欧亚大陆中北部末次盛冰期以来的湖泊水位变化及其古气候指示意义

湖泊水位高低通常能有效地指示湖盆内湿润条件的变化,进而反映区域有效降水（降水—蒸发）变化,成为重建第四纪古气候演变的重要指标之一。通过对苏联和蒙古国古湖泊数据库以及中国晚第四纪古湖泊数据库中149个湖泊水位变化资料的梳理总结,探讨了末次盛冰期（18 cal. ka BP）以来该地区干湿变化规律及区域分异。根据研究区气候特征、地理位置及已有研究成果将其分为东欧湖泊区、中东亚干旱区和中国北方季风区三大湖区。根据不同水位记录在整个湖泊历史中出现的频率,采用3级重新分类区分出高、中、低3级水量,并把每个湖泊数字化的3级古水量表示成与现代的差值,得到每个湖泊样点每千年时间间隔内相对现代的5级水量变化（很湿润、湿润、无变化、干旱和很干旱）。结果表明,三大湖区末次盛冰期以来可能经历了不同的干湿变化过程：东欧地区湖泊水量记录在晚冰期之前较少,至全新世逐渐增多,且基本表现为早全新世干旱、中晚全新世相对湿润的状况。中东亚干旱区整体呈现出末次盛冰期至中全新世均较湿润而晚全新世干旱的气候状况,但区域内部不同湖泊在起讫时间和强度上存在显著差异。中国北方季风区的湿润期主要发生在早中全新世,但是不同湖泊有所不同。对比分析显示,早全新世时东欧地区东部气候随着斯堪的那维亚冰流的逐渐消退而逐渐变湿润,中全新世由于夏季北欧反气旋东翼的气旋气流增强而达到最湿润状态,西部地区早全新世由于强劲的西伯利亚热高压存在而整体偏干旱,中全新世由于夏季亚洲季风的渗透而转为湿润。中东亚干旱区冰期内的湿润条件可能主要与西风带降水及低温低蒸发有关,而全新世则可能主要与夏季风深入内陆导致降水增加有关。中国北方季风区全新世湿度变化可能主要受东亚季风控制。     

末次盛冰期以来库布齐沙漠环境变化

中国北方季风边缘区沙漠/沙地如何响应气候变化及其反馈研究对于理解干旱半干旱地区现代地表过程及其未来环境演变趋势有重要的科学意义.库布齐沙漠作为中国北方季风边缘区中东部唯一的以流动、半流动为主的沙漠,现代地表景观与周围沙地(如毛乌素沙地、浑善达克沙地、科尔沁沙地等)明显不同.晚第四纪以来库布齐沙漠与季风边缘区中东部沙地环...     

末次冰期以来太行山区的植被演替

末次盛冰期时,太行山区的植被以草原为主,森林覆盖率低于１０％或更少;１７０００－１００００ａＢ．Ｐ．是一快速增温时期,森林覆盖率已比现在高,达２０％－３０％;１００００－８０００ａＢ．Ｐ．的早全新世,森林植被进一步扩展,达２０％－４０％,太行山北段高于南段;８０００－５０００ａＢ．Ｐ．是太行山森林覆盖度最好的时期,约５０％或更多,但太行山南段的森林已开始遭到人类活动有选择的破坏;５０００－２５００ａＢ．Ｐ．植被略有减少;２５００ａＢ．Ｐ．至今,在人类活动和气候变凉干的作用下,太行山区的森林遭到毁灭性的破坏,１９４９年之前,森林覆盖率降至５％以下,解放后封山育林,森林覆盖率虽有所恢复,也仅１１．６％。植树造林仍是太行山区持续发展、生态建设的重要任务。     

末次冰期以来太行山区的植被演替

末次盛冰期时,太行山区的植被以草原为主,森林覆盖率低于１０％或更少;１７０００－１００００ａＢ．Ｐ．是一快速增温时期,森林覆盖率已比现在高,达２０％￣３０％;１００００－８０００ａＢ．Ｐ．的早全新世,森林植被进一步扩展,达２０％￣４０％,太行山北段高于南段;８０００－５０００Ｂ．Ｐ．是太行山森林覆盖度最好的时期,约５０％或更多,但太行山南段的森林已开始遭到人类活动有选择的破坏;５０００－２５００ａ     

中国干旱、半干旱区末次冰期以来气候变化规律

以临夏塬堡末次冰期中晚期黄土剖面为基础,选用我国干旱、半干旱区末次冰期以来同期异相或同期同相的气候记录与研究剖面进行对比分析后表明：位于西风气流控制的新疆地区全新世气候总体表现为偏干偏冷,晚期较为温暖的特点．其气候波动的幅度和频率较低。而位于季风环流控制的其它地区．全新世气候变化反映了同样的变化规律,即早全新世的升温波动期、中全新世的温暖稳定期和晚全新世的变冷期,其气候波动的幅度和频率较快。而无论是西风气流控制的新疆地区,还是季风环流影响的其它我国干旱、半干旱区,末次冰期气候变化均表现为早晚期的干冷期和中期的温湿期,尽管其干冷和温湿的程度不尽相同。     

末次盛冰期以来青藏高原东北部共和盆地冬夏季风演化记录

对青藏高原东北部共和盆地冬其剖面的化学元素与粒度分析表明,末次盛冰期以来区域冬夏季风总体上呈现此消彼长的关系,气候出现多次冷干-暖湿旋回。15.82 ka BP之前冬季风最强,夏季风最弱,为末次盛冰期时的冷干气候,但21 ka BP之前气候可能寒冷偏湿。15.82~9.5 ka BP夏季风明显增强,冬季风衰弱,气候明显转暖,其中老仙女木时期（14.7~13.7 a BP）和新仙女木时期（12.1~9.5 ka BP）气候相对冷干,而B-A时期（13.7~12.1 ka BP）气候相对暖湿。全新世以来冬夏季风出现多次波动,9.5~7.0 ka BP夏季风相对较强,气候相对暖湿;7.0~5.1 ka BP冬夏季风强弱交替频繁,气候出现冷干-暖湿旋回;5.1~2.7 ka BP夏季风总体较强,气候温暖湿润;2.7 ka BP 之后冬季风明显增强,气候趋于冷干。此外,区域冬夏季风演变过程与极地冰芯记录的冷暖事件大体一致,可以认为共和盆地气候变化是全球气候变化的区域响应。     

末次冰期以来柴达木盆地沙漠形成与演化

通过热释光测年,结合剖面岩性岩相特征、粒度等环境指标的综合分析,对柴达木盆地各地形面上古风成砂剖面进行了详细分析研究。将柴达木盆地沙漠形成与演化划分为3个阶段：21～15 kaBP的末次盛冰期是柴达木盆地大规模沙漠活动时期;15～10 kaBP的晚冰期柴达木盆地沙漠经历了多次扩展和固定缩小的波动演化;10 kaBP以来的全新世盆地沙漠经历了固定缩小和再次扩张的演化过程。自21 kaBP末次盛冰期以来,随着全球气候的波动变化,盆地沙漠虽经历了多次扩展与固定缩小的两相组合式波动演化过程,但流沙活动至今尚未完全停止过。现今盆地流沙活动是末次盛冰期以来沙漠演化过程中新近经历的又一阶段,是末次盛冰期流沙活动的承袭。     

末次盛冰期长江南京段河槽特征及古流量

根据南京长江大桥、三桥、四桥的地质钻孔资料,绘制南京段长江古河槽地质剖面示意图.对拟建南京长江四桥附近的四个钻孔进行了采样分析,从钻孔沉积物样品的14C年代及阶地形成时间,可以判断,南京段约-60m～-90m的深槽为末次盛冰期时的长江河槽.钻孔揭示,南京段长江古河槽狭窄陡峭,呈V型,在南京长江大桥附近形成局部深切.根据长江三桥、长江大桥附近古深槽断面形态及底部沉积物颗粒级配,选用沙莫夫公式、河海大学公式等,计算了末次盛冰期时河槽底部的泥沙起动流速及断面平均流速.根据流量-流速-过水断面之间的关系式,计算得出末次盛冰期时长江的流量约为12000～16000m3/s.     

末次盛冰期长江南京下关-栖霞山段的古河槽

选择长江南京下关-栖霞山段作为研究河段,根据南京长江大桥、四桥附近的地质钻孔资料,运用Mapinfo软件,绘制南京长江大桥、四桥附近长江古河槽地质剖面示意图.在拟建南京长江四桥附近的6个钻孔采集了年代样品,在-59.33 m深度上河床相圆砾石层中沉积物样品中有机质的14C年代为14 682±110 aBP,据此判断,位于该沉积层下部的上一期沉积旋回应在15 000 aBP之前.结论认为,该研究河段约-65～-90 m的深槽为末次盛冰期时的长江河槽.古河槽相对狭窄陡峭,形成局部深切.槽中充填了一次从粗到细的沉积旋回.     

末次冰期以来浑善达克沙地粒度组成的环境记录

浑善达克沙地周缘及腹地质量磁化率的测定和粒度分析表明：区域上粒度变化表现为东部较西部粗，腹地较周缘粗，南部较北部粗的规律，说明粒径的大小及土壤的成壤与源区及地表环境有关，同时也说明了浑善达克沙地的形成过程受东亚季风变化的影响；时间上，末次冰期晚期，浑善达克沙地全面扩张，主要表现为现代草场的位置都可找到古风成砂；冰后期，浑善达克沙地成壤作用较好，这个时期属于一个大的成壤期，即使在沙地的腹地也成壤；目前该地区处于成壤期，但成壤作用比冰后期差，粘土含量减少，地表粗化现象严重，表明了人类活动在沙漠化过程中的突出作用。     

腾格里沙漠南缘末次冰盛期以来沙漠演化与气候变化

位于现代季风区边缘的沙漠黄土边界带,具有高度的不稳定性,末次冰盛期以来历经多次北进南退移动和暖湿、冷干变化。依据对腾格里沙漠南缘白岩沟剖面的黄土古土壤风成砂序列的年代测定,建立了腾格里沙漠南缘末次冰盛期以来沙漠演化的时间序列,并结合剖面各地层的粒度分析、色度分析和CaCO3分析结果,认为末次冰盛期该区主要经历了两次沙漠强烈扩张、两次退缩以及一次小幅度扩张的阶段。而全球变化所导致的东亚冬、夏季风变化是沙漠正、逆过程演变的主要驱动因子。     

Three modes of climate change since the Last Glacial Maximum in arid and semi-arid regions of the Asian continent

The westerly winds and East Asian summer monsoon play a leading role in climate change of southwestern North America and eastern Asia since the Last Glacial Maximum(LGM),respectively.Their convergence in arid and semi-arid regions of the Asian continent(AAC) makes the regional climate change more complicated on the millennial-scale.There are still limitations in applying paleoclimate records and climate simulations of characteristic periods to investigate climate change patterns since the LGM in this region.In this study,we adopt two indexes indicating effective moisture and rely on a continuous simulation,a time slice simulation,and numerous paleoclimate records to comprehensively investigate the cli-mate change modes and their driving mechanisms since the LGM in AAC.Results demon-strate a millennial-scale climate differentiation phenomenon and three climate change modes possibly occurring in AAC since the LGM.The western AAC largely controlled by the westerly winds is featured as wet climates during the LGM but relatively dry climates during the mid-Holocene (MH),coinciding with the climate change mode in southwestern North America.Conversely,dry conditions during the LGM and relatively wet conditions during the MH are reflected in eastern AAC governed by the East Asian summer monsoon,which leans to the climate change mode in eastern Asia.If climate change in central AAC is forced by the in-teraction of two circulations,it expresses wet conditions in both the LGM and MH,tending to a combination of the southwestern North American and eastern Asian modes.Precipitation and evaporation exert different intensities in influencing three climate modes of different periods.Furthermore,we identify the significant driving effects of greenhouse gases and ice sheets on westerly-dominated zones of AAC,while orbit-driven insolation on monsoon-dominated zones of AAC.     

末次冰盛期以来塔里木盆地绿洲演化研究进展与问题

塔里木盆地绿洲是中亚干旱区历史时期和现代人类生产和生活的重要场所,也是古丝绸之路和现代丝绸之路经济带的重要节点。对此区域绿洲沉积记录进行研究,可以了解绿洲演化过程,从而进一步对绿洲演化的机制进行分析。由于塔里木盆地周边绿洲人类活动剧烈,导致连续完整的绿洲沉积记录较为缺乏;而且此区域环境变化敏感复杂,沉积记录存在‘同期异相’等特性,限制了对绿洲演化过程和影响机制的探讨。因此,对塔里木盆地绿洲沉积物与绿洲演化过程研究进行系统总结非常必要。通过梳理目前对绿洲和绿洲沉积物的分类与定义,认为除了地貌与沉积相,还需结合表征绿洲沉积阶段的指标体系才能更好地厘清绿洲演化过程。筛选了记录塔里木盆地末次冰盛期以来的24篇绿洲沉积序列的文献,对文献中232个绿洲沉积发育年代和其中的120个河湖相沉积发育年代数据分别进行概率密度统计。总体来看,绿洲沉积与河湖相沉积发育年龄具有较好的一致性,暗示绿洲发育与盆地内部水文过程密切相关。同时,6 ka之前,绿洲发育概率密度与古里雅冰芯δ¹⁸O记录的温度具有相同变化趋势,盆地周边高山地区冰川融水可能是绿洲发育的主控因素;6 ka之后,绿洲发育与天山鹿角湾黄土-古土壤序列记录的湿度变化较为一致,绿洲发育可能主要响应于山地降水变化。进一步对塔里木盆地不同区域绿洲发育概率与古环境演化记录进行对比,发现不同区域绿洲发育与古环境记录存在着不一致性。在未来研究中,应该对塔里木盆地各区域大范围不连续的绿洲沉积进行集成研究,构建区域绿洲演化过程和年代框架,在此基础上对控制各区域绿洲发育的因素进行深入探讨。     

青海湖东岸末次冰期冰盛期和早全新世沙漠范围重建

基于野外沉积物调查、已报道的风成沉积物年代和重建的湖泊水位波动曲线,初步绘制了末次冰期冰盛期和全新世早期青海湖东岸的沙漠范围。初步认为,末次冰期冰盛期时青海湖大幅度萎缩,湖底沉积物暴露并遭受风蚀,在偏西风的搬运下,近岸粗颗粒砂堆积在日月山西侧和倒淌河河谷,形成流动沙丘,细颗粒沉积物被向东搬运沉积至河湟谷地和黄土高原。倒淌河源头的沙丘最晚是在末次冰期盛冰期(23~16ka BP)沙漠扩张时形成并残留至今的;青海湖东部日月山西侧山麓地带和倒淌河河谷中、晚全新世黄土、古土壤下部普遍沉积的风成砂是末次冰期冰盛期和全新世早期(11~9 ka BP)青海湖东岸地区大范围沙化的证据。     

Spatial and temporal variations in the thermodynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum at Jutulstraumen drainage basin,East Antarctica

A flow-line model is coupled to a 2D temperature model to simulate the thermodynamic changes of Jutulstraumen drainage basin due to grounding line retreat and increased surface temperature since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The basin consists of a plateau drained by an outlet glacier, and the simulated ice volume reductions are 1% and 2% respectively of the current grounded volume. The mountain ranges H.U. Sverdrupfjella and Neumayerskarvet fringing the plateau were not overridden by ice at the LGM, while the Nashornet nunataks closer to the grounding line were. Today the glacier is almost in balance with the current climate, with the highest thinning rate?<?5.0×10^?3 ma^?1 at the plateau. The simulated present-day thermal regime of the outlet glacier shows a basal layer at the pressure melting point and negative temperature gradients with depth due to horizontal advection of cold ice from the plateau. Sensitivity studies show that strain heating and horizontal advection are important for the basal temperatures in the fast flowing outlet glacier and for about half of the wide basin at the polar plateau. Increased strain heating and horizontal advection since the LGM control the response time required to readjust to the new conditions, and it controls the present-day volume.     

长江江苏段末次盛冰期古河槽特征

选择长江江苏段作为研究河段,根据南京长江三桥、长江大桥、长江四桥、润扬长江大桥、扬中长江大桥、江阴长江大桥、苏通长江大桥7个断面的285个地质勘探钻孔资料及参考文献中的8个钻孔资料,建立了7个长江古河谷地质剖面图。在拟建南京长江四桥附近、扬中长江大桥附近的7个钻孔进行了采样分析,获得了8个14C年代、1个ESR年代数据。通过分析发现,末次盛冰期长江古河槽镇江以上切割到基岩,镇江以下嵌在老河床相沉积层上,河槽在南京下关-栖霞山段形成局部深切;南京段约-63 m以下的河槽为末次盛冰期的古河槽,相对狭窄陡峭,宽深比较小,向下游宽深比逐渐变大,扬中以下形成分叉河道体系;古河槽中自下而上充填了从粗到细的沉积旋回,河床相沉积物向下游逐渐变细。     

Morphological characteristics of the paleochannel of the Yihe River in the Last Glacial Maximum,Shandong Province,China

The paleochannel of the Wenhekou–Liudaokou reach of the Yihe River was investigated using electrical soundings along the Zhuyong and Chuanliujie cross sections and drilling at the Chuanliujie cross section. Drilling data from the Liuhang Rubber dam and the Jiefang, Taoran, Yihe, and Luocheng road bridges were also used. Seven stratigraphic cross sections of the Yihe River paleochannel were confirmed based on electrical sounding and drilling, and samples were collected for ¹⁴C and optically stimulated luminescence dating near Zhuyang village, Chuanliujie village, Liuhang Rubber dam, south bank of the Benghe River bridge, and the riverbed near the Yihe Road bridge. The dating results suggest that the channels below 76.0, 70.0, 69.5, 55.1, 52.4, 56.5, and 56.4 m near Zhuyang village, Chuanliujie village, Liuhang Rubber dam, Jiefang Road bridge, Taoran Road bridge, Yihe Road bridge, and Luocheng Road bridge are paleochannels of the Yihe River during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Lithology of the riverbed is complex and characterized by fracture zones. This reach of the river was braided with high width–depth ratios and the deep, incised valley at the Jiefang and Taoran road bridges was formed by a regional deep cut during the LGM.     

末次冰期盛期中国热带的变迁

参照约６０个实例,探讨末次冰期盛期中国热带位置的纬度地带性和经度地带性变迁。当时,热带中部、热带北部、亚热带南部３个地带的北界分别南移５个、２个、６个纬距。经度地带性差异可分为５个区。其年均温下降幅度,台湾岛最大（５￣９℃）,两广及海南岛其次（３￣４℃）,闽南粤东较小（２￣３℃）,滇南最小（１￣２℃）。南海冬季水温降幅较大（２．４￣５．７℃）。除闽南、粤东、南海趋于冷干外,大部分地区环境趋于冷湿。     

Characteristics and runoff volume of the Yangtze River paleo-valley at Nanjing reach in the Last Glacial Maximum

The stratigraphical cross-sections of the Yangtze River incised-valley near the No.1, No.3 and No.4 Nanjing Yangtze River bridges were established with respective bore date and documents. By 14C age analysis of the samples of four drilling cores near the No.4 Bridge (to be built), we can find that the time range of paleo-valley is dated in the LGM at a depth of –60 m to –90 m near Nanjing. It is also indicated that the deep incised-valley channel was narrow and the river flowed swiftly. The ancient Yangtze River deep channel presented partially and deeply incised features near the No.1 Bridge. According to previous publications, much research has been done on the main paleo-channel of the Yangtze River, but few results have been achieved on discharge estimation. In this paper, the incipient velocity and average velocity of the LGM was calculated with Vc = 4.60d1/3h1/ 6, 95 Vc 1.28lg 13.15. h . gd , d ? ? = ? ? ? ? 1 6 * 90 V 6.5u h d ≈ , etc., in terms of the river shape, sedimentary grain size and sequences near the No.3 and No.1 bridges. Moreover, the discharge in Nanjing reach of the Yangtze River during the LGM has been estimated to be around 12,000–16,000 m3/s according to the relationship of discharge, velocity of flow and cross-section.