关于尺度分析的三个问题和尺度分析

对在一些作者中，在决定时间特征尺度，垂直速度特征尺度和分析高阶微商量级上的分歧进行了讨论，得出了初步结论。即对于单一尺度的运动，τ－L／U，W≤MUH/L和δ^nf/δx^n-F/L^n，根据讨论结果，给出了大气几种常用尺度运动的特征尺度的量级。还与中尺度重力波和强对流情况的分析观测结果进行了比较。     

西北太平洋热带气旋尺度的气候特征研究

使用美国联合台风警报中心（Joint Typhoon Warning Center,简称JTWC）整编的2001-2006年的热带气旋（简称TC）资料,分析了TC尺度季节变化特征、区域分布情况,并讨论了TC尺度和强度的关系,初步探讨了西北太平洋热带气旋尺度的气候特征。研究结果表明：TC尺度有明显的季节变化特征,平均尺度在4月份最大,达到230．4km,2月份最小,为69．5km;TC尺度有明显的区域分布不均匀性,TC尺度出现最大值的区域位于28．6～29．5°N,131．1～133．0°E的海面上,而在123°E以东和12°N以南地区,TC尺度往往都在200km以下;对于不同强度的TC,其尺度与强度变幅有明显差异,热带风暴（TS）的24h尺度变幅最大,而台风（TY）的24h强度变幅最大;TC尺度和强度的相关性在不同路径下是有差异的,西北行、西行、北上型的TC尺度与强度呈显著的正相关,两者的相关系数达到了0．93以上,东北行和回旋型的TC尺度和强度的相关系数接近0．6,转向型TC的相关系数在0．85左右;此外,TC尺度和强度的相关性在其生命史的不同阶段也存在显著差异,在发展期,尺度和强度的相关性最好,其相关系数达到0．92,其他阶段相关性则减弱．     

东亚夏季风的年代际变化对中国降水的影响

选取了74个环流特征资料中的18个因子,分析了这些因子与我国九大气候区在不同尺度上的降水变化的关系。研究结果表明：不同的地区、不同尺度上的降水变化受不同的环流特征因子的影响。     

湖南省不同时间尺度SPI干旱特征研究

选取湖南省97个国家气象观测站1961—2016逐月降水资料,采用统计方法,构建了湖南省的月、季、年尺度的标准化降水指数(SPI),并利用SPI指数分析了湖南省不同时间尺度干旱特征。结果表明:湖南省多年平均年尺度干旱发生站次为30.7站,多年平均季尺度干旱发生站次为30.5站,多年平均月尺度干旱发生站次为30.7站,三者相差很小;无论是年尺度、季尺度还是月尺度的湖南省SPI干旱指数都存在较为明显的年代际变化,都存在明显的干—湿—干—湿变化;总体来说年、季、月尺度湖南省都可以分为全省一致旱涝分布型、南北反向旱涝分布型,且前两个模态解释方差超过60%,能够代表不同时间尺度干旱的主要空间分布特征;对比分析不同时间尺度下的典型干湿年,能够发现湖南省2002年为全省一致湿润年、1997年为北旱南涝年、1969年和1998年为北涝南旱年。研究结果能够为湖南干旱的防灾减灾提供依据。     

"西北"中东部及内蒙古西部降水的多尺度特征

本文利用西北中东部及内蒙古西部地区近40a降水资料（1961～2000年）,采用趋势分析、lepage、最大熵谱和小波分析等较新的统计方法,分析了降水的气候趋势、阶段性变化以及多时间尺度振荡特征,研究了降水主要振荡尺度的不稳定性,探讨了阶段性变化与多尺度振荡之间的相互联系。     

边界层局地相似理论在草原下垫面的适用性检验

利用锡林浩特草原平坦下垫面塔层湍流资料,对常值通量层的高度进行了估计,检验了局地相似理论在均匀草原下垫面的适用性,对Monin-Obukhov相似理论和局地相似理论在常值通量层以上的大气边界层的适用性进行了比较。结果表明:(1)对于锡林浩特草原来说,常值通量层厚度在50m左右;(2)通过分析无量纲风速和温度梯度、无量纲风速方差、无量纲标量(温度T、水汽q、CO2浓度C)方差与稳定度z/L之间的关系,验证了局地相似理论在均匀草原下垫面70m以下大气边界层的适用性;(3)感热通量尺度与浮力长度尺度之间存在线性关系;(4)从经典Monin-Obukhov长度、局地Monin-Obukhov尺度和浮力长度尺度的对比分析来看,局地尺度更适用于50m以上的大气边界层,而浮力长度尺度不适用于50m以上的大气边界层。     

夏季南亚高压年际变化的特征时间尺度及其时空演变

应用三维数据的时间小波变换方法,分析了夏季南亚高压年际变化的特征时间尺度及其时空演变。结果表明:夏季南亚高压年际变化的特征时间尺度分别约为2,5,10年和更长的时间尺度。2,5,10年特征尺度的较大振幅能量活动区主要位于20°N以南、35°N以南和15°~35°N之间,其中5年特征尺度的最大中心位于青藏高原上空32.5°N,92.5°E附近,10年特征尺度的最大中心则位于青藏高原东侧27.5°N,110°E附近。与5年特征尺度相对应的最大振幅能量活动中心纬度的位势高度值表现出了明显的东西向波动的时间演变特征,与10年特征尺度相对应的最大振幅能量活动中心纬度的位势高度值变化则表现出了向东移动趋势的时间演变特征。与5年和10年特征尺度相对应的最大振幅能量活动中心经度的位势高度值变化则表现出了一种明显向北移动的时间演变趋势。     

4-6月江淮流域不同尺度温带气旋发展率及移动特征

基于改进的温带气旋客观识别方法,统计分析1986—2015年4—6月不同空间尺度江淮流域温带气旋的发展率及移动特征。结果表明:1)整体气旋发展率呈先上升、后下降趋势,较大空间尺度气旋发展率呈显著上升趋势,中间尺度气旋发展率无明显变化趋势。2)较大尺度气旋源地集中在湖北、湖南交界处,中间尺度气旋源地位于安徽等江淮流域东部,各尺度气旋源地位于整层大气非绝热加热项大值区域内。3)气旋初生阶段,江淮流域存在风速切变线,淮北地区风速小于淮南地区,江淮流域上空对流层低层位势高度为负距平,中高层则为正距平,属浅薄低压系统。4)不论何种尺度气旋,均存在东移和东北移动路径,但较大尺度气旋东北移动路径的比例较大。     

基于尺度不变特征变换的云导风计算方法

提出了基于尺度不变特征变换的云导风计算方法,通过计算图像的尺度不变特征点并进行特征点匹配得到云导风矢量结果。选取风云2号卫星拍摄的卫星云图作为实验基础数据,运用传统的最大相关系数法和基于尺度不变特征变换的匹配方法,对得到的两种计算结果进行对比分析。结果表明:基于尺度不变特征变换的匹配方法计算得到的有效风矢量较多,且分布有规律,能很好地应对不同情况的云团情况计算出合理的风矢量结果。     

2016年1月低温事件的季节内振荡特征

利用NECP/DOE逐日再分析资料,分析了2016年1月发生在我国南方的持续低温事件。结果表明,此次过程存在明显的季节内振荡特征,其中准双周振荡为气温变化的主要模态。此次低温事件之所以达到寒潮级别,是由于天气尺度变化与10~20 d气温准双周振荡处于相同的降温变化过程中。准双周尺度的冷中心与天气尺度冷中心均从中高纬度向低纬地区传播,并在我国南方汇合,从而引起持续性的低温。通过诊断温度局地变化方程发现,此次天气过程中,温度平流项和绝热变化项是近地层局地温度降低的主要原因。天气尺度气温变化与10~20 d低频振荡对持续降温都有较大贡献,天气尺度降温略大于低频降温。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.