慢,多为44km左右,南侧的四川盆地东北缘的地壳厚度向南缓慢减薄,集中在42~48km之间;(2)关于泊松比:使用接收函数H-κ叠加扫描法得到了沿剖面各台站下方地壳的平均纵、横波速度比VP/VS(κ),进一步计算得到泊松比σ,泊松比具有明显的横向分块特征,秦岭造山带的泊松比明显低于南北两侧区域,其小于0.26的泊松比表征着该区域地壳物质组分主要为酸性岩石,亦即其酸性长英质组分上地壳相对于基性铁镁质组分下地壳较厚,该区域没有高泊松比分布则表明不存在广泛的部分熔融.(3)关于构造界带:秦岭—大巴造山带与扬子克拉通的边界并非在勉略构造带,应向南移至四川盆地的东北缘,华北克拉通和扬子克拉通分踞秦岭—大巴造山带南、北两侧,且分别以较陡倾角向南和相对较缓的倾角向北俯冲于秦岭—大巴造山带之下,使得秦岭—大巴造山带呈不对称状扇形向外扩展与向上抬升的空间几何模型.秦岭和大巴山之间33°N附近存在分界面,两区域地壳厚度与泊松比特征各异.     

秦岭造山带与沉积盆地和结晶基底地震波场及动力学响应

秦岭-大别造山带横贯中国大陆中部,并将我国东部分为南北两部;即华北克拉通和扬子克拉通.在南、北相向运动力系驱动下构成了一个极为复杂的复合、叠加构造带、成矿带和地震活动带.同时导致了该地域异常变化的沉积建造和强烈起伏的结晶基底.然而对它们形成的地球物理边界场响应,岩相和结构的异常变化尚不清晰,特别对盆山之间的耦合响应更缺乏深层动力过程的理解.为此本文通过该区榆林-铜川-涪陵长1000 km剖面的地震探测和研究结果提出：（1）沉积建造厚度变化为4~10 km,结晶基底起伏强烈,幅度可达4~6 km;（2）一系列基底断裂将该区切割为南鄂尔多斯盆地和秦岭北缘前陆盆地、秦岭-大巴造山带和南缘前陆盆地与东北四川盆地,其中前陆盆地为秦岭北渭河盆地和秦岭南通江-万源盆地;（3）秦岭造山带是北部华北克拉通向南推挤、南部扬子克拉通向北推挤下隆升的陆内山体,并构筑了其南、北前陆盆地;（4）秦岭造山带的南、北边界并非是一条边界断层,而应是包括前陆盆地在内的组合界带;（5）秦岭与大巴弧形山系源于同一深部结晶基底,即同根生.这一系列的新认识对深化理解秦岭-大巴造山带形成的深层动力过程和演化机理及厘定扬子克拉通的真实北界具有极为重要的意义.     

阴山造山带—鄂尔多斯盆地岩石圈层、块速度结构与深层动力过程

阴山造山带位于鄂尔多斯盆地的北缘,这一地带不仅是构造活动强、弱的变异地域,且为盆、山的耦合地带,故在造山带与盆地地域具有各异的深层动力过程.本文基于高精度人工源地震宽角反射、折射探测和高分辨率的数据采集,通过反演求得了满都拉—鄂尔多斯—榆林—延川长达650 km剖面辖区的岩石圈精细层、块结构.研究结果表明：①沿该剖面由南向北地壳厚度为40~45 km;在不同构造单元其介质、结构均不相同;速度分布、空间结构形态和界面起伏及属性亦存在着明显差异;上地幔顶部速度为8.0~8.1 km/s;②沿剖面存在5条深、大断裂,且将该区切割成为壳、幔结构明显差异的4个构造单元,即鄂尔多斯盆地、盆山耦合地带、阴山造山带、内蒙构造带,它们各自具有固有的深层过程和动力学响应.同时厘定了阴山造山带与内蒙构造带之间的白云鄂博深、大断裂带是古亚洲洋的南界.在这里不仅导致了阴山造山带的形成,而且聚集了诸多的金属矿产资源,地震亦频繁活动.基于上述研究表明,阴山造山带—鄂尔多斯盆地耦合地带的壳、幔结构复杂、呈现出速度结构各异的层、块状展布.显然,在这一错综的成山、成盆、成岩、成矿和成灾地带,有着特异的深层过程和动力机制.     

横跨天山的宽频带流动地震台阵观测

中国地震局地质研究所台阵地震学实验室于2003年4月—2004年9月,横跨天山布设了由60台仪器组成,总长度超过500 km,宽频带流动地震观测剖面.野外观测记录地震事件1434个.横跨天山的接收函数剖面表明,沿测线地壳结构复杂,介质存在明显的横向非均匀.同时,我们的初步结果还揭示了天山与两侧盆地的耦合关系,天山下方的壳幔界面较为模糊.     

Crustal structure beneath the Dabie orogenic belt from ambient noise tomography

The Qinling–Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt in east-central China is the largest high and ultrahigh pressure (HP and UHP) metamorphic zone in the world. The Dabie Mountains are the central segment of this orogenic belt between the North China and Yangtze cratons. This work studies the nature of the crustal structure beneath the Dabie orogenic belt to better understand the orogeny. To do that, we apply ambient noise tomography to the Dabie orogenic belt using ambient noise data from 40 stations of the China National Seismic Network (CNSN) between January 2008 and December 2009. We retrieve high signal noise ratio (SNR) Rayleigh waves by cross-correlating ambient noise data between most of the station pairs and then extract phase velocity dispersion measurements from those cross-correlations using a spectral method. Taking those dispersion measurements, we obtain high-resolution phase velocity maps at 8–35 second periods. By inverting Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps, we construct a high-resolution 3D shear velocity model of the crust in the Dabie orogenic belt.The resulting 3D model reveals interesting crustal features related to the orogeny. High shear wave velocities are imaged beneath the HP/UHP metaphoric zones at depths shallower than 9 km, suggesting that HP/UHP metaphoric rocks are primarily concentrated in the upper crust. Underlying the high velocity HP/UHP metamorphic zones, low shear velocities are observed in the middle crust, probably representing ductile shear zones and/or brittle fracture zones developed during the exhumation of the HP/UHP metamorphic rocks. Strong high velocities are present beneath the Northern Dabie complex unit in the middle crust, possibly related to cooling and crystallization of intrusive igneous rocks in the middle crust resulting from the post-collisional lithosphere delamination and subsequent magmatism. A north-dipping Moho is revealed in the eastern Dabie with the deepest Moho appearing beneath the Northern Dabie complex unit, consistent with the model of Triassic northward subduction of the Yangtze Craton beneath the North China Craton.     

郯庐断裂带南段与大别──胶南造山带构造复合（叠加）的显微构造证据

对那庐断裂带南段构造岩特别是中深层次韧性剪切带中的糜棱岩进行了研究自北向南于部庐断裂带主干断裂沿线选取6条有代表性的初一脆性剪切带进行地质测量,应用高分辨透射电子显微镜对构造岩中变形石英的位错结构进行观察,求得了韧性剪切作用下构造岩石所受的古差异应力和应变速率等一系列应变参数从显微构造角度提出了郊庐断裂带与大别一胶南造山带构造复合（叠加）的证据：构造岩石的一组应变参数是郊庐断裂带的产物,严格受其中的韧性剪切带控制,另一组系大别-胶南造山带与部庐断裂带复合的产物还讨论了都庐断裂带南段中深层次构造岩的变形一变质历史     

中亚造山带东段软流圈分布特征——基于长周期大地电磁探测的结果

中亚造山带东段经历了古亚洲洋、蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋和古太平洋构造体制的多重作用,多期次的构造活动不仅改造了地形地貌、岩石圈结构,同时也改造了软流圈分布,因此对软流圈结构研究具有重要的科学意义.为了揭示复杂多重构造体系下软流圈的分布特征,完成了中亚造山带东段约1800km长大地电磁测深剖面,并对数据进行非线性共轭梯度反演,获得二维电性结构模型.研究发现:中亚造山带东段岩石圈内部存在多处低阻异常,地表多对应第四纪火山群或古缝合带,表明这些低阻异常与软流圈上侵有关.软流圈呈现高导特征,南部略薄,电阻率值为10～30Ωm,北部厚度较大,电阻率值为10～0.1Ωm,这种电性结构特征体现了中亚造山带东段软流圈南北两侧厚度、部分熔融程度的不均一性.而已有的层析成像结果显示中亚造山带软流圈东西向则呈现东厚西薄的特征.结合区域地质,提出软流圈与岩石圈一样在碰撞造山过程中厚度、部分熔融程度也会随之变化的动力学认识.中亚造山带东段软流圈主要经历了古亚洲洋构造体系、蒙古—鄂霍茨克构造体系和太平洋构造体系三阶段的构造事件影响,因此中亚造山带东段软流圈的南北向差异,推断为古亚洲洋闭合早于鄂霍茨克洋闭合的时限差异所致,东西向差异则主要受太平洋构造体系的影响.     

地质观测、地震剖面和重力测量的综合方法在前陆褶皱冲断带的应用：以天山北麓呼图壁河剖面为例

褶皱逆冲带的几何学研究是造山带研究的热点,但是无论是传统构造地质学方法还是地球物理学方法都在研究褶皱逆冲带几何特征时存在多解性.为了制约这种多解性,本文以天山北麓的呼图壁河剖面为列,介绍一种地质与地球物理相结合的研究方法.该方法首先沿呼图壁河剖面进行详细的地表观测,获取地表的构造地质数据形成初步的地质模型,其次结合地表构造和钻井分层数据,对收集到的石油地震剖面进行重新解释.然而,地震反射数据只分布在盆地内部,在盆山结合带缺失或者不清晰,因此对该剖面进行了重力测量并计算出布格重力异常.结合盆地各沉积地层和基底密度值,用重力正演方法模拟呼图壁河剖面的密度结构.研究结果显示沿呼图壁河剖面并不存在天山北缘断裂,盆地的沉积盖层可以从准噶尔盆地连续过度到天山内部并不整合覆盖在天山古生代基底之上.这一结果与西段金钩河剖面的天山基底逆冲到准噶尔盆地显然不同,说明了天山北缘盆山结合带构造的多样性.利用平衡剖面技术,恢复的呼图壁河平衡剖面缩短量约为4.8 km,对比前人研究,说明了天山北缘的缩短量沿东西方向存在显著的不均一性.本研究也说明这种构造地质与地震及非震地球物理相结合的方法可以广泛地被应用于褶皱逆冲带.     

A REVIEW OF MOUNTAIN-BASIN COUPLING OF JIANGHAN AND DONGTING BASINS WITH THEIR SURROUNDING MOUNTAINS

Sedimentary basin and orogenic belt are two important components of continental structure with internal genetic links. The study of the basin-mountain coupling can reconstruct and restore the coupling relationships between the deep lithosphere process, near-surface structure and climate change over time. The Jianghan-Dongting Basin locates in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, presenting a clear basin and mountain boundary with the Qinling-Dabie Shan to the north, the Mufu Shan to the southeast, the Wuling Shan to the southwest, and the E'xi Mountain to the west, respectively. The Meso-Cenozoic Jianghan-Dongting Basin was affected by the subduction and collision of the Pacific plate and the Indian Ocean plate on the Eurasian continent, resulting in multiple tectonic evolution processes. There are some big rivers pouring into the Jianghan-Dongting Basin, such as the Yangtze River, Hanjiang River, Ba River, Xiangjiang River, and Yuanjiang River, etc. to serve as the material transport belts linking between the orogenic belt denudation and basin deposition. Therefore, the Jianghan-Dongting Basin has become a multi-source sedimentary basin, which makes it a natural laboratory to explore the geological processes from source to sink. Because the low-temperature thermochronology(e.g. fission-track and(U-Th)/He)can record the recent uplift time of mountains, they are widely used on the bedrock samples and the detrital synorogenic sediments in basins to constrain the surface uplift time of the orogenic belt. Hence, in the first parts of the paper we summarize and sort out the research results of basin-mountain coupling process in the Jianghan-Dongting Basin, evaluate the research results, identify the existing problems, and propose new research directions. After that, we introduce the applications of low-temperature thermochronology on the bedrock within the orogenic belt, basin and river sediments, combined with the actual situation of Jianghan-Dongting Basin, and put forward a new research breakthrough point. It is found that the Jianghan-Dongting Basin is very suitable for the study of low-temperature thermalchronology on detrital minerals. However, it should combine the low-temperature thermochronology results of both orogenic belt and river sediments with the provenance analysis on the same target minerals, building the connection between the exhumation and provenance information on the orogenic belt, thus providing the detailed evolution of mountain-basin coupling process.     

天山造山带岩石圈密度与磁性结构研究及其动力学分析

库尔勒—吉木萨尔剖面横跨塔里木盆地北缘、天山造山带和准噶尔盆地南缘.沿剖面完成了重磁联合反演,获得了岩石圈二维密度结构与二维磁性结构.结果发现,塔里木盆地与准噶尔盆地向天山造山带对冲.在地壳范围内,塔里木盆地北缘与准噶尔盆地南缘的平均密度较高,天山造山带的地壳平均密度较低.天山造山带具有较高的磁化强度,尤其表现在准噶尔盆地南缘至天山造山带中部的整个地壳范围内,预示着天山南北可能具有不同的构造演化历史、构造运动方式以及构造运动强度.在塔里木盆地与天山造山带以及准噶尔盆地与天山造山带的接触部位的上地幔顶部分别发现了低密度体,推测在塔里木盆地由南而北向天山造山带“层间插入与俯冲消减”,以及准噶尔盆地由北而南向天山造山带俯冲的过程中塔里木盆地北缘和准噶尔盆地南缘下地壳物质被带进天山造山带上地幔顶部.库尔勒—吉木萨尔剖面岩石圈二维密度结构与磁性结构为天山造山带的构造分段提供了岩石圈尺度的依据.     

伽师强震群的深部动力学条件

根据天山造山带及其两侧的塔里木盆地和准噶尔盆地的岩石圈二维速度结构、二维密度结构、二维电性结构、壳幔过渡带的详细结构以及大地热流和震源深度的分布,再结合对新疆西北部的蛇绿岩带、高压变质带和岩浆岩分布的综合分析,建立了天山造山带的地球动力学“层间插入消减”模型。该模型认为,塔里木板块的中上地壳在库尔勒断裂附近向天山造山带的中下地壳层间插入;而下地壳连同岩石圈地幔向天山造山带的上地幔俯冲消减。在天山的西段（哈萨克斯坦境内）,费尔干纳地块由北向南插入到南天山之下约180km的深处,在其东段（中国境内）,塔里木盆地由南向北插入南天山之下。这两个具有不同方向的下降板片的接触部位为费尔干纳走滑断裂。我国的伽师、喀什、乌恰地震区均落在这两个具有不同俯冲方向板块的结合部位附近,有着特殊的深部构造背景。南、北两大板块的双向挤压必定产生强大的应力,在地震区附近,这种应力的积累与释放具有4个显著的特点：（1）板片的俯冲消减速度约高达每年22mm左右;（2）应力的积累与释放速率加快;（3）应力释放较容易;（4）应力释放较为集中。这4个特点可能是伽师地区在较短的时间内连续发生数次强震的构造因素。     

Shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle underneath the Tianshan orosenic belt

From April,2003 to September,2004,a passive broadband seismic array consisting of 60 stations was deployed over the Tianshan orogenic belt by State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics,Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration.Among them,51 stations make up an about 500-km-long profile across the Tianshan Mountains from Kuytun to Kuqa.The receiver function profile and S-wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle down to 100 km deep are obtained by using the receiver function method (Liu et al.1996,2000).The main results can be summarized as follows:(1) A clear mountain root does not exist beneath the Tianshan Mountains,and the crust-mantle boundaries underneath the stations mostly have transitional structures.This implies that the material differentiation between the crust and mantle is not yet accomplished and the orogenic process is still going on.(2)The crust beneath the Tianshan Mountains has laterally blocked structures in direction perpendicular to the mountain strike,and the crust-mantle boundary has a clear dislocation structure.Both of them correspond to each other.(3)The offsets of the Moho discontinuity are highly correlated to the tectonic borders on the surface and that corresponding to the frontal southern Tianshan fault reaches to 14 km.This manifests that large vertical divergent movement took place between different blocks.This supports the discontinuous model of the Tianshan orogeny,and the Tarim block subduction is restricted only to the southern side of the South Tianshan.(4)Inside the upper and middle crust of the Tianshan Mountains exist several low-velocity bodies correlated with high seismicity located on the mountain-basin jointures on both sides of the mountain and between different blocks,and the low-velocity bodies on the mountain-basin jointures are inclined obviously to the mountain.This implies that the low-velocity bodies may be correlated closely to the thrust and subduction of the basins on both sides of the mountain,the splicing of adjacent blocks and the fast uplift of the Tianshan Mountains.     

秦岭造山带与邻域华北克拉通和扬子克拉通的壳、幔精细速度结构与深层过程

秦岭造山带与其南北两侧华北克拉通和扬子克拉通属三大构造单元,不论其各构造单元体还是其界带构造均甚为复杂,并受到多期次构造运动的制约,形成了大陆内部特异的造山过程.尽管在这一地域曾做过大量的地表地质工作和一些相关的地球物理工作,但对其壳、幔精细结构、深层动力过程,特别是同步穿越华北克拉通、秦岭-大巴造山带和扬子克拉通系统的耦合研究甚少.为了研究和探索该地域的壳、幔精细速度结构和其形成的深层过程,专门布置了一条北起榆林,向南经咸阳、宁陕直抵涪陵长达1000 km的高精度地震宽角反射、折射波场探测剖面.通过剖面辖区高分辨率的数据采集,数据处理、反演和壳、幔层、块精细速度结构,发现剖面辖区深部壳、幔结构存在特异的速度和结构变化,并厘定了一系列的新认识.研究结果表明:(1)秦岭—大巴造山带具有同一基底,其形成乃为结晶基底隆升所致,即它的形成仅涉及到上地壳的受力变形和空间状态.造山带与其南、北两侧的前陆盆地为陆内造山过程中同一深层过程的产物,但其沉积速率和形态却不相同.华北克拉通与秦岭造山带之间前陆盆地B_fc拉张为该区Moho界面的局部隆升所致.(2)首次提出了沿1000 km长剖面连续的沉积建造、结晶基底、上地壳、下地壳和上地幔顶部的层、块速度结构和各界面的起伏变化与空间状态.基于地震波边界场响应厘定了华北克拉通、秦岭—大巴造山带和扬子克拉通的分区界带.论述了三大构造单元各自的内部结构和其相邻界域的速度变化特征.(3)该区大陆内部速度结构和不同类型断裂分布及层序在华北克拉通、秦岭—大巴造山带、扬子克拉通三大块体地域存在显著差异.不同规模、层次与产状的断裂分布反映出它们在变形行为和机制上及所受构造运动的制约上均存在明显的差异.     

Using large dynamite shots to image the structure of the Moho from deep seismic reflection experiment between the Sichuan basin and Qinling orogen

The Qinling orogen was formed as a result of the collision between the North and South China blocks. The Qinling orogen represents the location at which the southern and northern parts of the Chinese mainland collided, and it's also the intersection of the Central China orogen and the north-south tectonic belt. There is evidence of strong deformation in this orogen, and it has had a long and complex geological history. We investigated the structure of the Moho in the southern Qinling orogen using large dynamite shot imaging techniques. By integrating the analysis of the single-shot and the move-out corrections profile, we determined the structure of the Moho beneath the northern Dabashan thrust belt and the southern Qinling orogen, including the mantle suture beneath Fenghuang mountain. The Moho is divided into two parts by the mantle suture zone beneath Fenghuang mountain:(1) from Ziyang to Hanyin, the north-dipping Moho is at about45–55 km depth and the depth increases rapidly; and(2)from Hanyin to Ningshan, the south-dipping Moho is at about 40–45 km depth and shallows slowly. The mantle suture is located beneath Fenghuang mountain, and the Moho overlaps at this location: the shallower Moho is connected to the northern part of China, and the deeper Moho is connected to the southern part. This may indicate that the lithosphere in the Sichuan basin subducts to the Qinling block and that the subduction frontier reaches at least as far as Fenghuang mountain.     

Shear wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle underneath the Tianshan orogenic belt

From April, 2003 to September, 2004, a passive broadband seismic array consisting of 60 stations was deployed over the Tianshan orogenic belt by State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration. Among them, 51 stations make up an about 500-km-long profile across the Tianshan Mountains from Kuytun to Kuqa. The receiver function profile and S-wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle down to 100 km deep are obtained by using the re-ceiver function method (Liu et al. 1996, 2000). The main results can be summarized as follows: (1) A clear mountain root does not exist beneath the Tianshan Mountains, and the crust-mantle boundaries underneath the stations mostly have transitional structures. This implies that the material differentia-tion between the crust and mantle is not yet accomplished and the orogenic process is still going on. (2) The crust beneath the Tianshan Mountains has laterally blocked structures in direction perpendicular to the mountain strike, and the crust-mantle boundary has a clear dislocation structure. Both of them correspond to each other. (3) The offsets of the Moho discontinuity are highly correlated to the tectonic borders on the surface and that corresponding to the frontal southern Tianshan fault reaches to 14 km. This manifests that large vertical divergent movement took place between different blocks. This sup-ports the discontinuous model of the Tianshan orogeny, and the Tarim block subduction is restricted only to the southern side of the South Tianshan. (4) Inside the upper and middle crust of the Tianshan Mountains exist several low-velocity bodies correlated with high seismicity located on the moun-tain-basin jointures on both sides of the mountain and between different blocks, and the low-velocity bodies on the mountain-basin jointures are inclined obviously to the mountain. This implies that the low-velocity bodies may be correlated closely to the thrust and subduction of the basins on both sides of the mountain, the splicing of adjacent blocks and the fast uplift of the Tianshan Mountains.     

Volcanoes as possible indicators of tectonic stress orientation — principle and proposal

A method is proposed for determining the orientation of average tectonic stress, using surface features indicating radial dike patterns of volcanoes. The approximate pattern of radial dikes is revealed by the distribution of sites of flank eruptions on the slope of polygenetic volcanoes. This conclusion is deduced from the understanding that flank eruptions are caused by the magma that laterally offshoots from the main polygenetic pipe conduit and that conduits of flank volcanoes are most probably fissure-shaped because most of them are monogenetic volcanoes. Radial dikes are more likely to develop in a direction normal to the minimum horizontal compression of the regional stress. Thus, the distribution of flank craters will be elongate in the direction of the maximum horizontal compression of the regional stress.The regional stress can sometimes be ascribed solely to the effect of the gravity rather than tectonic stress. When a number of independent polygenetic volcanoes dotted with more than several flank volcanoes, are distributed in a belt or over a broad area, it is possible to distinguish the tectonic stress from the direct gravitational effect by the regional uniformity in orientation of the zones of flank volcanoes. When the maximum compression of tectonic stress is horizontal, the trends of the zones of flank eruptions on polygenetic volcanoes are more or less linear and parallel, and at a high angle to the trend of the main volcanic belt.     

论秦岭造山带及其立交桥式构造的流变学与动力学

当前受国内外地学界广泛关注的秦岭印支造山带，其前身是地球自转速度缓慢变化过程中派生的纬向剪切力和重力共同作用下，于惯性力最大的上地壳所产生的受东西向走滑正断层控制的盆\|山系,而不是洋壳俯冲形成的沟\|弧\|盆系；其造山机制是南秦岭断陷盆地上地壳底部刚硬的结晶基底，对北秦岭断隆山软弱的中地壳塑性层俯冲所造成的壳内冲叠造山带，而不是整个岩石圈对软流层俯冲导生的板块碰撞造山带；其动力是212 Ma前发生于加拿大安大略省直径100 km撞击坑的陨击事件，促使地球自转速度急剧变慢所派生的由南向北的强烈挤压作用，而不是地幔对流带动板块漂移碰撞；其超高压变质带是壳内俯冲动力作用所致，而不是陆壳俯冲到100 km以深温压环境的产物；其立交桥式构造，是异常地幔响应了地壳上部新产生的不同方向的中\|新生代断陷盆地引起的重力失衡作用的结果，而不是地幔柱主动隆升造成与原来东西向造山带的非耦合关系.     

辽东台隆、燕山带和兴蒙造山带台站下方地壳厚度和平均波速比(VP/VS)的横向变化及其构造意义

本文研究采用接收函数H-κ方法获得了辽东台隆、燕山带和兴蒙造山带台站下方的地壳厚度和平均波速比(VP/VS).结果显示,研究区域三个构造区地壳平均厚度略有差别,分别为32、33 km和35 km,但横向变化特征各异.辽东台隆地壳中间厚两端薄,燕山带地壳厚度的变化相对平缓,而在兴蒙造山带内,以索伦缝合带为界地壳呈由东南向...     

南北地震带北段的地壳速度结构及其构造启示

收集和拾取了“中国地震科学台阵”探测项目在南北地震带北段布设的680个流动地震台站和中国地震台网217个固定台站所记录的地震事件的P波和S波初至到时,通过层析成像研究获得了南北地震带北段水平网格间距为0.33°×0.33°的地壳P波和S波速度分布。结果显示:在30 km深度上青藏高原东北部表现为显著的整体性低速异常,低速异常区向南延伸至龙门山断裂,以106°E为界线将秦岭造山带分为西侧的低速异常和东侧的高速异常,并沿银川—河套地堑向东北展布,向北穿过河西走廊,在阿拉善地块表现为低速异常,这可能暗示了青藏高原向东的扩展被较为坚固的四川盆地和秦岭造山带阻挡,而向北的扩展可能影响到了河西走廊至阿拉善地块,并沿银川—河套地堑影响到鄂尔多斯西北缘;在50 km深度上,阿拉善地块、祁连造山带东段显示高速异常,有可能是阿拉善地块向祁连东段下方俯冲所致。研究区内大部分地震分布在P波和S波高低速异常相间及速度剧烈变化的地区,M≥6.0强震几乎全部投影在30 km深度的低速异常区域内,说明强震发生的背景可能与地震源区下方的低速区有关。      

Models of passive margin inversion: implications for the Rhenohercynian fold-and-thrust belt, Belgium and Germany

Positive tectonic inversion is related to the transmission of compressional stresses along a décollement into the foreland of an orogenic zone. This stress and strain concentration in regions remote from the main orogenic front is commonly related to the presence of pre-existing rheological heterogeneities such as normal syn-depositional faults. During inversion, these pre-existing normal faults are reactivated as reverse faults. Tectonic inversion in the Rhenohercynian fold-and-thrust belt during the Variscan Orogeny shows that inversion is likely synchronous with the onset of collision in the hinterland. Here, we present the results of a simplified thermo-mechanical model (STM) which allows one to study strain partitioning between two orogenic zones. We show that, if the two orogenic zones have the same mechanical properties, the viscosity of the décollement, which links them, controls the initial strain partitioning. During subsequent finite shortening, erosional processes determine the partitioning of strain rate. The presence of a weak structure in the inverted zone and of a low-viscosity décollement leads to initial strain concentration in the inverted track rather than in the collision zone and a progressive decrease in strain partitioning between the two orogenic zones. The STM results are in good agreement with results of a 2D finite-element model. We conclude that, in the western part of the Rhenohercynian Massif, simultaneous uplift and deformation within the Mid-German Crystalline Rise (the main collision zone) and the Ardenne Anticlinorium (the inverted zone) lead to interpreting this orogenic event as a case of vice tectonic rather than the propagation of a ‘wave of folding’ towards the Variscan front, as suggested by previous authors.