沅江下游入湖段河床沉积物重金属污染特征北大核心CSCDCSSCI

对沅江入湖沉积物进行钻探取样,利用等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)对沉积物重金属进行分析。结果表明:重金属Ba、Sc、V、Th、U、Cu、Co、Ni、Cr等在沉积物中含量变化相对稳定,分布相对均匀;而Mn、Zn、Pb、Mo、Cd、Tl、Bi等重金属的含量变化大,分布不均匀。重金属含量柱状剖面变化特征及富集系数(EF值)的计算结果显示:沉积物中Cd达显著富集,而Sc、V、Mn、Pb、Bi等为中等富集程度。沉积物中存在3个重金属富集层,即中下部Pb、Tl、Bi富集层;中上部Pb、Cr、Ni、Cu富集层;浅表部V、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Tl、Bi等多种重金属富集层。地累积指数(Igeo)和综合富集指数(EI)评价结果显示:沅江入湖沉积物重金属污染程度自河床深部向浅部,污染程度趋于增强,污染元素组合趋于由Pb-Bi的单一元素组合向由V-Cr-Mn-Ni-Cu-ZnPb-Cd-Bi组成的复合元素组合变化。且自上游向下游,沉积物重金属污染程度趋于降低。这种重金属污染空间变化特征与区域人为活动有关,值得进一步研究。     

澜沧江河床沉积物重金属污染评价

河床沉积物是河流水体与泥沙环境中重金属的主要积存载体,能反映水环境的重金属污染状况。本文选取澜沧江为对象,通过对澜沧江干流西藏和云南境内22个河段的河床沉积物重金属测定分析,得到了8种主要的重金属元素(Cr、Mn、Ni、Zn、As、Pb、Cu和Co)的含量,并采用沉积物富集系数法与地质积累指数法分别对所测得沉积物的重金属污染程度进行了评价。结果表明:①澜沧江干流大部分河段污染情况并不明显,但在中游的旧州和功果桥河段,因该区域的地质金属背景值和支流沘江流域铅锌矿开采,地表的重金属元素被雨水冲刷到该河段,导致沉积物重金属富集现象明显,出现了轻度到较强度污染;②澜沧江流域受人为干扰的区域集中于中游与下游,部分河段(功果桥附近)Cu、Pb和Zn等元素呈轻度或偏中度污染;③大坝对河流的阻隔效应使得干流沉积物重金属污染呈现片段化分布,河流沿岸城市化等人类活动对附近河段沉积物重金属污染状况也有较明显的影响。     

连环湖马圈泡沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险

通过对连环湖马圈泡柱状沉积物重金属（Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cd）等地球化学指标的分析, 对马圈泡沉积物污染历史进行了讨论。根据元素的变化趋势,结合颗粒组成指标,采用相关分析,富集状况及潜在生态风险评价,并辅以²¹⁰Pb、¹³⁷Cs测年数据,研究了自1937年以来该湖区沉积物重金属元素污染特征、来源、污染历史及污染程度。结果表明,1987年以前各元素含量变化趋势平稳,1987年至今,7种重金属元素含量均明显增加。重金属元素的来源包括自然来源和人为输入。从单向污染系数来看Cu、Ni、Cr、Pb、Zn属于中等污染强度,Mn、Cd达到了强污染程度;从综合污染系数来看,表层重金属元素主要为中等程度的污染。沉积物重金属污染历史与该区经济发展阶段相吻合可为其湖区生态环境的整治与改善提供基础性的数据资料。     

青海湖流域沙柳河下游沉积物中重金属污染风险评价

对青海湖流域沙柳河下游沉积物中As、Cd、Pb、V、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu和Zn 9种重金属元素的含量进行了分析测定,采用污染系数、富集系数、地累积指数和潜在生态危害指数评估了其污染程度。结果表明：无论在横向还是纵向上,重金属元素含量均低于青海湖土壤背景值;重金属元素污染系数和富集系数均小于2,且大多数样品的值低于1（高于1者多为Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn,且具高值）;地累积指数均为负值（除QB-19中Cd和Cu分别为0.10和0.02）;潜在生态风险因子大多低于30,潜在生态危害指数大多低于70。沙柳河下游沉积物尚未出现重金属污染,具有低的生态风险,但该流域重金属的人为排放确实存在（主要是Cd、Cu、Ni、Zn等）,而且在近代排放更为显著。     

水库下游水沙变化与河床演变研究综述

水库建设以满足人类日益增长的水资源及其利用的要求仍是当今世界,特别是发展中国家在水利建设中的一项重要任务。建坝改变了上下游水流边界条件,导致水沙输移变化,同时也触发了河床形态发生相应的调整。自从20 世纪30 年代全球大规模修坝后,关于此课题的研究就层出不穷。本文就此研究主题对国内外研究成果进行梳理与总结,简要综述水库下游水流挟沙变异以及河床形态演变的研究历史与现状,旨在对该领域的研究进展进行全面的归纳与总结。     

黄河下游游荡段河床萎缩的影响因素分析

黄河下游河床萎缩典型地表现为平滩水位下河床断面面积的趋势性减小,本文根据黄河下游实测断面和水沙资料采用相关分析方法研究了游荡段河床萎缩的主要影响因素。1960~1997年游荡段河床平滩水位下断面面积经历了1960~1964年和1974~1985年的扩张时期及1965~1973年和1986~1997年的萎缩时期,这种变化是多种因素共同作用的结果。在来水来沙中,年径流量是主要因素,洪峰流量和年平均含沙量是较次要的因素;本文所讨论的其它4个因素中,花园口以上引水量影响最大,降雨量影响次之,兰州以上水库的调节作用对河床断面面积的变化也有较明显的影响;三门峡水库三种不同的使用方式对下游河床有不同的影响,采取"蓄清排浊"方式后对下游河床的影响较小。     

长江水系沉积物重金属含量空间分布特征研究：地统计学方法

本文利用地统计学方法研究了长江水系沉积物１１种重金属元素含量的空间分布特征。采用变异函数定量描述空间分布结构特征和克立格法进行最优插值，并制作出含量分布图。     

湘江沉积物重金属元素环境地球化学特征

在前人研究的基础上,对湘江干流河道表层沉积物及入湖三角洲地区沉积物中的重金属富集特征、赋存状态等进行了总结;对湘江沉积物中重金属的污染来源进行了分析,湘江沉积物重金属的富集种类主要受流域富集矿产的控制,重金属污染主要是人为活动导致的点源污染集中和高排放引起的;另外,运用Hakanson潜在生态风险指数和地累积指数对湘江沉积物中重金属的潜在生态风险和污染程度进行了评价,结果显示Cd、Pb、As、Zn、Cu、Hg等重金属在湘江沉积物中存在不同程度的污染,其中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cu污染严重同时潜在生态危害也大,应引起重视。     

石羊河流域下游青土湖近地层风尘分布特征北大核心CSCD

青土湖属于极端干旱区典型的干涸盐湖,盐尘中含有密度很高、粒径极细的盐碱粉尘,严重污染空气,危害地表植被,威胁干旱区绿洲生态安全。利用建立在青土湖的近地层0~50 m沙尘观测系统近2 a监测的数据,对近地层0~50 m盐尘的分布规律及风速的变化特征进行研究。结果表明：（1）风速在0~50 m垂直梯度的分布符合经典的风速随高度的增加而增大的基本特征,廓线方程遵循幂函数关系;年内月平均风速最大为5月,最小为11月,且表现出明显的季节变化特征,春、夏季平均风速大于秋、冬季;近地层18~2 m内风切变指数较大,且春、夏季风切变指数相对较小;34~28 m、50~34 m内风切变指数变化较小,且四季变化不明显。（2）盐碱沙尘水平通量的空间分布随高度的增加而增加,在垂直高度上遵循幂函数变化规律;受下垫面梭梭林的影响,在6 m高度处有一个较为明显的增加。（3）沙尘水平通量与风速之间呈现出幂函数关系,且呈明显的正相关关系。     

长江水系沉积物重金属含量空间分布特征研究——空间自相关与分形方法

所研究的１１种重金属元素在长江水系沉积物中均有较显著的空间相关性;沉积物细粒中含量金属含量空间自相关性好于沉积物原样,正相关尺度达５００ｋｍ左右,与空间分布斑块大小对应,研究区沉积物重金属含量空间分布分形存在于约１０００ｋｍ以内,分维数处于２．７６～２．９５之间,分维数的大小与空间自相关指标大小大各元素间的变化趋势相反,表明这两种指标具有一致性,多数元素在ＮＷ－ＳＥ向和ＮＥ－ＳＷ向相关性较好,与变     

Heavy metal pollution of soils and vegetables in the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River, Hunan Province

A total of 219 agricultural soil and 48 vegetable samples were collected from the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River (the Hengyang–Changsha section) in Hunan Province. The accumulation characteristics, spatial distribution and potential risk of heavy metals in the agricultural soils and vegetables were depicted. There are higher accu-mulations of heavy metals such as As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in agricultural soils, and the contents of Cd (2.44 mg kg-1), Pb (65.00 mg kg-1) and Zn (144.13 mg kg-1) are 7.97, 3.69 and 1.63 times the corresponding background contents in soils of Hunan Province, respectively. 13.2% of As, 68.5% of Cd, 2.7% of Cu, 2.7% of Ni, 8.7% of Pb and 15.1% of Zn in soil sam-ples from the investigated sites exceeded the maximum allowable heavy metal contents in the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB15618-1995, Grade II). The pollution characteristics of multi-metals in soils are mainly due to Cd. The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in vegetable soils are significantly higher than the contents in paddy soils. 95.8%, 68.8%, 10.4% and 95.8% of vegetable samples exceeded the Maximum Levels of Contami-nants in Foods (GB2762-2005) for As, Cd, Ni and Pb concentrations, respectively. There are significantly positive correlations between the concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in vegetables and the concentrations in the corresponding vegetable soils (p<0.01). It is very necessary to focus on the potential risk of heavy metals for food safety and human health in agricultural soils and vegetables in the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River, Hunan Province of China.     

湘江中下游农田土壤和蔬菜的重金属污染

A total of 219 agricultural soil and 48 vegetable samples were collected from the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River（the Hengyang-Changsha section）in Hunan Province.The accumulation characteristics,spatial distribution and potential risk of heavy metals in the agricultural soils and vegetables were depicted.There are higher accumulations of heavy metals such as As,Cd,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn in agricultural soils,and the contents of Cd（2.44 mg kg^-1 ）,Pb（65.00 mg kg^-1 ）and Zn（144.13 mg kg^-1 ）are 7.97,3.69 and 1.63 times the corresponding background contents in soils of Hunan Province,respectively. 13.2%of As,68.5%of Cd,2.7%of Cu,2.7%of Ni,8.7%of Pb and 15.1%of Zn in soil samples from the investigated sites exceeded the maximum allowable heavy metal contents in the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soils（GB15618-1995,Grade Ⅱ）.The pollution characteristics of multi-metals in soils are mainly due to Cd.The contents of As,Cd,Cu,Pb and Zn in vegetable soils are significantly higher than the contents in paddy soils.95.8%, 68.8%,10.4%and 95.8%of vegetable samples exceeded the Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods（GB2762-2005）for As,Cd,Ni and Pb concentrations,respectively.There are significantly positive correlations between the concentrations of Cd,Pb and Zn in vegetables and the concentrations in the corresponding vegetable soils（p〈0.01）.It is very necessary to focus on the potential risk of heavy metals for food safety and human health in agricultural soils and vegetables in the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River,Hunan Province of China.     

Heavy metal storage in near channel sediments of the Lahn River, Germany

Heavy metal pollution in urban, industrial, and mined watersheds of Europe is well documented, but less is known about metal contamination in agrarian watersheds or those with no history of mining. Along a 75-km reach of the Lahn River, central Germany, near-channel flood-plain sediments (<5 m from the active channel) have mean concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn that exceed background values. Vertically, metal concentrations are highest at 15 or 20 cm below the flood plain. Although mean metal concentrations in the watershed are below mean values found in more industrial watersheds of western Europe, individual near-channel sites along the Lahn River have metal concentrations approaching those found in more urbanized drainage basins. Several sites along the Lahn are “excessively contaminated” with Cd and “moderately/strongly” contaminated with Cu, Pb, and Zn. Metal concentrations are generally higher and more variable downstream from metal-producing locations and in the vicinity of industrial facilities. Topographic and geomorphic factors appear to have minimal influence on near-channel metal concentrations. The elevated concentrations of metals in geomorphically sensitive channel banks and near-channel sediments raise the possibility of future metal pollution in the Lahn River watershed even as metal emissions to the environment decline.     

Heavy metal pollution from copper smelting during the Shang Dynasty at the Laoniupo site in the Bahe River valley,Guanzhong Basin,China

Heavy metal pollution is hazardous for the environment and human health. However,there are few studies of heavy metal pollution caused by historic metallurgical activity. The Laoniupo site in the Bahe River valley, Guanzhong Basin, China, was an important settlement of the Shang Culture(1600–1046 BCE). We studied two stratigraphic profiles at the Laoniupo site, which were used for measurements of magnetic susceptibility, heavy metal concentrations, and AMS ~(14) C ages to provide evidence of copper smelting activity at the site during the Shang Dynasty. The Nemerow Pollution Index and Geoaccumulation Index were calculated to assess the heavy metals record(Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr, and As) in the topsoil on the loess tableland. According to the Single Pollution Index, the topsoil was slightly polluted by As and unpolluted by Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb and Cr; according to the Nemerow Composite Pollution Index the topsoil was mildly polluted; and according to the Geoaccumulation Index, the topsoil was moderately polluted by As, slightly polluted by Cu, and unpolluted by Zn, Ni, Pb and Cr. The main cause of the heavy metal pollution in the topsoil is the presence of copper slag in the cultural layers that was disturbed by modern farming activity.     

Magnetic investigation of heavy metals contamination in urban topsoils around the East Lake, Wuhan, China

Magnetic measurements and heavy metal analyses were performed on 133 samples from the urban soils around the East Lake in Wuhan, China. Samples were collected from four areas with different environmental settings: a heavy industrial area well known for thermal power generation and steel works; villages located in the downwind area of the industrial area; a main road with heavy traffic and roads around the East Lake. Results show that concentrations of magnetic particle and heavy metals in urban topsoils are significantly elevated due to the input of coarser-grained magnetite from industrial (e.g. power generation and steel production) and other anthropogenic activities (e.g. vehicle emissions). Concentration-related magnetic parameters, for example, magnetic susceptibility, saturation isothermal remanent magnetization and anhysteretic remanent magnetization, significantly correlate with the concentration of heavy metals. Moreover, in terms of grain sizes, the magnetic particles of different origins can be efficiently discriminated at the studied region. Therefore, magnetic measurements provide a basis for discrimination and identification of different contamination sources, and can be used as an economic alternative to chemical analysis when mapping heavy metal contamination in urban soil around the East Lake region, Wuhan, China.     

柴达木盆地东北部哈勒腾河流域风成沉积物粒度特征与空间差异

哈勒腾河流域位于柴达木盆地东北部,是一个近似封闭的内陆盆地。该地区风成沉积物来源相对单一,沙丘类型简单且发育时间短,是研究高原内陆盆地物质迁移规律和风沙地貌发育的理想场所。对115个不同类型、不同地貌部位沉积物粒度进行分析。结果表明:哈勒腾河流域地表沉积类型包括沙丘沙、丘间地沉积、河流沉积和戈壁沉积,主要由细沙组成,平均含量达51.6%。沙丘沙平均粒径1.01~2.90 Φ,分选性较差至极好(0.28~1.74 Φ),频率曲线呈近对称和中等峰态。该流域发育有独特的穹状沙丘,属于新月形沙丘演化的初期阶段,平均粒径1.55~2.54 Φ,分选中等至较好;尽管表现出从迎风坡和背风坡中部到沙丘顶部颗粒变粗、分选变差的特征,但相对同一地区的新月形沙丘而言分选过程较弱。从区域上来看,在W-E走向的断面上,新月形沙丘从西向东颗粒变粗,分选变差;在NW-SE走向的断面上,新月形沙丘由西北至东南颗粒变粗,分选性无明显变化。这表明,该流域风成沉积物的可能物源包括哈勒腾河流冲积物和山前风化剥蚀产物。     

绿洲灌淤土重金属复合污染的生物有效性

以干旱区绿洲土壤为供试材料,通过盆栽实验探讨了Cd-Zn-Pb复合污染条件下,土壤重金属在油菜中的分布、累积和迁移情况。研究结果表明,复合污染对油菜生物量的负面影响不明显,甚至还存在一定的促进作用;不同处理下,油菜根部Zn的含量略高于地上部,Cd为油菜地上部含量远高于根部,Pb则主要积累在油菜的根部;Cd、Zn、Pb在油菜体内的累积除了受土壤中本元素浓度的影响外,共存元素对油菜中重金属的累积也有一定的影响。随着外源重金属添加量的增加,土壤中可交换态Cd、Zn、Pb的分配系数均呈增加趋势,且随浓度的增加而增幅变大;碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态的分配系数均为先增加后变化不明显或略有下降;残渣态的分配系数则均呈现出下降趋势,且在浓度较低时的下降态势比较明显。对油菜重金属吸收量影响比较显著的形态为Cd的可交换态、Zn的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态以及Pb的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态。油菜对Cd、Pb、Zn的富集系数和转运系数及富集量系数和转运量系数的关系均为Cd>Zn>Pb。