应用模糊综合评判原理评价安全煤柱的留设

勘探阶段如何定量评价在厚度较大的新生界下采煤时,如何确定留设安全煤柱的水文工程地质条件,目前尚无完善的方法。以新郑矿区煤田地质勘探获取的水文地质及工程地质资料为例,选取新生界底部含水层、隔水层、风化带、煤层上覆岩组的水文地质及工程地质特征及区域地应力状态五个指标,采用模糊综合评判方法,对矿区留设安全煤柱的水文地质及工程地质条件进行综合评价。评价结果表明:研究区安全煤柱留设条件的优良级得分为48分,中等级得分为33分,较差级得分为19分,表明该矿二1煤层留设安全煤柱的水文地质及工程条件较好。研究结果可为矿区留设安全煤柱提供参考。     

The intraplate character of supercontinent tectonics

For several decades geoscientists have recognised intraplate tectonic activity far from plate margins, both from modern and ancient examples. This apparent disconnect with the drivers of plate tectonics does not necessarily imply unconnected processes, but rather an uncertainty in understanding exactly how these systems operate. Are the driving forces derived locally or do they propagate from plate-margins? How do these forces interact with a complex tectonic inheritance to generate the observed tectonism? Furthermore, what novel approaches have been applied to understand these processes? Here we review the general literature and the contents of this special issue to develop some partial answers to these questions. Key observations include the critical importance of local lithospheric heterogeneities as a control on the mode of orogenesis, and also the role of locally derived forces from mantle upwelling or from depositing thick piles of magmatic or sedimentary rocks. These processes happen within the overarching tectonic setting provided by far-field plate margins, which show intimate links in both time and observed processes with many intraplate regions. These insights would not be possible without a growing arsenal of geological, geophysical and numerical methods that can be applied to intraplate regions, and this is reflected in the varied approaches within the issue. We envisage that this special issue will provide a stimulus for further progress in understanding intraplate tectonics.     

From radon hazard to risk prediction-based on geological maps,soil gas and indoor measurements in Germany

Mapped geological units can be regarded as proxies standing for a complex series of subsoil geochemical and physical properties including the assigned radon activity concentration in soil gas, which is taken as best estimator of the regional geogenic radon potential. Areal distribution of measuring sites for soil gas in Germany is adapted to spatial variation of geology. A grid-based and distance-weighted interpolation procedure is applied, following geologically defined neighbourhood relations of measuring sites and accounting for isolated outcrops of known geology but without measurements. To investigate the statistical relationship between indoor radon, house type and building ground specifications, measurements of the indoor radon concentration have been carried out in more than 10,000 dwellings in different regions of Germany. Multiple regression analyses of variance reveal that besides region-specific geological properties and building characteristics, various house type and living style variables significantly contribute to the explained variance for ground floor radon concentrations. These parameters are also dominant in controlling the radon transfer relation from soil gas to indoor air. Risk prediction maps for radon in houses indicating the probability to exceed certain indoor threshold values can be useful especially for regions with no or only a few measurements of indoor radon.     

水文要素变异的人类活动影响研究进展

重点针对人类活动导致的水文要素变异问题从以下3个方面分析了研究进展:①综述了人类活动水文效应研究的定性和定量2类成果,分析了作为揭示人类活动的水文效应机理的综合驱动因子的研究现状,剖析了人类活动水文效应定量化研究的方法模式;②综述了水文要素时间序列变异特征及变异点位置的识别研究成果,分析了现有的统计识别方法和差异信息熵等新技术、新理论在变异点识别中的应用,简析了目前研究尚不多的水文要素空间变异性研究方法;③描述了分离气候变化和人类活动对流域水文要素影响的2类主要方法:分项调查法和水文模型法,分析了土地利用/覆被变化对水文系统作用的驱动机理模型,综述了农区下垫面变化对水文要素变异的贡献分解方法.通过综述,指出了现有人类活动水文效应、水文要素变异性识别、下垫面变化对水文要素变异的驱动机理等方面的研究不足和问题.提出了未来需要重点加强气候变化与人类活动对水文要素变异驱动机理及贡献分解研究,加强水文要素时空变异特性的诊断,重构水文要素变异环境下洪涝极值等特征量及其重现期的新概念和新定量等.     

对天山山前地下水库开发利用的认识

针对天山山前三工河流域不同水文地质单元区的地下水动态分析人手,对流域大力开发山前地下水库,造成其水位持续下降对潜水溢出带环境的改变和水位最终保持稳定的现象进行探讨分析,结合流域生态环境趋于良性发展的现实,从保护流域生态环境和社会发展的角度出发,提出开发三工河流域山前地下水库必须保持潜水溢出带有相对较高的稳定水位,山前地下水库中心控制开采水位在数值上应不低于潜水溢出带处的地面高程。三工河流域40多年开发利用地下水的模式对流域社会经济发展和环境的贡献,可为相似于三工河流域的地区开发利用地下水资源提供借鉴和经验。     

陕西南部安康地区地质背景与成矿特征的讨论

本文在讨论安康地区区域地质背景的基础上,对铀、钒、钡和金矿的成矿特征提出了认识。成矿物质来源主要来自碳硅质岩和基底火山岩,并经热液—构造强烈改造,多在风化带富集成矿。晚期脉岩和含碳岩系可作为找矿标志。本文还讨论了铀矿与钒、钡等元素之间的关系。     

Geomechanical model for the post-Variscan evolution of the Permocarboniferous–Mesozoic basins in Northeast Germany

The Permocarboniferous basins in Northeast Germany formed on the heterogeneous and eroded parts of the Variscan orogene and its deformed northern foreland. Transtensional tectonic movements and thermal re-equilibration lead to medium-scale crustal fragmentation, fast subsidence rates and regional emplacement of large amounts of mostly acidic volcanics. The later basin formation and differentiation was triggered by reversals of the large-scale stress field and reactivation of prominent zones of weakness like the Elbe Fault System and the Rhenohercynian/Saxothuringian boundary that separate different Variscan basement domains in the area. The geomechanical behaviour of the latter plays an important role for the geodynamic evolution of the medium to large-scale structural units, which we can observe today in three dimensions on structural maps, geophysical recordings and digital models. This study concentrates on an area that comprises the southern Northeast German Basin, the Saale Basin, the Flechtingen High, the Harz Mountains High and the Subhercynian Basin. The presented data include re-evaluations of special geological and structural maps, the most recent interpretation of the DEKORP BASIN 9601 seismic profile and observations of exposed rock sections in Northeast Germany. On the basis of different structural inventories and different basement properties, we distinguish two structural units to the south and one structural unit to the north of the Elbe Fault System. For each unit, we propose a geomechanical model of basin formation and basin inversion, and show that the Rhenohercynian Fold and Thrust Belt domain is deformed in a thin-skinned manner, while the Mid-German Crystalline Rise Domain, which is the western part of the Saxothuringian Zone, rather shows a thick-skinned deformation pattern. The geomechanical model for the unit north to the Elbe Fault System takes account to the fact that the base of the Zechstein beneath the present Northeast German basin shows hardly any evidence for brittle deformation, which indicates a relative stable basement. Our geomechanical model suggests that the Permocarboniferous deposits may have contributed to the structural stiffness by covering small to medium scale structures of the upper parts of the brittle basement. It is further suggested that the pre-Zechstein successions underneath the present Northeast German basin were possibly strengthening during the Cretaceous basin inversion, which resulted in stress transfer to the long-lived master faults, as indicated for example by the shape of the salt domes in the vicinity of the latter faults. Contrary to this, post-Zechstein successions deformed in a different and rather complex way that was strongly biased by intensive salt tectonic movements.     

中国东北浅覆盖区地质填图物化探信息协同辅助技术

针对中国东北浅覆盖区地质露头少、填图效率不高、精确度和准确度较低的问题,开发了物化探信息协同辅助技术并应用于地质体类型的识别。在以覆盖层较薄、面积广大、物理风化为主、土壤位移较小为特点的东北森林沼泽浅覆盖区,利用土壤化学成分和航磁信息识别下伏地质体是可行的。基于这一前提,可将指定研究区划分为一定数量的统计单元,在各单元内,通过数学统计方法产生众数、宽度、变化频率、偏度、峰度等航磁特征参数并将其标准化,将化探指标酸度、碱度、钙含量、铝含量、钙镁含量、硅铝含量、镁铁含量、微量元素含量等特征参数标准化;然后采用逐级分类的方法,每级选择有效的物化探特征参数,在当前级别上实现单元划分并将数据分为不同数据集,在下一级别划分时重新有针对地选择参数,分别对各数据集进一步分类,直到分类结果对应较明确的地质填图单元,并最终编制出解译图。以黑龙江省大兴安岭地区某典型森林沼泽浅覆盖区为例进行了方法验证,将结果与已知地质信息比对分析,认为地质体单元识别结果与已知信息基本吻合,使得地质体类型识别更精确,边界更清晰,可为区域地质研究提供新线索。     

Touchable topography: 3D printing elevation data and structural models to overcome the issue of scale

The fundamental problem of geology is scale. Geological length scales range from angstroms for atoms to thousands of kilometres for planets. Geological processes are often very slow (and geological events so very infrequent). Since the beginning of our discipline, it has been the business of geologists to integrate observations at a variety of length and time scales to answer questions about Earth's history and to make predictions about its future. While this may sound like one of the most academic of pursuits, multi‐billion dollar decisions are routinely made by governments and the largest multi‐national corporations on the basis of geological studies that, for example, model groundwater or petroleum occurrence.     

中国白垩纪矿床时空分布的分形分析

分形概念应用在地球科学中来刻画地质变量与地质体自相似特征。研究表明分形模型常常提供有力工具来刻画地质变量和地质体的基本空间分布结构。许多地质现象的频度和大小之间的分布具有尺度不变性, 如岩石碎片、断层、地震、火山喷发、矿藏和油井等。中国白垩纪的矿床大量地分布在东北、阴山-燕山、华北地台、秦岭-大别山、扬子地台和东南沿海等6个矿集区, 它们是中国白垩纪矿床分布的重要地区, 而西北和西南地区已知的白垩纪矿床尚少; 中国白垩纪矿床分布具有在时间上集中于早白垩世, 在空间上集中于东北和华南的分形特性。以中国白垩纪金矿床为例, 对金矿床空间分布进行了分形建模与预测, 该方法不仅适用于金矿床, 而且还适用于其它矿床, 具有普遍的意义。      

High‐resolution conceptual hydrogeological model of complex basaltic volcanic islands: a Mayotte,Comoros, case study

We present a high‐resolution conceptual hydrogeological model for complex basaltic volcanic islands based on Mayotte Island in the Comoros. Its geological structure and hydrogeological functioning are deduced from a large dataset: geological mapping, geophysics, some forty new boreholes, piezometric data, hydraulic conductivity, hydrochemical data, etc. We describe previously unknown deep cut‐and‐fill palaeovalleys. The resulting conceptual geological and hydrogeological model of the island is very different from the Hawaiian model, in that it lacks a low‐elevation basal aquifer and dyke‐impounded high‐level aquifers. It is closer to the Canary Islands model, which has, however, not yet been described at a high‐resolution scale. It does not have a continuous aquifer, but rather a discontinuous succession of perched aquifers separated by aquicludes and aquitards. This results more from the complex geological structure of the island, which has experienced several phases of volcanism, erosion and weathering, than from its age, but is also a result of the high‐resolution scale of the model. High‐resolution conceptual modelling is now necessary to solve problems of applied geology and hydrogeology.     

Transitive Geostatistics for Stepwise Modeling Across Boundaries between Rock Regions

A single intrinsic stationary random field may not account for transitional heterogeneity and abrupt dissimilarity of geological properties across boundaries between rock type regions. This paper proposes the stepwise construction of transitive covariance models for modeling continuous properties correlated across boundaries of multiple disjoint physical domains such as rock type bodies. Modeling in geology is usually simplified by splitting the geological space into rock type geo-domains (e.g., strata, sedimentary facies, soil series, diagenetic regions and alteration zones). Due to the limitations of simultaneous solutions, a simplification is to model each domain independently at the cost of losing the conditioning of properties across domains. This paper proposes to organize the modeling process in a triangular array which follows events in the geological time domain; for example, the younger formations are at the top of the pyramid and the older formation at the base. The estimation may go from top to base by assuming that younger events have perturbed older formations. Geology shows the scars of events that cumulate in rock formations before they are finally eroded. In some cases, older formations may be parent material for younger formations. The continuous property within each geo-domain has a conditional covariance in the main diagonal of the array which may belong to a specific event in the geological time. This sequence leads to transitive estimation and simulations in the physical space. If a simultaneous solution is sought (i.e., the future and past are correlated both ways), the complex covariance functions can be constructed stepwise from conditional spectra.     

中国全新世气候适宜期东亚夏季风时空变迁

本文据湖面、花粉和风成堆积等地质资料，分析１２０００年以来主要由夏季风决定的降水或湿度状况的时空分布，并运用数值模拟结果计算夏季(７月)降水增量、有效降水和季风强度指数。两者的结果一致表明，全新世适宜期有效降水增量的峰值在中国中、东部具有明显的穿时性，即以东亚夏季风降水或有效湿度为标志的全新世气候适宜期盛期在各地的出现时间并不相同，东北、西北和华北三区偏早，长江中下游区稍晚，华南区最晚，而西南区又偏早。作者对导致这种穿时性的轨道驱动力和季风锋面移动的机理进行了初步分析，对于尚待深入研究的问题也有简要讨论。     

A review on missing hydrological data processing

Like almost all fields of science, hydrology has benefited to a large extent from the tremendous improvements in scientific instruments that are able to collect long-time data series and an increase in available computational power and storage capabilities over the last decades. Many model applications and statistical analyses (e.g., extreme value analysis) are based on these time series. Consequently, the quality and the completeness of these time series are essential. Preprocessing of raw data sets by filling data gaps is thus a necessary procedure. Several interpolation techniques with different complexity are available ranging from rather simple to extremely challenging approaches. In this paper, various imputation methods available to the hydrological researchers are reviewed with regard to their suitability for filling gaps in the context of solving hydrological questions. The methodological approaches include arithmetic mean imputation, principal component analysis, regression-based methods and multiple imputation methods. In particular, autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) models which originate from finance and econometrics will be discussed regarding their applicability to data series characterized by non-constant volatility and heteroscedasticity in hydrological contexts. The review shows that methodological advances driven by other fields of research bear relevance for a more intensive use of these methods in hydrology. Up to now, the hydrological community has paid little attention to the imputation ability of time series models in general and ARCH models in particular.     

Metallogenetic characteristics of an unique uranium-tungsten mineralization zone

A polymetallic zone dominated by U-W mineralization was found in Northeast Guangxi. Distributed along the east contact zone of a complex granite mass, it extends for about 100 km in length, with more than fifty deposits and prospects embraced. The deposits show a wide range of genetic types, related to the granite, from magmatic (including pegmatite and skarn deposits) through hydrothermal mineralizations (hypo-, meso- and epithermal) all the way to tin placers, constituting a very intact metallogenetic series of granites. The epithermal U-W deposits are considered as a new type for their unique geological and geochemical characters, such as the paragenesis of U and W and the large time gap (> 40 Ma) between ore and granite. This project was financially supported by the Open Lab. of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

基于非线性相关性和复杂网络的径流相似性分区

径流相似性分区对径流资料插补移用和区域洪水频率分析具有重要意义。为准确识别水文站网中各站径流特征的相似性和差异性, 提高径流相似性分区结果的准确性, 引入Copula熵方法估算基于互信息的R统计量, 以度量各径流序列间的非线性相关性。在此基础上, 应用复杂网络理论构建以水文站为节点、以对应径流序列间R统计量是否大于给定阈值为节点间连边存在判别依据的径流相似性分区模型, 采用基于边介数的社团检测算法(GN算法)进行径流相似性分区。以鄱阳湖水系的水文站网为实例, 研究结果表明: 径流相似性分区模型具有较高的稳定性和效率; R统计量阈值为0.80时, 径流相似性分区结果最优, 此时水文站网划分为南北两部分共12类分区, 其中北部仅含1类分区; 相比于K均值聚类方法, 复杂网络方法表现更优, 其最优分区结果更为合理。     

东北地区水文地质环境地质调查未来工作方向探讨

东北地区资源丰富,在为国家经济建设做出贡献的同时,自身地质环境也在不断变化.在简述东北地区区域水文、环境地质条件等自然地理概况的基础上,讨论了存在的水文地质、环境地质问题.认为未来在东北地区应加强战略性地下水资源的调查评价工作,提高全区研究程度,加强低山丘陵区地下水资源及其环境地质调查评价,在东北西部严重缺水的干旱-半干旱地区开展以解决生活用水、经济建设用水和生态环境建设用水的地下水勘查工作,加强东北中新生代盆地地热资源勘察工作,对地下水动态监测网格应加以补充、完善,加强城市地质调查工作,加强矿山环境地质工作,开展区域地质环境条件调查,建立地质环境监测工作的预报、预警系统.     

地质断层三维构模技术研究

对包含断层的复杂地质体三维构模技术展开讨论并提出相应的解决方案。分析了实际勘察所获取的断层数据类型,设计了标准的断层数据库格式;系统地评价了两类基本的断层构模方法（即基于地层恢复的断层构模技术和基于分区插值的断层构模技术）,分析了各自的特点和不足,在此基础上提出了断层与地层的统一构模技术;该技术既能应用于同沉积断层,又能适应断层终止于地层内部的情况,还能处理具有多值面的逆断层构造的拟合问题,在理论上能够构造任意复杂的断层系统。通过北京奥运公园场址的断层构模实例验证了该方法的有效性。     

Interaction between groundwater, the hyporheic zone and a Chalk stream: a case study from the River Lambourn, UK

Understanding the processes controlling groundwater/surface-water interaction is essential for effective resource management and for protecting sensitive ecosystems. Through intensive monitoring of Chalk groundwater, shallow gravel groundwater and surface water in the River Lambourn, UK, using a combination of hydrochemical and hydrophysical techniques, a complex pattern of interactions has been elucidated. The river is broadly in hydraulic contact with the streambed sediments and adjacent gravels and sands, but these deposits are mainly hydraulically separate from the underlying Chalk at the site. The hydraulic relationship between the river and underlying alluvium is variable, involving components of groundwater flow both parallel and transverse to the river and with both effluent and influent behaviour seen. While the gravel aquifer is significant in controlling groundwater/surface-water interaction, its importance as a route for flow down the catchment is likely to be modest compared with river discharge. The hydrological complexity revealed in a geological setting typical of lowland UK Chalk streams has implications both for investigation methods and for management such as in the setting of environmental objectives in the European Water Framework Directive.     

Environmental geological investigations at the Van open dump site, southeastern Turkey

 This study evaluates the geological, hydrogeological and hydrological conditions at the open waste dump site of the Van municipality in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. A geological map and a three-dimensional view of the project site have been prepared. All lithological units exposed at and near the dump site have been determined and their boundary relationships identified. Drainage basin characteristics of the dump site along with the water bearing properties of different lithological units have been assessed. For the rehabilitation of the existing dump site, material availability (clay as a liner, cap, and daily cover material; granular soil as a filter material) has been researched. Based on the geological, hydrogeological, morphological and hydrological conditions of the existing waste dump site, recommendations to minimize its environmental impact are presented. Received: 8 March 1999 · Accepted: 3 May 1999