Rotary-vacuum filtration of coal flotation concentrates

Vacuum-filter capacity can only be reliably determined if accurate data is available from laboratory and pilot-scale tests with samples of the material ultimately to be filtered by the commercial unit.Pilot units are invariably relatively flexible models of the commercial unit but the scope of the testwork must be minimised wherever possible because of the large sample volume involved.Laboratory bench-scale apparatus must therefore be used to provide the basis for determining the extent of specific information required from pilot-plant work. All too often however, this apparatus bears no resemblance to the operational behaviour of a particular filter type. Laboratory tests conducted with a closely simulated apparatus can provide valuable information and because the apparatus is very flexible, the type of testwork which can be accomplished can take into account varying operating conditions and allow optimized operation to be predicted. Such testwork need not involve a very large bulk sample of the slurry. It is not however satisfactory to base filter design totally on laboratory data and it is essential that pilot-scale work be carried out with a suitable model of the eventual commercial machine. Pilot units are now readily available from filter manufacturers and it is possible for testwork service to be obtained or for the machine to be hired.The paper contains an approach to obtaining rotary-vacuum-filter capacities for coal concentrate treatment and demonstrates comparative results obtained with bench, pilot and full-scale tests.     

Micro-properties of coal aggregates: Implications on hyperbaric filtration performance for coal dewatering

The recovery of ultrafine coal can be enhanced significantly by flocculating the particles prior to dewatering. It is thus crucial to be able to quantify the effects of aggregated particles on the separation efficiency, of which they are still not fully understood. This study focused on the relationship between the micro-properties (size, structure, and strength) of flocculated coal particles and the characteristics of filter cakes obtained through hyperbaric filtration. Tools such as small angle light scattering and confocal scanning laser microscopy were used to determine the aggregate structure. The comparative bond strength of aggregates generated under different flocculation conditions was measured through a non-dimensional approach. The effects of these properties on specific cake resistance, saturation, and moisture content, as indicative of the filtration performance, were observed. It was found that flocs generated using a moderate amount of flocculant dosage (60–100 g of polymer/tonne of coal) for this ultrafine coal (97% < 35 μm) optimised the properties of dewatered filter cakes. Although cakes composed of larger and stronger aggregates with more flocculant were found to have higher porosity, the effects on specific cake resistance and cake saturation were detrimental, possibly due to the increasing proportion of intra-aggregate pores that were harder to dewater. The trend was less noticeable at low filtration pressures where most of the dewatering occurred within the larger capillaries of the inter-aggregate zones. In addition, the presence of polymer molecules was responsible in absorbing residual moisture that could not be removed through mechanical means. Through a series of tests using pre-formed filter cakes, the amount of moisture retained by the flocculant was quantified to be approximately 10.2 mg of water for every addition of 1 g of polymer/tonne of coal, calculated per 100 g of filter cake produced from hyperbaric filtration in this case.     

Modeling coupled erosion and filtration of fine particles in granular media

One of the major causes of instability in geotechnical structures such as dikes or earth dams is the phenomenon of suffusion including detachment, transport and filtration of fine particles by water flow. Current methods fail to capture all these aspects. This paper suggests a new modeling approach under the framework of the porous continuous medium theory. The detachment and transport of the fine particles are described by a mass exchange model between the solid and the fluid phases. The filtration is incorporated to simulate the filling of the inter-grain voids created by the migration of the fluidized fine particles with the seepage flow, and thus, the self-filtration is coupled with the erosion process. The model is solved numerically using a finite difference method restricted to one-dimensional (1-D) flows normal to the free surface. The applicability of the model to capture the main features of both erosion and filtration during the suffusion process has been validated by simulating 1-D internal erosion tests and by comparing the numerical with the experimental results. Furthermore, the influence of the coupling between erosion and filtration has been highlighted, including the development of material heterogeneity induced by the combination of erosion and filtration.

     

Mechanism of enrichment of trace metals on fine sludges collected from filtration plants

Fine sludges were collected from five filtration plants, and the partitioning of ten metals (Ag, Cd, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Sn, Co, Ni, and Fe) in them was determined by selective leaching techniques. (1) The available amounts, which shows the total of each metal leached between 1 M CH₃COONH₄ and 30 percent H₂O₂, for Ag, Cd and Mn, ranged from 51 to 98 percent for five sludges. (2) The available amounts for Zn, Pb, Cu, and Sn were 47–92 percent for five sludges. (3) The most important fraction for Co, Ni, and Fe, except the Inagawa sludge, which is markedly polluted by organic matter, was the crystalline particle. Therefore, the above metals, except Co, Ni, and Fe, are thought to be enriched on ion-exchangeable sites, organic matter, hydrous Fe/Mn oxides, and sulfides in fine sludges.     

CFD simulation of fine coal segregation and stratification in jigs

The literature review on discrete element (DEM) model analysis of jigging reveals that an idealized fluid behavior is assumed and the damping of the fluid motion across the mineral bed is generally ignored. A microscopic model based on the principles of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to simulate the liquid flow and stratification of coal particles with a wide size range and density distribution in jigging. Fluid motion is calculated by directly solving the Navier–Stokes equations. Coal particles are moved in a Lagrangian frame through the action of forces imposed by the fluid and gravity. Particle effects on fluid motion are fed back at each time step through calculating the velocity disturbance caused by the particle. Particle–particle and particle–wall collisions are also considered. The snapshots of particle configurations for the simulation of stratification in oscillating flow show that the model predicts the macroscopic behavior, such as segregation and stratification, of particles reasonably well.     

The effect of emulsification on the selective agglomeration of fine coal

The coal beneficiation processes that extract coal particles using an agitated oil-water mixture may be generally termed selective agglomeration. One criticism of these processes has been that high energy inputs are needed to cause phase separation. Energy savings, however, may be obtained by the efficient emulsification of the oil phase (using say, a jet whistle emulsifier), prior to its addition to the raw coal pulp. In this work, the effect of prior emulsification on process parameters such as inversion time, product ash and recovery of organic material has been investigated for a number of different oils. Indications are that the inclusion of prior emulsification in the selective-agglomeration process will allow the exploitation of previously disregarded heavy oils. The use of these oils could bring substantial cost savings.     

综采工作面薄煤区无线电波多频率透视精细探测

对于综采工作面内的大范围薄煤区,采用无线电波单频率透视探测难以准确反映,严重影响工作面高效安全生产。为更加精细探查大范围薄煤区赋存情况,提出了无线电波多频率透视探测方法。以淮河能源集团张集矿1610A综采工作面为研究对象,根据研究区地质条件,选取0.088、0.158、0.365、0.965 MHz 4个频率透视探测,圈定了薄煤区范围,对透视场强值及吸收系数值与工作频率的关系进行了分析。结果表明：随工作频率的升高,无线电波透视场强值总体上表现出下降的趋势,煤岩吸收系数值表现出上升的趋势;同一频率探测,煤层变薄程度越低,透视场强值越高,煤岩吸收系数值越低;不同频率探测,煤层变薄程度越低,不同频率的透视场强及吸收系数值差异越小;煤层变薄程度高的薄煤区在多个频率探测结果上均有反映,而变薄程度低的薄煤区仅在较高频率上有反映。多频率探测圈定的2个薄煤区范围与回采揭露验证相符合,证实多频率探测能够有效识别并圈定不同程度变薄区的影响范围,实现对煤层变薄区的精细探测。大于等于0.965 MHz频率的无线电波菲涅尔带窄,能量近线性传播,能够识别出走向上相距10 m的2个薄煤区。采用无线电波多频率探测可以实现工作面大范围地质异常区的精细探测。     

Multi-scale modelling of the permeability evolution of fine sands during cement suspension grouting with filtration

Fluid flow during permeation grouting of fine sands with a microcement-based grout is studied by assuming that the heterogeneous medium composed of the initial granular skeleton, filtered cement and the interstitial fluid phase can be replaced by a continuous equivalent medium at the macroscopic level. Consequently, the method of Homogenization of Periodic Structures (HPS) is used to identify the effective permeability tensor evolution under the effect of cement filtration. The expression of the macroscopic permeability tensor derived through the HPS procedure is shown to depend on the permeating fluid viscosity and the geometrical arrangement of the sand grains and cement deposit within the microstructure. Numerical computations are made using various two-dimensional and three-dimensional microstructures, and the model results are confronted with grouting experiments performed on small scale columns in the laboratory.     

吉林省粉煤灰的物理和化学特征

首次对吉林省10个大中型热电厂的粉煤灰特征进行较系统的研究,查明了各热电厂粉煤灰的化学成分、物理性质（密度、堆积密度、实密度、粒度）和物质组成。这些特征作为商品粉煤灰的重要经济技术参数决定粉煤灰利用方向,所以该项研究具有重要的意义。     

Interpretation of interaction effects and optimization of reagent dosages for fine coal flotation

The effect of three most important reagents for coal flotation namely sodium meta silicate, collector (kerosene) and frother (MIBC) was studied using 2³ full factorial design. The regression models were developed using factorial experiment data to quantify the effect of sodium meta silicate, collector and frother and to predict grade and recovery of combustible material for different reagent conditions. The addition of sodium meta silicate increased the recovery without affecting the grade significantly. The MIBC addition reduce the surface tension at the liquid–vapor interface, which results in the production of finer bubble size distribution and thus improves flotation rates and recovery values. However, a finer bubble size distribution also increases water recovery, which results in a greater recovery of entrainable ash bearing particles and thus degradation of the product grade. The interaction between OH group of MIBC and hydrated mineral matter improves flotability of high ash coal particles and degrades the product grade further. The negative effect of kerosene and MIBC interaction on both grade and recovery could be due to the recovery of high ash coal particles in preference to low ash coal particles. The highest possible grade of product is 94.19% combustibles with 25.33% recovery. A product with 91.11% combustibles grade at 95.58% recovery was obtained at 0.1 g/kg sodium silicate, 0.4 g/kg collector and 0.075 g/kg frother from the coal fines tested.     

煤层应力敏感性及其对压裂液滤失的影响

压裂液滤失系数是压裂设计中非常重要的参数。由于煤层中的渗透率、孔隙度等物性对应力极为敏感,在对煤层进行压裂设计时,若直接用试井和测井测得的渗透率和孔隙度值代入滤失系数的计算公式,算出的结果可能与实际情况严重不符。通过实验室内不断改变围压的方式来模拟煤储层上覆压力的变化情况,建立了某盆地煤层应力与渗透率之间的关系,并在考虑煤层物性应力敏感性的情况下,探讨了煤层压裂液综合滤失系数的计算方法。结果发现,压裂液综合滤失系数及岩心渗透率与净围压的关系均符合指数递减规律。另外,通过对动态渗透率的拟合,使得到的综合滤失系数远远大于未考虑应力情况下的综合滤失系数,这样能更准确地反映实际情况。     

Optimisation of operating variables of fine coal flotation using a combination of modified flotation parameters and statistical techniques

Optimisation of flotation parameters using rate models is not a new concept. The kinetic model based on time recovery data, which uses the extra dimension of rate, has been in vogue since time immemorial for scaling up of lab data. Often, interpretation on the performance of a flotation circuit, based only on R_∞ (the ultimate recovery) and k_s (the first-order rate constant of the component) may lead to wrong conclusions. In such cases, a modified flotation rate constant k_mod defined as the product of R_∞ and k_s, i.e., k_mod=R_∞k_s and selectivity index (SI), defined as the ratio of the modified rate constant of valuables to the modified rate constant of gangue, can be used. An attempt has been made in this paper to optimize the batch laboratory froth flotation parameters of fine coal using the above two concepts, i.e., k_mod and SI and statistical techniques.A flotation bank containing four Outukumpu cells was optimized using the results obtained from the lab study. The airflow number and the froth number were used as a basis for scale up. To gauge the performance of the froth flotation circuit, an efficiency parameter called the coefficient of separation or the CS was used. The yield from the flotation circuit improved, the froth ash reduced and the rejects ash went up.     

化学注浆在兴隆庄煤矿西风井深井井筒微裂隙防渗中的应用

兴隆庄煤矿位于地应力较大的地区，由于井壁受力的特点，在第四系与下伏基岩接触的部位，西风井井筒已发生严重的变形破坏。为保证井筒的正常使用，在此部位需要开挖卸压槽以缓冲井筒所受的压力，在开挖卸压槽的过程中，如何防止壁后第四系含水层发生溃砂涌水的事故是一个需要解决的难题。结合工程实例，本文详细地介绍了化学注浆的设计方案及施工工艺，评价了化学注浆的效果，结果表明，化学浆液具有较好的渗透性，能有效的封闭岩层中的微裂隙，达到很好的堵水固砂的效果。     

精细地质初议

通过对经济建设、资源勘探、环境保护和地学发展的需求分析,提出了进行精细地质研究的必要性,诠释了精细地质的概念及其技术体系。认为精细地质是以先进的技术方法和高灵敏度的测量仪器,对地质体进行精确细致的研究,形成先进、精确、实用的成果,达到提高地学科研与调查水平,高效服务经济建设的目的。精细地质的技术体系包括遥感、物探、化探、钻探、同位素测年、空间定位技术、计算机技术等,通过空中地表地下全方位立体化的综合调查,完成对研究对象的精细研究。通过物探、遥感、同位素测年、化探等核心技术在国内外精细地质研究中的发展应用状况分析,以遥感技术为例,阐述了进行精细地质调查研究的可能性,展望了精细地质在矿产资源勘探、地学研究、环境保护、国防建设、地质灾害调查等领域的应用前景。     

南屯煤矿下组煤开采水文地质条件

分析了兖州南屯煤矿下组煤开采的水文地质条件,绘制了下组煤灰岩厚度等值线图、单位涌水量等值线图、灰岩含水层渗透系数等值线图、14灰至奥陶系间距等值线图,分析了隔水层、断裂导水的可能性,总结了南屯煤矿下组煤水害特征以及对安全生产产生的影响特性.     

Behavior of Gd-DTPA in simulated bank filtration

The behavior of Gd-DTPA during bank filtration was simulated in a 30 m column filled with Pleistocene sand and flushed by surface water from a lakeside in Berlin, Germany. The surface water is about a 1:1 mixture of river water and effluents from a sewage treatment plant. Throughout 34 days this water was continuously spiked with Gd-DTPA at a level of 60 μg/L. The broad plateau of the Gd-DTPA pulse declined by 15.4% within 34 days by transmetallation. Nine percentage of the total decline is caused by Y and rare earth elements; the remaining part is attributed to Cu²⁺ which is the most influential metal in surface water. All other metals also contributing to transmetallation are combined with Cu to Cu equivalents because only the rate constant of transmetallation of Cu²⁺ is known. The analytical results of the column effluents prove the pseudo-first-order kinetics of transmetallation based on reversible sorption of metals by pools in the column sediment and disprove biodegradation at noticeable levels. The mass ratio of water to tracer is <10¹⁰.     

河流渗滤系统对硝态氮污水的净化作用研究

河流渗滤系统对入渗的地表水有一定的净化作用,过去人们很少从理论上研究河流渗滤系统对污染河水的净化作用。本文采用室内土柱实验装置来模拟渭河渗滤系统,研究了硝态氮污染的河水在该系统中的环境行为及净化机制,其环境行为主要为反硝化作用。其净化程度与该渗滤系统的渗滤介质有关,如果渗滤介质为粘土,其净化率达到100%。若介质为粗砂粒物质,其净化程度较低。     

反映煤储层渗透性的参数之一——块煤率

煤储层的渗透性在很大程度上取决于煤体结构,煤体的整体结构决定煤炭筛分试验所获得的块煤率,所以块煤率可以从整体上反映煤储层的渗透性。辽中地区几个矿区煤储层块煤率与渗透率有很好的相关性,为块煤率作为评价煤储层的参数之一,提供了一个实例。