大气环流的正斜压流型特征与季风类型

利用 NCEP/NCAR的 1 982～ 1 994年全球 1 2层等压面上的风场资料 ,计算了大气流场的正压分量 (即质量加权垂直平均 )和斜压分量 (即各层实际风与正压分量的差值 ) ,分析了全球冬夏季正斜压流场的分布特征 ,并从地面风场的正斜压流型角度对全球季风进行了分类。指出 :斜压流场和正压流场的季节变化都可以产生冬夏季盛行风向的反转 ,因而都能够产生季风。斜压流场反映了大气中不均匀加热 (主要是海陆热力差异 )所驱动的热力环流 ,而正压流场则主要代表动力作用所产生的环流 ,这对认识季风的性质很有意义。进一步分析表明 :亚洲热带地区、非洲、南美等典型季风区属斜压流型季风区 ,南、北半球太平洋中部的副热带地区也为季风区 ,但属正压流型季风区 ,而东亚副热带地区则属正斜压流型共同组成的混合流型季风区。     

AREM模式对"05.7"四川大暴雨的敏感性试验

利用AREM中尺度数值模式,对2005年7月8日四川盆地大暴雨天气过程进行了数值模拟,比较分析了AREM模式提供的不同降水方案、地表通量方案、地表辐射参数化方案对此次降水过程的模拟,以及对该过程中西南低涡活动特征的模拟。试验结果表明:各方案较好地反映了四川盆地西南部强降水,对其东北部的强降水模拟存在较大偏差;各方案模拟的涡度场和流场分布决定了降水区域分布;采用降水的显式云微物理过程和大尺度饱和凝结过程模拟的降水强度、低涡强度和低空急流有一定差异,后者模拟的偏强,与实况更接近;不同地表通量过程和地表辐射过程对降水、低涡和低空急流的模拟无明显差异。     

台风“罗莎”低空流场与降水中尺度结构的观测资料分析

为了进一步了解台风的水平风场结构和降水雨带的分布特征与台风强度变化的关系,利用观测资料和多普勒天气雷达探测资料对0716号台风"罗莎"的降水云系、反演的水平风场和雷达回波进行分析,结果显示:(1)在台风减弱为强热带风暴以前,低空卷入台风中心的强回波带开始出现分裂;减弱为热带风暴时,低空的强回波带出现明显的分离和断裂。雷达探测的向台风中心卷入的低空强回波带的分离和断裂,可以为台风减弱预报提供参考。(2)多普勒雷达探测资料反演的低空水平风场分析显示,虽然所处的环境风场截然相反,我国和美国两地区的热带气旋在低空存在相似的中尺度流场结构。我国东南沿海即将登陆的台风的西南侧外围与环境风场的交汇处,存在一处气流汇合带和气流辐散带,气流汇合带对应台风南侧的强降水中心。(3)通过多普勒雷达反演的低空水平风场与强度回波的叠加分析显示:台风的螺旋雨带与反演的低空水平风场的中尺度风切变线对应。这种中尺度切变在常规观测中难以发现。     

利用多普勒雷达速度资料检验三维中小尺度模式流场

数值模式调试时,需要合理快速地将观测资料用于模式的流场检验,为此建立一种新方法:将模式输出的三维风场通过正演给出模拟雷达显示,使模拟风场可以有效地和多普勒雷达的速度产品进行比较.在强降水、冰雹和大风等的个例实验中,应用上述方法对双参三维冰雹云模式风场处理,模式给出的模拟雷达结果在主要对流特征上与雷达卖测一致.试验表明,该方法能直观对比多普勒雷达风场资料,有效检验模式中间过程流场,在模式研究调试中起到辅助作用.     

中尺度模式对冬季兰州市低空风场和温度场的数值模拟

利用美国NCAR新一代中尺度模式MM5V3，对山谷城市兰州冬季风场和温度场进行了数值模拟研究。模拟结果与现有理论及观测事实基本一致。表明MM5V3中尺度模式可用于研究山谷城市的大气边界层情况，模式能够较好地模拟山谷城市冬季边界层的风场和温度场特征，模拟结果分析表明，位于河谷盆地内的兰州，冬季近地面风场是山谷风环流和城市热岛环流共同作用的结果，冬季夜间地面流场辐合明显，低空盛行东风，夜间距地300m左右，风向转变为偏西风，白天风向转变高度高于夜间，大约在500m以上；冬季温度场逆温特征明显。     

利用行星边界层顶上方最邻近标准等压面的实测风推算地面风的方法及其比较

文中提出了一种在实际地形条件下,利用行星边界层顶上方最邻近标准等压面的实测风推算地面风的方法——修正的Taylor螺线法。试算表明,按这种方法和Taylor螺线法推算的地面风场的基本流型均与实测流场相似,但在风速模的均方根误差上,前者较之后者有显著改进.按文中方法推算得到的地面风场所求得的散度场的分布与天气区的配置也较合理,且散度值与实况比较接近.     

利用激光雷达判别机场晴空风切变事件成因

为了研究高原机场的风切变特征,本文利用丽江机场自动观测站资料、NCEP再分析资料,引入三维激光雷达测风资料,对丽江机场2020年3月29日晴空低空风切变特征进行分析.结果表明,此次低空风切变过程主要是受地面变压风辐合、地面增温湍流加强以及动量下传等因素共同影响而形成的.风切变发生期间低空环境风场与地面风场变化基本吻合....     

索马里低空急流的数值模拟

本文首先将5°×5°P—σ五层原始方程粗网格模式改进为2.5°×2.5°的细网格模式,进而设计了粗细网格的嵌套模式。用嵌套模式对索马里低空急流进行了数值模拟,其结果表明:模式的水平分辨率对急流的模拟效果影响很大,模拟的急流轴上最大风速为13米/秒,与急流实际强度较为接近。 我们用六月纬向平均风场作初值,进行了10天的数值积分。根据风速的时间变化将急流的演变分为形成、加强及维持三个阶段,对急流各个阶段的流场及结构特征作了详细讨论。索马里沿岸低空气流由南向北越赤道气流的上空500百帕和300百帕层正好相反,气流由北向南穿越赤道。还通过控制性试验讨论了索马里低空急流向北发展的情况。      

基于WRF-LES的干旱湖区近地面风场模拟与敏感性研究

基于6层嵌套的WRF-ARW模式,在新疆博斯腾湖某湖岸地区进行了实际大气条件下的LES近地面风场数值模拟,并依据该地观探测资料开展了模拟结果的比对分析。为了探讨该地陆面特征对模拟结果的影响,分别针对地形分辨率、土壤湿度和地表粗糙度开展了敏感性试验。研究结果表明,在所关注的小尺度研究区域内,WRF-LES通过对大气边界层内大尺度湍涡的直接解析,相比于中尺度模拟,模拟结果更能体现出近地层风场的高度起伏性,进而提高数值模拟的真实性和准确性。为达到预期应用效果,WRF-LES需要与之相匹配的高分辨率的地形数据,此外土壤湿度数据会通过改变地表热通量分配来影响日间大尺度湍涡的发展,进而影响近地面风场模拟结果,而地表粗糙度对WRF-LES近地面风速模拟的影响则较为复杂。     

影响富阳的台风统计特征分析

文章分析了影响富阳台风的气候特征,总结了影响台风的流场特征.结果表明:1)影响台风具有明显的年际和月际变化特征,台风风雨灾害主要出现在8和9月;2)影响台风源地主要来自菲律宾以东洋面和关岛附近及以东洋面;3)影响台风路径主要有东路、西路和中路3类,影响次数按照西路、东路、中路依次递减,但影响程度却是依次递增;4)台风影响程度与登陆位置密切相关;5)影响台风的流场有副高东风流型、西风槽鞍形场流型、台风倒槽鞍形场流型、低压系统流型4类.     

Fast responses of Northern Hemisphere winter daily circulation to anthropogenic aerosols

Anthropogenic aerosols (AA) have significantly caused anomalous winter mean atmospheric circulation over the Northern Hemisphere, but the main daily patterns of winter large-scale circulation change are not well understood. Here a self-organizing map analysis is applied to identify the leading patterns in AA-induced winter daily geopotential height (Z) anomaly fields simulated by three atmospheric general circulation models, with a focus on fast adjustments. Two winter daily circulation response patterns with a synoptic time scale are found: one pattern shows concurring Z anomalies over North America and North Asia with the same sign and the Bering Sea seeing the opposite, resembling the Asia–Bering–North American teleconnection; while the other is the Arctic Oscillation-like pattern with similar Z anomalies over North Pacific and North Atlantic and the opposite over the Arctic region. The AA-induced anomalous precipitation over the tropics and anomalous synoptic eddy activities over the extratropical oceans concur to support and maintain these circulation anomaly patterns. The winter-mean climate responses to AA can be understood as a result of these daily anomaly patterns, especially over the higher latitudes. Specifically, the associated changes in surface air temperature (SAT) over the mid-high latitudes are caused by the AA-driven meridional movements of polar (cold and dry) airmass and midlatitude (warm and moist) airmass in the regions, mainly through the relevant surface downward longwave radiation. This study highlights the role of AA in altering daily weather patterns, which is not sufficiently captured by seasonal mean responses.     

Regional model simulation of summer rainfall over the Philippines: Effect of choice of driving fields and ocean flux schemes

Summary The latest version of the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) regional model RegCM is used to investigate summer monsoon precipitation over the Philippine archipelago and surrounding ocean waters, a region where regional climate models have not been applied before. The sensitivity of simulated precipitation to driving lateral boundary conditions (NCEP and ERA40 reanalyses) and ocean surface flux scheme (BATS and Zeng) is assessed for 5 monsoon seasons. The ability of the RegCM to simulate the spatial patterns and magnitude of monsoon precipitation is demonstrated, both in response to the prominent large scale circulations over the region and to the local forcing by the physiographical features of the Philippine islands. This provides encouraging indications concerning the development of a regional climate modeling system for the Philippine region. On the other hand, the model shows a substantial sensitivity to the analysis fields used for lateral boundary conditions as well as the ocean surface flux schemes. The use of ERA40 lateral boundary fields consistently yields greater precipitation amounts compared to the use of NCEP fields. Similarly, the BATS scheme consistently produces more precipitation compared to the Zeng scheme. As a result, different combinations of lateral boundary fields and surface ocean flux schemes provide a good simulation of precipitation amounts and spatial structure over the region. The response of simulated precipitation to using different forcing analysis fields is of the same order of magnitude as the response to using different surface flux parameterizations in the model. As a result it is difficult to unambiguously establish which of the model configurations is best performing.     

Evaluation of CMIP5 dynamic sea surface height multi-model simulations against satellite observations

We evaluate the representation of dynamic sea surface height (SSH) fields of 33 global coupled models (GCMs) contributed to the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). We use observations from satellite altimetry and basic performance metrics to quantify the ability of the GCMs to replicate observed SSH of the time-mean, seasonal cycle, and inter-annual variability patterns. The time-mean SSH representation has markedly improved from CMIP3 to CMIP5, both in terms of overall reduction in root-mean square differences, and in terms of reduced GCM ensemble spread. Biases of the time-mean SSH field in the Indian and Pacific Ocean equatorial regions are consistent with biases in the zonal surface wind stress fields identified with independent measurements. In the Southern Ocean, the latitude of the maximum meridional gradient of the zonal mean SSH CMIP5 models is shifted equatorward, consistent with the GCMs’ spatial biases in the maximum of the zonal mean westerly surface wind stress fields. However, while the Southern Ocean SSH gradients correlate well with the maximum Antarctic circumpolar current transports, there is no significant correlation with the maximum zonal mean wind stress amplitudes, consistent with recent findings that the eddy parameterisations in GCMs dominate over wind stress amplitudes in this region. There is considerable spread across the CMIP5 ensemble for the seasonal and interannual SSH variability patterns. Because of the short observational period, the interannual variability patterns depend on the time-period over which they are derived, while no such dependency is found for the time-mean patterns. The model performance metrics for SSH presented here provide insight into GCM shortcoming due to inadequate model physics or processes. While the diagnostics of CMIP5 GCM performance relative to observations reveal that some models are clearly better than others, model performance is sensitive to the spatio-temporal scales chosen.     

Climate impact of the European winter blocking episodes from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalyses

A comprehensive multivariable characterisation of the climatic impacts of winter blocking and strong zonal-flow (non-blocking) episodes over the Euro-Atlantic sector is presented here, using a 40-year (1958–97) consistent dataset from NCEP/NCAR. Anomaly fields of surface or low troposphere climate variables are then interpreted based on large-scale physical mechanisms, namely, the anomalous mean flow (characterised by the 500 hPa geopotential height and the surface wind) and the anomalous eddy activity (characterised by the surface vorticity and cyclonic activity). It is shown that the lower troposphere (850 hPa) temperature patterns are mainly controlled by the advection of heat by the anomalous mean flow. However, at the surface level, the anomaly patterns obtained for maximum and minimum temperatures present important asymmetries, associated with a different control mechanism, namely the modulation of shortwave and longwave radiation by cloud cover variations. It is shown that blocking and non-blocking episodes are typically associated with important meridional shifts in the location of maximum activity of transient eddies. The influence of persistent anomaly events in precipitable water is strongly related to the corresponding anomaly fields of lower troposphere temperature. The precipitation rate, however, appears to be essentially controlled by the surface vorticity field and preferred locations of associated cyclones.     

On the validation of the atmospheric model REMO with ISCCP data and precipitation measurements using simple statistics

Summary The regional atmospheric model REMO is used to study the energy and water exchange between surface and atmosphere over the Baltic Sea and its catchment area. As a prerequisite for such studies, the model has to be validated. A major part of such a validation is the comparison of simulation results with observational data. In this study the DX product of the International Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and precipitation measurements from 7775 rain gauge stations within the model domain are used for comparisons with the simulated cloud cover and precipitation fields, respectively. The observations are available in this high spatiotemporal resolution for June 1993. To quantify the comparisons of means, variability, and patterns of the data fields simple statistics are used and the significance of the results is determined with resampling methods (Pool Permutation Procedure and Bootstrap-t). The conclusion is that simulated and observed means of the fields are not different at the 5% significance level. The determined variability of the fields is also in good agreement except the space variability in cloud cover. Time mean and anomaly patterns are in good coincidence in case of the comparisons of cloud cover fields, but in reduced coincidence in case of precipitation.With 9 Figures     

Characteristics of Two General Circulation Patterns During Floods over the Changjiang-Huaihe River Valley

Characteristics of the atmospheric general circulation during the catastrophic floods over the Changjiang- Huaihe River Valley(CHRV)are investigated.There are two precipitation patterns over China in the CHRV flood years:the CHRV flood-whole country-wet(P1)pattern and the CHRV flood-south(north)side-dry (P2)pattern.The circulation analysis results show that there are obvious differences between the NH 500- hPa geopotential height fields of P1 and P2 precipitation patterns.The establishment of East Asia-Atlantic (EAA)correlation chain(the South China Sea(SCS)high-the Meiyu trough-the Okhotsk Sea high over East Asia)is a critical condition for excessive summer precipitation over the CHRV,while the European blocking high plays an important role in determining the precipitation pattern over China in the CHRV flood years.Besides,the relation between the EAA correlation chain and the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA)in the North Pacific is also studied.     

THREE-DIMENSIONAL MESOSCALE MODELING OF METEOROLOGICAL FIELDS OVER ZHUJIANG(PEARL)RIVER DELTA

The CSU-RAMS-2A was used to simulate the meteorological fields over the Zhujiang River Delta in South China.Initialized from a horizontally homogeneous atmosphere,real topography and inhomogeneous surface boundary condi-tions,the model was run with thermal and terrain forcing.The modeling results of winter and summer cases are com-pared with those observed.The similarity of the predicted distributions of winds,temperatures and humidities to the ob-served patterns permits us to conclude that the mesoscale distribution of meteorological elements for the two study datesis the result of the thermal and dynamical forcing by the underlying surface and topography.     

我国夏季雨型的前期异常特征及预报方法的初步研究

用１９５１～１９９５年资料研究了我国东部夏季降水各雨型的前期大气环流及我国地面气象要素场的异常特征．结果表明,在冬季１月份北太平洋地区、秋季中国南海地区的海平面气压场有预报我国夏季雨型的信号．夏季不同雨型的前期冬季特征不同,我国的降水、气温场也有差异,４月份我国大范围的温度异常也是值得注意的预测信号．这些特征可以作为我国夏季雨型的预报信号及预报工具．     

Observational and modelling studies of Amazonia interannual climate variability

The interannual variability of climate in the Amazon basin is studied using precipitation and river level anomalies observed near the March/April rainy season peak for the period 1980–86, supported by satellite imagery of tropical convection. Evaluation of this data in conjunction with the corresponding circulation and sea-surface temperature (SST) anomaly patterns indicates that abundant rainy seasons in Northern Amazonia are characterized by anomalously cold surface waters in the tropical eastern Pacific, and negative/positive SST anomalies in the tropical North/South Atlantic, accelerated Northeast trades and a southward displaced Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) over the Atlantic sector. Years with deficient rainfall show broadly opposite patterns.General circulation model (GCM) experiments using observed SST in three case studies were aimed at testing the teleconnections between SST and Amazon climate implied by the empirical analysis. The GCM-generated surface fields resemble the corresponding observers fields most closely over the tropical Pacific and, with one exception, over the tropical Atlantic as well. The modeled precipitation features, along the Northwest coast of South America, anomalies of opposite sign to the North and South of the equator, in agreement with observations and results from a different GCM. Similarities in simulations run from different initial conditions, but using the same global SST, indicate broad consistency in response to common boundary forcing.     

安徽省伏旱特征及预报研究

利用安徽省35个代表站1961—2003年6~8月逐日降水量资料及1961—2002年逐月北半球100 hPa和500 hPa高度场、地面气压场及热带太平洋海温场资料,采用EOF和最大熵谱,分析了安徽省伏旱的时空分布特征。结果表明,安徽伏旱有全省型、北部型、南部型及中部型等几种主要空间类型,全省型伏旱发生的主周期为6~8年,次周期为2~3年。将EOF的前三个时间系数作为预报对象,利用相关普查筛选出通过显著性水平检验的前期环流、海温等物理因子,建立预报方程,然后将预报出的时间系数再恢复成降水场,由此建立一套适用于区域干旱的场预报模型。对2001—2003年的预报结果表明,该模型对安徽大部分地区的旱涝趋势有较好的预报能力,但在强度方面还有一定差距。