The effects of soil sand contents on characteristics of humic acids along soil profiles

It is generally accepted that the compositions and properties of soil organic matter(SOM) are in?uenced by many factors. In order to reveal the effects of soil texture on characteristics and dynamics of SOM and its sub-fraction,humic acid(HA), along two soil pro?les, a yellow soil pro?le and a purplish soil pro?le, under the same climate and vegetation conditions were determined. Results indicate that the decomposition and humi?cation degrees of SOM and HA of the purplish soils are higher than those of the corresponding yellow soils indicated by A/O–A ratios of HAs, TOCs and HA yields of bulk soil samples, nevertheless, the development degree of the purplish soil is lower than that of the yellow soil. The variations of E_4/E_6 ratios of HAs along the soil pro?les indicate the overall molecular sizes of HAs decreased downward along the soil pro?les.A/O–A ratios of HAs decreased downward along both the soil pro?les indicate that humi?cation processes decrease downward along both the soil pro?les. Leaching of SOM shows signi?cant effects on the distribution and characteristics of HAs in the yellow soil pro?le but the purplish soil pro?le, which is consistent with the higher hydrophobicity of HAs in purplish soils, shows that the distribution characteristics of SOM along the soil pro?les are a complex result of the combination of soil texture and characteristics of SOM itself. The remarkably different sand contents are concluded tentatively as one of reasons to the different distributions and dynamics of HAs along the soil pro?les,however, to profoundly understand the evolution and transport of SOM along soil pro?les needs more researches.     

东海及邻域的两条剖面地球物理反演与综合解释

根据东海及邻域的布格重力异常资料,在东海海域选择了中国大陆东部—东海陆架—冲绳海槽—琉球岛弧—琉球海沟的两条剖面。利用广义逆方法对两条剖面进行重力和磁力反演,结合其它地震等地球物理及地质资料,对剖面的地壳结构进行了综合研究,给出了相应的地质解释．在此基础上,对东海陆架盆地、冲绳海槽盆地的成因与性质,以及应力作用情况进行了探讨,认为冲绳海槽地壳的纵向结构是一种“二元结构”;沟—弧—盆受的主应力方向为NW向;该区平面上地质地球物理现象的分块分带与纵向上的二元构成根本原因与菲律宾海板块和欧亚板块聚敛俯冲方向有关,还与两板块接触部位形状有关．     

Effect of catchment properties on runoff coefficient in a karst area of southwest China

Frequent human activities and climate change in the karst region of southwest China since the 1950s have led to the investigation of response of runoff to climate and catchment properties. Runoff coefficient (Rc) as an expression variable of the catchment response to rainfall is important to describe runoff dynamics and to estimate available streamflow for utilization. In this study, the equations of Rc associated with its attributors of climate condition and catchment property were derived using the Budyko framework. The equations were used to estimate relationship between the Rc and the attributors in the karst catchments in Guizhou province of southwest China. Analysis in the selected 23 karst catchments demonstrates that the spatial distribution of Rc is dominated by the catchment properties, such as the catchment properties of geology, slope and land use and land cover, rather than climate condition of drought index. Correlation analysis indicates that the catchment with a large slope usually has a high value of Rc, and a large proportion of carbonate rock in a catchment reduces Rc in the study area. Temporal increasing trend of Rc during 1961–2000 was found for most catchments in the study area. This increasing trend was primarily resulted from changes of catchment properties, e.g. deforestation in large areas of Guizhou province during the 1950s–1980s. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于GIS的找矿远景预测方法在西南三江某航磁测区的实际应用

本文将GIS空间分析功能与定量预测方法相结合,研制了基于GIS的定量找矿预测方法软件.利用此软件可以自动提取多元成矿信息,定量计算每个预测单元的预测值,同时绘制测区的成矿远景预测图.在西南三江某航磁测区的实际应用,取得了较好的应用效果.     

Spatial and temporal dynamics of soil moisture after rainfall events along a slope in Regosols of southwest China

High frequency seasonal drought in purple soils (Regosols in FAO taxonomy) of the hilly upland areas of Sichuan basin, China, is one of the key restrictive factors for crop production. In order to manage irrigation and fertilizer application in these soils effectively, the soil water content in a sloped plot with 60 cm soil depth was measured by neutron probe devices to investigate the soil moisture regime during the 1998 rainy season after various amounts of rainfall events. The results showed that variation of soil moisture along the slope positions was highest in the top soil layer during the period of sporadic rainfall that did not induce any runoff. The coefficients of variation of soil moisture at various slope positions (upper, middle, and lower) are 17·36%, 8·95%, 10·25%, 8·58%, 8·05% and 9·21% at the 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, 50 cm and 60 cm soil depths respectively. When surface runoff occurred, the soil moisture dynamics at various positions on the plot were then very different. Soil water content decreased more rapidly on the upper slope than on the middle and lower slope positions. When both surface runoff and throughflow occurred, the soil moisture dynamics in the various layers showed a stable period (soil water content is near constant as time elapses) that lasted about 1 week. Also, the pattern of moisture dynamics is ‘decreasing–stabilization–decreasing’. Thus, irrigation and fertilization management according to the spatial and temporal features of soil moisture dynamics on sloped land can increase the water and fertilizer utilization efficacy by reducing their losses during the stable period. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sap flow and plant water sources for typical vegetation in a subtropical humid karst area of southwest China

Plant water use plays a crucial part in the soil–plant-atmosphere continuum. However, in karst regions, plants frequently suffer from water shortages due to low soil water storage capacity. Therefore, it is necessary to understand plant water consumption (as determined by sap flow) and seasonal variation of water sources to improve water management in karst catchments. In this study, thermal dissipation probes (TDP), calibrated using empirical equations, were used to measure the sap flow of three typical woody vegetations, including Coriaria nepalensis (sparse-shrub), Toona sinensis (secondary forest) and Populus adenopoda (shrub-grass). Oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes were used to analyze seasonal variation of plant water sources. The results showed that: (1) T. Sinensis (3.89 ± 3.87 L·day⁻¹) had significantly higher daily sap flow than C. nepalensis (0.33 ± 0.37 L·day⁻¹) and P. adenopoda (0.09 ± 0.12 L·day⁻¹); (2) daily sap flow was closely correlated to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and vapour pressure deficit (VPD); (3) over the entire study period, plants mainly used water from the surface soil horizons; and (4) a greater proportion of epikarst water was used for C. nepalensis than by T. sinensis and P. adenopoda over the whole growth stage, and more epikarst water was used in early and mid-growth stages compared to the late stage for the three species. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the plant water use strategies in karst regions, and is helpful for ecosystem management.     

Modelling hydrological processes influenced by soil,rock and vegetation in a small karst basin of southwest China

Hydrological processes in karst basins are controlled by permeable multimedia, consisting of soil pores, epikarst fractures, and underground conduits. Distributed modelling of hydrological dynamics in such heterogeneous hydrogeological conditions is a challenging task. Basing on the multilayer structure of the distributed hydrology‐soil‐vegetation model (DHSVM), a distributed hydrological model for a karst basin was developed by integrating mathematical routings of porous Darcy flow, fissure flow and underground channel flow. Specifically, infiltration and saturated flow movement within epikarst fractures are expressed by the ‘cubic law’ equation which is associated with fractural width, direction, and spacing. A small karst basin located in Guizhou province of southwest China was selected for this hydrological simulation. The model parameters were determined on the basis of field measurement and calibrated against the observed soil moisture contents, vegetation interception, surface runoff, and underground flow discharges from the basin outlet. The results show that due to high permeability of the epikarst zone, a significant amount of surface runoff is only generated after heavy rainfall events during the wet season. Rock exposure and the epikarst zone significantly increase flood discharge and decrease evapotranspiration (ET) loss; the peak flood discharge is directly proportional to the size of the aperture. Distribution of soil moisture content (SMC) primarily depends on topographic variations just after a heavy rainfall, while SMC and actual ET are dominated by land cover after a period of consecutive non‐rainfall days. The new model was able to capture the sharp increase and decrease of the underground streamflow hydrograph, and as such can be used to investigate hydrological effects in such rock features and land covers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Imaging the Kristineberg mining area with two perpendicular magnetotelluric profiles in the Skellefte Ore District,northern Sweden

New magnetotelluric (MT) data from two perpendicular profiles in the Kristineberg area, northern Sweden, were analysed and modelled. In the Skellefte Ore District, the Kristineberg volcanic hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) deposit mine is one of the largest and deepest (1250 m). Seventeen broadband magnetotelluric stations were installed along two existing seismic reflection lines. The profiles were 6 and 12 km long with 500 m and 1 km site spacing, respectively. The obtained MT transfer functions in the period range of 0.0015–200 s are of fairly good quality. Detailed strike and dimensionality analysis reveal consistent but period dependent, strike directions, indicating a change in the geoelectrical strike with depth. From the two‐dimensional inversion of the determinant of the impedance tensor, two stable conductivity models with good data fit were obtained. The addition of seismic reflection information from the co‐located survey, improved the data fit of one of them. Extensive sensitivity analyses helped to delineate the well resolved regions of the models and to determine the position of pronounced boundaries. The results are in good agreement with previous studies, especially regarding the presence of a deep conductor interpreted as a structural basement to the district. They also reveal with more detail the configuration of the main geological units of the Skellefte Ore District, especially of the ore bearing volcanic rocks and the embedded alteration zones.     

Characteristics and distributions of atmospheric mercury emitted from anthropogenic sources in Guiyang,southwestern China

Continuous measurements of speciated atmospheric mercury(Hg), including gaseous elemental mercury(GEM), particulate mercury(PHg), and reactive gaseous mercury(RGM) were conducted in Guizhou Province, southwestern China. Guiyang Power Plant(GPP),Guiyang Wujiang Cement Plant, Guizhou Aluminum Plant(GAP), and Guiyang Forest Park(GFP) in Guiyang were selected as study sites. Automatic Atmospheric Mercury Speciation Analyzers(Tekran 2537A) were used for GEM analysis. PHg and RGM were simultaneously collected by a manual sampling system, including elutriator, coupler/impactor, KCl-coated annular denuder, and a ?lter holder.Results show that different emission sources dominate different species of Hg. The highest average GEM value was 22.2 ± 28.3 ngám~(-3)and the lowest 6.1 ± 3.9 ngám~(-3),from samples collected at GPP and GAP, respectively. The maximum average PHg was 1984.9 pgám~(-3)and the minimum average 55.9 pgám~(-3), also from GPP and GAP,respectively. Similarly, the highest average RGM of 68.8pgám~(-3)was measured at GPP, and the lowest level of20.5 pgám~(-3)was found at GAP. We conclude that coal combustion sources are still playing a key role in GEM;traf?c contributes signi?cantly to PHg; and domestic pollution dominates RGM.     

The impact of natural vegetation restoration on surface soil moisture of secondary forests and shrubs in the karst region of southwest China

Soil moisture is crucial to vegetation restoration in karst areas, and climate factors and vegetation restoration are key factors affecting changes in soil moisture. However, there is still much controversy over the long-term changes in soil moisture during vegetation restoration. In order to reveal the changes in soil moisture during vegetation restoration, we conducted long-term positioning monitoring of soil moisture at 0–10 and 10–20 cm on secondary forests sample plot (SF, tree land) and shrubs sample plot (SH, shrub land) in karst areas from 2013 to 2020. The results showed that the aboveground biomass of SF and SH increased by 50% and 240%, respectively, and the soil moisture of the SF and SH showed an increasing trend. When shrubs are restored to trees in karst areas, the soil moisture becomes more stable. However, the correlation coefficients (R²) between the annual rainfall and the annual average soil moisture of SF and SH are 0.84 and 0.55, respectively, indicating that soil moistures in tree land are more affected by rainfall. The soil moisture of shrubs and trees are relatively low during the months of alternating rainy and dry seasons. Rainfall has a very significant impact on the soil moisture of tree land, while air temperature and wind speed have a significant impact on the soil moisture of tree land, but the soil moistures of shrub land are very significantly affected by rainfall and relative humidity. Therefore, during the process of vegetation restoration from shrubs to trees, the main meteorological factors that affect soil moisture changes will change. The results are important for understanding the hydrological processes in the ecological restoration process of different vegetation types in karst areas.     

Effects of different spatial distributions of physical soil crusts on runoff and erosion on the Loess Plateau in China

The response of runoff and erosion to soil crusts has been extensively investigated in recent decades. However, there have been few attempts to look at the effects of spatial configuration of different soil crusts on erosion processes. Here we investigated the effects of different spatial distributions of physical soil crusts on runoff and erosion in the semi‐arid Loess Plateau region. Soil boxes (1.5 m long × 0.2 m wide) were set to a slope of 17.6% (10°) and simulated rainfall of 120 mm h^?1 (60 minutes). The runoff generation and erosion rates were determined for three crust area ratios (depositional crust for 20%, 33%, and 50% of the total slope) and five spatial distribution patterns (depositional crust on the lower, lower‐middle, middle, mid‐upper, and upper slope) of soil crusts. The reduction in sediment loss (‘sediment reduction’) was calculated to evaluate the effects of different spatial distributions of soil crusts on erosion. Sediment yield was influenced by the area ratio and spatial position of different soil crusts. The runoff rate reached a steady state after an initial trend of unsteadily increasing with increasing rainfall duration. Sediment yield was controlled by detachment limitation and then transport limitation under rainfall. The shifting time of erosion from a transport to detachment‐limiting regime decreased with increasing area of depositional crust. No significant differences were observed in the total runoff among treatments, while the total sediment yield varied under different spatial distributions. At the same area ratio, total sediment yield was the largest when the depositional crust was on the upper slope, and it was smallest when the crust was deposited on the lower slope. The sediment reduction of structural crust (42.5–66.5%) was greater than that of depositional crust (16.7–34.3%). These results provide a mechanistic understanding of how different spatial distributions of soil crusts affect runoff and sediment production. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The removal of dissolved humic acids and iron during estuarine mixing

The estuarine chemistry of dissolved humic acids was determined by carrying out both field and laboratory studies. These approaches were combined in an investigation of the Amazon estuary while laboratory mixing experiments were performed using filtered (0.45?0.001 μm) river water fractions of the Water of Luce (Scotland).The results demonstrate that a small fraction of river dissolved organic matter is preferentially and rapidly flocculated during estuarine mixing. This fraction is the high molecular weight component of dissolved humic acids (0.45?0.1 μm filtered). Approximately 60–80% of the dissolved humic acid in these rivers flocculates during estuarine mixing. This represents a removal of only 3–6% of river dissolved organic matter and is responsible for the non-conservative behaviour of dissolved humic acid in the Amazon estuary even though total dissolved organic carbon appears conservative.The salinity dependence with which humic acid flocculates in estuaries is similar to that of iron. This implies that both constituents may be removed from river water by a common mechanism of colloid flocculation.     

Temporal and spatial variation of soil erosion in wooded rangelands of southwest Spain

Changes in land use are common in Mediterranean areas and are reported as having produced changes in the intensity of soil erosion. Dehesas are rangelands with a disperse tree cover, widespread in the south-western part of the Iberian Peninsula and similar ecosystems are also common in other areas with a Mediterranean climate. The aim of the present study is to analyse temporal and spatial variations of soil erosion rates estimated along three hillsides, located in two farms (Buitrera and Parapuños) in southwest Spain. To understand the temporal variation, soil erosion rates were studied in light of land use-management changes that took place during the last few centuries. Results indicate very low erosion rates prior to the 18^th century in both farms. In Buitrera, a first increase of soil loss rates was identified during the period 1831-1897, amounting to 7.4 t ha^-1 y^-1. A further increase took place during the 20^th century, reaching a mean erosion rate of 29.1 t ha^-1 y^-1. In Parapuños, data points to a significant increase from 1881 onwards, with an estimated mean erosion rate of 18.5 t ha^-1 y^-1. Those increases were presumably connected with an intensification of land use, such as cultivation and excessive livestock populations. Regarding spatial variation, the bare surface and the erosive power of run-off along the hillsides accounts for 76% of the soil erosion rates dispersion. At a local scale, the variability of erosion rates could not be explained, because of (i) uncertainty related to the micromorphology of the past soil surface and (ii) the role of tillage erosion in the past. However, the results obtained offer valuable data on the temporal and spatial variation of erosion rates in dehesas at the hillslope scale and a similar approach could be used for other rangelands with a disperse tree cover. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海南岛西南海域地壳剖面海陆联合探测研究

在海南岛SW海域,利用船载大容量气枪连续发射,岸基台阵(301)与海底地震仪(OBHs)同步接收地壳深部地震波,在海岸与浅海过渡地区首次实施海陆联测,获得了最远偏移距130 km的岸基观测记录,与OBHs数据联合反演完成了210 km的地壳结构剖面AA'.与BB'及重磁资料对比显示,NW-SE走向的1号断层为切穿地壳的...     

太湖流域水库型水源地硅藻水华发生特征及对策分析

基于溧阳市天目湖沙河水库2009—2014年的硅藻群落结构及水质调查,以及宜兴横山水库等硅藻水华期藻类和水质调查数据,分析了太湖流域水库中硅藻水华群落结构特征及受气温、水位、营养盐等环境条件的影响.结果表明,太湖流域硅藻水华的主要发生期为5—7月,快速生长期发生在气温为16~26℃期间,当气温超过26℃时,硅藻的生物量开始下降.硅藻的优势属包括针杆藻、曲壳藻、小环藻和颗粒直链藻.其中沙河水库和横山水库中针杆藻是主要危害,其生物量主导了硅藻总生物量.大溪水库有时以针杆藻为主,有时以颗粒直链藻为主.当总氮浓度低于1.0 mg/L的Ⅲ类水上限时,水体氮浓度能大大限制硅藻生物量,当总磷浓度低于0.025 mg/L的Ⅱ类水上限时,也可能对硅藻生物量产生限制.高于此营养水平,硅藻水华的严重程度主要受气温、降雨等因素影响.研究表明,对于处于中营养水平的太湖流域水库而言,硅藻生物量既受气温、降雨、水位等气象水文条件的控制,又受氮、磷、硅等营养盐供给的影响.硅藻水华的防控既要关注气候和气象条件,也要尽量削减氮、磷营养盐入湖通量,维持较低营养盐水平是确保硅藻水华不形成危害的关键.     

西南地区前兆观测异常特征和地震短期预测方法研究

通过对西南地区1970～2001年39组52次6级以上地震及四川部分5级以上地震震例资料的剖析,进一步研究西南地区各类前兆中、短期异常判据和指标;研究西南地区强震孕育前兆异常由中期向短期(临震)过渡、演化的标志和判据并作物理解释;并进行了西南地区前兆短期预测方法及强震短期预测时、空、强指标和判据的研究和西南地区地下流体新观测方法及灵敏测项的研究。     

Characteristics of turbulence over the semi-fixed desert area north of Xinjiang,China

As the largest fixed and semi-fixed desert in China, the Gurbantünggüt Desert undergoes a long period of snow cover in the winter and the rapid growth of ephemeral plants in the spring, presenting obvious seasonal changes in the underlying desert surface type, which can lead to variation in the turbulence of the near-surface boundary layer turbulence over the desert. In this study, gradient tower data and eddy covariance data from 2017 were analysed to investigate the turbulence characteristics of the different surface boundary layers in the hinterland of the Gurbantünggüt Desert. The results indicate that stable atmospheric conditions in the desert occur exclusively during the early morning and at night in the desert, and the onset and duration of this stable state varies seasonally. Two regimes of intermittent turbulence occur during the night, a weak turbulent regime that occurs when the wind speed is less than the threshold and a strong turbulent regime when the wind speed exceeds the threshold, and different wind speed thresholds were observed at each level. These parameters follow a seasonal pattern of summer (July) > spring (April) > autumn (October) > winter (January) in terms of magnitude. The mean turbulence intensities of the along-wind, cross-wind and vertical wind are 0.5, 0.47 and 0.14, respectively, with I_u > I_v > I_w. The normalized standard deviation of the wind velocity components (σ_u, σ_v and σ_w) generally satisfies a 1/3 power-law relation. Our results show that the night-time turbulence regime classification for the Gurbantünggüt Desert strongly depends on meteorological and orographic features, and the intermittent turbulent events have the non-stationarity of the flow in common. The results can contribute to the study of land surface processes, climate change and desertification in inland arid desert areas.     

Comparison of complexing ability of fulvic and humic acids in the aquatic environment with iron and zinc ions

Complex formation reactions with the interaction of fulvic and humic acids with zinc and iron ions in a model aqueous system. The complexing ability of humic acids was experimentally proved to be much higher than that of fulvic acids. The complexing ability of fulvic acids is found to decrease over time. The dependence of the complexing ability of heavy metals on the types of ion and humic substances and the proportions of components in the solution is examined. The obtained experimental results on the occurrence forms of heavy metals were compared with their theoretical estimates calculated for natural water bodies.