区域多维发展综合测度方法及应用

借鉴国内外区域发展研究从单要素、单指标走向多要素、多指标综合测度的学术思路,从收入、消费、教育、人口城镇化、交通及生活设施等6个维度选择了12个指标,建立了多面体法区域多维发展综合测度方法及模型,改建了适用于区域多维发展综合测度的多边形法和向量和法定量模型,并与已得到广泛应用的加权求和法一起按县级、地级和省级单元对中国的区域多维发展状况进行了综合测度实证研究。结果表明：不同维度单项指标值和区域多维发展指数在全国各县级单元之间存在着显著差异;区域多维发展指数在空间分布上呈现出东部沿海高、中部及北方沿边地区中等、西南及西部沿边地区低的基本格局,高和较高类型区主要分布在东部沿海、中西部城市以及能矿资源开发地区,低和较低类型区基本上与国家新认定的集中连片贫困区的分布一致;按县级、地级和省级不同尺度单元,借助SPSS和EXCEL软件对4种方法测算结果的相关性分析表明,多面体法、多边形法、向量和法、加权求和法在实际应用中具有等效性,选用任何一种方法都能达到区域多维发展综合测度和评价的目的。     

基于模糊评价法的农民集中居住区居民满意度研究——以南京市浦口区为例

以南京市6个典型农民集中居住区为研究对象,运用模糊评价法进行居民满意度调查分析,建立了就业状况、住房状况、居住环境、社区生活、经济情况、地理位置和配套设施7个方面27个因子的满意度评价指标体系。结果发现:农民集中居住区的居民对社区生活和地理位置较为满意,而对经济情况、配套设施的满意度较低;居民对就业情况、经济情况关注度较高,而对社区生活、住房状况关注度较低。进一步将27个因子分为高关注-低满意、低关注-低满意、高关注-高满意、低关注-高满意4种类型,在对各类型因子进行优先级排序的基础上,提出了改善农民集中居住区生活满意度的对策建议。     

基于POI和OSM路网的住宅生活便利度评价——以郑州市主城区为例

基于高德地图API获取到的97 953条有效兴趣点数据,以郑州市主城区为研究区,运用OD成本矩阵、反距离权重法和核密度分析法相结合,分析郑州市主城区八类设施的空间可达性及其空间格局。并从2021年7·20郑州特大暴雨的角度进行进一步分析。结果表明：(1)从设施空间分布上看,便民服务设施覆盖面最广,分布相对均衡,休闲娱乐设施覆盖面最小,分布最不均衡;惠济区内各类服务设施密度值最小,设施配置状况较差,金水区内各类服务设施密度值最大,设施配置状况较完善。(2)从应急避难场所服务面积看,整体服务覆盖率过低,覆盖区域主要集中在中原区与二七区,其次为金水区,管城回族区仅有一处应急避难所供居民使用,惠济区尚未建设应急避难场所。(3)从生活便利度水平看,三环内生活便利度水平适中,主要集中在京广铁路沿线区域,三环外生活便利度则较差,主要由一级水平区域所覆盖。     

基于六普数据的中国流动人口住房状况的空间格局

住房是流动人口融入城市、实现市民化过程中必须解决的关键问题。基于2010 年第六次人口普查数据,采用住房拥有率、租住房率、住房面积指数、住房不受干扰指数、住房质量指数和住房费用指数6 个指标考察流动人口的住房状况,并综合运用数理统计、空间自相关和系统聚类法揭示流动人口住房状况的属性特征、空间分布与集聚类型。研究发现,与城镇常住人口相比,流动人口的住房状况较差。从空间分布看,流动人口住房状况的各项指标具有显著的空间正相关,在空间分布上不仅存在集聚现象,而且有明显的集聚中心。研究结果还表明,流动人口住房条件综合状况可划分为较好、中等、中等偏下、较差4 级类型区,在全国尺度上的空间分布除个别类型外具有团块聚合的结构特征。在考虑社会公平的前提下,应分类解决不同类型区域流动人口的住房问题。     

基于主客观生活质量评价的农村发展差异分析——以北京山区经济薄弱村为例

从居民生活质量角度评价区域发展程度长期以来备受关注。本文以北京山区经济薄弱村为例,在抽样农户调查基础上,基于小康监测体系中的生活质量指标体系,采用因子分析法构建的主观评价体系,分别测算了村级客观、主观生活质量指数,运用聚类法与差异贡献率法,开展北京山区经济薄弱村居民主客观生活质量的对比评价及影响因素分析。研究表明:1客观指数上,99.29%的村庄低于北京农村的平均水平,村间差异显著,高指数村庄主要分布在地势平坦的近郊区;2主观指数上,具有一定地域趋同性,离城区越近主观满意度越低;3综合来看,深山区与近郊区的村庄自身存在较大的主—客观差异,18.95%的村庄综合生活质量较差,文化娱乐、信息教育、生态环保等生活品质是限制居民生活质量的主要因素;4差异扶贫、提升人口综合素质、扶持生活质量高维度相关产业发展以及开展扶贫动态监测与开发规划,是进一步改善居民生活质量、提升区域发展水平的主要驱动力。主客观生活质量评价能够深入反映区域发展与居民生活质量间的关系,可作为区域综合发展决策的重要辅助方法。     

黄河流域农村经济差异及空间演化

研究黄河流域农村经济发展状况对揭示其经济差异的驱动机制和实现黄河流域农村地区的跨越式发展具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文运用层次分析法建立农村经济发展水平综合评价指标体系,并利用GeoDA和GIS软件,结合ESDA-GIS空间分析法,深入分析了1990-2013年黄河流域332个县级行政单元农村经济的差异及其空间演化。结果表明：①近20多年来,黄河流域农村经济发展水平东高西低,整体水平不断上升。高及较高水平区主要分布在黄河下游且呈团状集聚,中等水平区主要位于黄河流域传统的农牧区,低及较低水平区主要分布在黄河源头及周边地区。空间格局以高水平区为中心,逐渐向周边低水平区扩散,分层现象较明显;②1990年以来,黄河流域农村经济的空间集聚效应呈逐渐增强态势,以显著高—高和显著低—低类型区为主且稳定性较强,而显著高—低和显著低—高类型区则较少;③区位、产业结构和政策是导致黄河流域农村经济差异的主要因素。     

中国地区价格指数测度与空间分异

地区价格指数是不同地区购买一篮子相同商品和服务的价格之比,表征同一时期、不同地区的物价综合水平。借鉴购买力平价理论,构建适用于中国地区价格指数测算的指标体系和计算方法,测度了100个典型城市的地区价格指数并进行差异分析。研究结果表明：不同地区商品和服务的价格差异显著,地区价格指数界于0.849~1.662之间,最高值为最低值的1.95倍;住房价格的地区差异最大,教育、医疗次之,是影响居民实际生活水平的三大主要因素;食品、交通、教育和医疗价格的空间集聚程度较高,通信、住房、文娱价格的空间集聚程度较低;地区价格指数在全国呈“东高西低、南高北低”的空间分异格局,东南沿海地区物价水平较高、黄河中游地区物价水平较低。通过对地区价格指数的研究,能够为关注民生时代的区域协调发展政策制定提供科学依据。     

长江经济带乡村功能区域差异及类型划分

深度挖掘乡村功能价值是实现乡村全面振兴的重要途径,论文通过构建乡村功能综合评价指标体系,运用GIS和泰尔指数,揭示了2016年长江经济带130个市(区)乡村“生产-生活-生态”功能地区差异特征和差异来源,并进行功能分区。研究结果显示：① 长江经济带乡村功能具有显著的空间分异特征,农业生产功能强的区域集中在中游和下游平原地区;人居生活功能强的区域集中在下游省会及核心发展城市周边;生态保育功能强的区域在上游和中游山地丘陵地区。② 乡村功能总体区域差异来源于上、中、下游地区内部差异,农业生产功能在上游内部区域差异显著,人居生活功能和生态保育功能在下游内部区域差异显著,中游地区乡村功能整体区域差异较小。③ 基于研究结果将研究区划分农业生产区、人居生活区、生态保育区、人居生活-农业生产复合区、人居生活-生态保育复合区、生态保育-农业生产复合区、农业生产-人居生活-生态保育综合发展区和农业生产-人居生活-生态保育综合协调区8种功能类型区,可为完善长江经济带乡村功能的空间布局提供科学依据。     

基于改进3SFCA的乡村地区公共医疗设施空间可达性与公平性评价——以海口市为例

公共医疗设施配置合理与否影响城乡居民健康和福祉,科学客观测算乡村地区公共医疗设施公平可达性具有重要意义。乡村地区人口规模较小且分散居住,居民就医行为有别于城市居民,2SFCA或3SFCA方法难以客观揭示乡村地区人口分布规律和就医出行特征,导致评估乡村地区医疗设施可达性时效果不佳。论文根据海口市乡村居民就医出行规律选择距离衰减函数,格网化研究区形成人口需求点,考虑不同等级医疗机构对居民就医的吸引,改进了3SFCA算法,建立乡村地区公共医疗设施可达性与空间公平性评估方法体系,并以海口市为案例进行实证分析。结果表明：① 基于改进3SFCA法建立的可达性评价模型可以获得更精准客观的评价结果;② 海口市乡村地区公共医疗设施可达性整体较差且空间分异明显,高值区分布在东部的三江、云龙及甲子镇,低值区主要集中在研究区西部;③ 海口市乡村地区公共医疗设施配置的公平性不佳,少量的高和较高公平等级区域均位于中低人口密度区,而低和极低公平等级区域覆盖了广大的高人口密度区,医疗资源配置的公平性亟需改善。     

保障性住房居民满意度实证研究——以银川市为例

从民生视角出发,以银川市满春和五里2个保障性住房片区为例,利用问卷调查、深度访谈等方法研究保障性住房居民居住情况的满意度。针对小区外部环境、建设状况、社会生活3个方面详细考察居民满意度状况,并分析保障性住房小区存在的问题。提出保障性住房治理政策建议:通过城市更新改善保障性住房区位条件;完善保障性住房的设施规划建设;构建保障性住房物业管理模式;提高保障性住房房屋质量建设;打造保障性住房邻里文化;规范保障性住房各项制度。     

中国城市土地利用效率及其溢出效应与影响因素

基于C-D函数剔除城市经济非期望产出构建随机生产函数模型,以地均投入产出技术效率表征城市土地利用效率,采用2003-2012年282个地级以上市面板数据测算了中国城市土地利用效率,并建立空间滞后计量模型分析了城市土地利用效率的溢出效应与影响因素的区域差异。结果表明：① 中国城市土地利用效率有所提升,且存在明显的空间特征与区域差异。空间特征显示,效率较高的城市主要集中在珠三角、湖南、湖北、河南南部、安徽东部、山东与江苏交界处。区域差异显示,中部地区城市土地利用效率最高而东北地区最低,西北地区城市土地利用效率增速最快而西南地区较低且增速最慢;② 中国城市土地利用效率存在显著为正的溢出效应,其中在中部、东北、西北地区较高,而在西南地区最低;③ 影响因素在各区域对城市土地利用效率的作用存在明显差异,有必要采取具有区域针对性的措施提升城市土地利用效率。     

Quantitative characterization and comprehensive evaluation of regional water resources using the Three Red Lines method

Based on the synergetic development of new industrialization, rapid urbanization and agricultural modernization (IUAM), and from the viewpoint of interactive relationships between water resources and regional population, eco-environment, economy and society, the concepts of water resources intensity (WRI), water environment intensity (WEI), water resources relative efficiency (WRRE) and water environment relative efficiency (WERE) are defined with reference to energy intensity, resources efficiency and environment efficiency theory. On the basis of benchmarking theory, the quantitative characterization and evaluation method of “Three Red Lines” (the upper limit of water resources allocation, the baseline of utilization efficiency of water resources and the upper limit of sewage discharge) is proposed. According to these concepts and models, an empirical analysis of the Three Red Lines of water resources on the Chinese mainland between 2003 and 2012 was carried out. The results showed that total water consumption in eastern, central and western parts of China possesses “club convergence” characteristics, which means these areas have similar internal conditions appeared convergence in the development. Inter-provincial differences in water consumption continue to decrease, but the north–south differentiation characteristics in the eastern and central regions were still relatively obvious, while provincial differences in the eastern part were at a minimum and the central region had the largest. Water Resources Efficiency (WRE) of all four sectors in the Southwest rivers and Huaihe River basins were generally high. Industrial WRRE in the Songhua River, Yangtze River and Pearl River basins, agricultural WRRE in the Songhua River, Yellow River and northwestern river basins and domestic WRRE in the Liaohe River, Yangtze River and Pearl River basins were all low. Eco-environmental WRRE in the southeastern rivers and Yangtze River basins were low but showed an upward trend. Other river basins, except for the Northwestern rivers basin, had high eco-environmental WRRE with a downward trend. Western China, especially the northwestern part, had a low relative intensity of the water environment (WERI) and high integrated water environment management (IWEM) performance, but the relative intensities of the water resources (WRRI) were fairly high, and the comprehensive performance of integrated water resources management (IWRM) in these regions was low. In southern China, especially the southeastern part, the IWEM was fairly high, but the overall IWRM was lower.     

中国县域尺度生态保护的地域分异及其适宜性（英文）

China's investments, financial incentives and deductions in terms of ecological conservation are based at the county level. Therefore, the monitoring and assessment of the effects of ecological conservation at the county level is important to provide a scientific basis for the assessment of the ecological and environmental quality at the county scale. This paper quantitatively estimated the dynamics of high-quality ecosystems and vegetation coverage over the past 15 years, and their relationships with the number of ecological conservation programs at the county level were analyzed. Then, the effects of ecological conservation measures on ecological changes at the county level and their regional suitability were assessed and discussed. The results showed that counties with a percentage of high-quality ecosystems greater than 50% were primarily distributed in northeastern China, southern subtropical China and the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and those with a percentage lower than 20% were mostly distributed in northwestern China, the southwestern karst region and the North China Plain. In recent decades, ecological conservation has focused on ecologically fragile regions; more than five ecological conservation programs have been implemented in most counties of the Three River Source Region in Qinghai Province, southeastern Tibet, western Sichuan, the Qilian Mountains, southern Xinjiang and other western regions, while only one or zero have been implemented in the eastern coastal area of China. Over the past 15 years, the proportional area of high-quality ecosystems has increased in approximately 53% of counties. The vegetation coverage of counties in the Loess Plateau, Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(Jing-Jin-Ji), Sichuan-Guizhou-Chongqing, and Guangdong-Guangxi provincial-level areas has increased significantly. However, it decreased in northern Xinjiang, central Tibet, central and eastern Inner Mongolia, the Yangtze River Delta and other regions. The relationships between the numbers of ecological conservation programs and the indicators of ecosystem restoration response, such as high-quality ecosystem and vegetation coverage, do not show positive correlations. These results suggest that ecological conservation programs should be planned and implemented according to the distribution patterns of high-quality ecosystems and that restoration measures such as afforestation should follow natural principles and regional differentiation under the background of climate change.     

Regional differentiation of ecological conservation and its zonal suitability at the county level in China

China’s investments, financial incentives and deductions in terms of ecological conservation are based at the county level. Therefore, the monitoring and assessment of the effects of ecological conservation at the county level is important to provide a scientific basis for the assessment of the ecological and environmental quality at the county scale. This paper quantitatively estimated the dynamics of high-quality ecosystems and vegetation coverage over the past 15 years, and their relationships with the number of ecological conservation programs at the county level were analyzed. Then, the effects of ecological conservation measures on ecological changes at the county level and their regional suitability were assessed and discussed. The results showed that counties with a percentage of high-quality ecosystems greater than 50% were primarily distributed in northeastern China, southern subtropical China and the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and those with a percentage lower than 20% were mostly distributed in northwestern China, the southwestern karst region and the North China Plain. In recent decades, ecological conservation has focused on ecologically fragile regions; more than five ecological conservation programs have been implemented in most counties of the Three River Source Region in Qinghai Province, southeastern Tibet, western Sichuan, the Qilian Mountains, southern Xinjiang and other western regions, while only one or zero have been implemented in the eastern coastal area of China. Over the past 15 years, the proportional area of high-quality ecosystems has increased in approximately 53% of counties. The vegetation coverage of counties in the Loess Plateau, Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji), Sichuan-Guizhou-Chongqing, and Guangdong-Guangxi provincial-level areas has increased significantly. However, it decreased in northern Xinjiang, central Tibet, central and eastern Inner Mongolia, the Yangtze River Delta and other regions. The relationships between the numbers of ecological conservation programs and the indicators of ecosystem restoration response, such as high-quality ecosystem and vegetation coverage, do not show positive correlations. These results suggest that ecological conservation programs should be planned and implemented according to the distribution patterns of high-quality ecosystems and that restoration measures such as afforestation should follow natural principles and regional differentiation under the background of climate change.     

Comprehensive methods for measuring regional multidimensional development and their applications in China

National and international research on regional development has matured from the use of single elements and indicators to the application of comprehensive multi-element and multi-indicator measures. We selected 12 indicators from six dimensions for analysis in this study, including income, consumption, education, population urbanization, traffic, and indoor living facilities. We then proposed the polyhedron method to comprehensively measure levels of regional multidimensional development. We also enhanced the polygon and vector sum methods to render them more suitable for studying the status of regional multidimensional development. Finally, we measured levels of regional multidimensional development at county, city, and provincial scales across China and analyzed spatial differences using the three methods above and the weighted sum method applied widely. The results of this study reveal the presence of remarkable regional differences at the county scale across China in terms of single and multidimensional levels of regional development. Analyses show that values of the regional multidimensional development index (RMDI) are high in eastern coastal areas, intermediate in the midlands and in northern border regions, and low in the southwest and in western border regions. Districts characterized by enhanced and the highest levels of this index are distributed in eastern coastal areas, including cities in central and western regions, as well as areas characterized by the development of energy and mineral resources. The regional distribution of reduced and the lowest levels of this index is consistent with concentrations of areas that have always been impoverished. Correlation analyses of the results generated by the four methods at provincial, city, and county scales show that all are equivalent in practical application and can be used to generate satisfactory measures for regional multidimensional development. Additional correlation analyses between RMDI values calculated using the polyhedron method and per capita gross domestic product (GDP) demonstrate that the latter is not a meaningful proxy for the level of regional multidimensional development.     

老年人口健康的空间分异及影响因素研究——以湖北省为例

基于湖北省2010年人口普查和2015年人口抽样调查提供的103个县区的60岁及以上人口的自评健康数据,以老年健康率为地区老年人口健康水平的测度指标,分析了湖北省老年健康水平的时空格局及影响因素。结果表明：湖北省老年健康水平的空间分异显著,老年健康率的高值县区主要是地级市的市辖区,次高值县区主要集中在中部地域,低值县区则广布于省域边缘。湖北省老年健康水平呈现显著的空间正向关联性,但随着空间差异扩大,空间集聚程度呈下降态势。武汉城区及其周边为HH类型县区集聚区,鄂西、鄂东北和鄂东南边缘则是LL类型县区集聚区。总体上看,湖北省老年健康率的热点区域一直稳定地保持在武汉及其邻近县区,冷点区域也较为稳定地集中于鄂西、鄂东北和鄂东南边缘地区。除历史因素外,地区社会经济条件、自然环境因素以及老年人口社会经济特征的县际差异是湖北省老年健康水平空间分异的重要影响因素。该结果对于促进老年人口健康的区际公平发展具有借鉴意义。     

我国北方春季沙尘暴与气候因子之关系

利用我国北方1954—2005年470个站点的春季沙尘暴资料和相应的气候资料,在合理区划沙尘暴易发地区的基础上,采用气象统计分析中的相关分析方法,对沙尘暴与气温、降水量、相对湿度、地温、风速、风蚀指数等气候因子间的相关性进行了统计分析,研究各个区域沙尘暴发生的气候特征,并提出了春季沙尘暴多发的简单气候概念模型。结果表明:①气候要素与我国北方春季沙尘暴的发生有一定的耦合关系,南疆的沙尘暴与气候要素的相关性最好,而北疆的最差。与沙尘暴相关性最好的气候因子是风速,其次是风蚀指数。②我国北方春季沙尘暴多发的简单的气候概念模型:前期（前冬）,北、南疆地区较常年多干冷的西北气流;青藏东南地区和柴达木地区多暖湿的西南气流;河西地区、河套地区和东北地区为冷湿的偏西气流偏多。同期（春季）,北、南疆地区较往年干燥且多大风;青藏东南地区和柴达木地区暖干;河西地区、河套地区和东北地区冷且多大风。     

中国市域居民住房支付能力时空演变及影响因素

利用泰尔指数、σ系数、莫兰指数和空间回归模型等方法,对2012—2017年中国大陆346个市域单元收入房价比的时空演变规律进行分析,并探究其影响因素。结果表明:2012—2017年,中国市域单元收入房价比排名整体表现为东部>中部>东北>西部,其相对差异和绝对差异均随时间呈现增大趋势,居民住房支付能力稳步增强。2012—2017年,中国市域单元收入房价比的空间集聚性显著增强,空间分布不均衡性有逐渐增强的趋势。经济水平、城镇化水平、房地产投资水平、城市规模是影响中国市域住房支付能力的主要影响因素,其中,经济水平和城镇化水平对居民住房支付能力具有较大的正向影响,而房地产投资水平和城市规模为负向影响;2012—2017年我国东北和东中西部则不同程度上受不同影响因素的影响。     

广州市保障房住区居住环境品质及其制度影响因素研究

为应对住房市场化改革带来的严峻的住房担负问题,中央政府推行了大规模建设保障房的政策,但政策实施成效,特别是保障房住区的居住环境品质状况,仍有待进一步探究。于2015年对广州11处保障房住区居民的问卷调查和访谈,并基于与城市工作POI核密度的分析结果匹配发现,保障房住区在空间和社会双重孤立的区位很大程度上造成了其不宜人的居住环境,难以与低收入居民的实际需求相匹配。既有的行政管理体制、政府职能部门间低效的沟通、不稳定的土地来源成为阻碍保障房供应和住区居住环境品质提升的重要制度因素。