关于冰期演化三个问题的讨论

施雅风和李吉均（１９９４）在总结８０年代以来中国冰川学研究的新进展中,提出了３个有待深化和争论的问题：１）不同地区最大冰期出现先后差别的原因尚不清楚;２）是否存在一种与季风区相反的模式,即冰期与雨期同步;３）在冰期变化中“气候因素与构造因素何者为主”。这３个问题也可以说是本世纪冰川学研究留给下世纪的３个问题。它的解决只有冰川学、气候学和地球动力学等的结合才有可能。文章拟对此３种问题提点看法,以期“     

第四纪冰期成因的讨论

根据近年来大量资料和信息及野外实地考察,笔者对第四纪冰期成因进行了讨论,文中引述大量资料表明:米兰柯维奇为冰期形成理论找到了确切的地质证据,天文因素与地壳变动及反馈作用的叠加是目前对第四纪冰期形成原因的最圆满的解释;并对大陆冰流次数与深海沉积所反应的冰期旋回的关系进行了探讨。     

中国第四纪冰期历史、特征及成因探讨

中国第四纪冰川的研究已经走过了一个多世纪的历史,经历了初创阶段、以研究东部为主的争论阶段和以研究西部为主的创新阶段3个发展时期,建立了中国第四纪冰期系列,深入地认识了冰川的发生、发展和演化规律,在此基础上否定了长久以来的“中国东部第四纪古冰川”和“青藏高原统一大冰盖”两大争论问题.中国第四纪冰期最早可能起源于早更新世的...     

青藏高原东部末次冰期最盛期气候的花粉证据

青藏高原许多湖泊钻孔、泥炭剖面等所揭示的花粉记录为重建当时的古气候提供了可靠的证据．应用这些资料探讨青藏高原东部末次最大盛冰期植被和气候．大约２５～１５ｋａＢＰ前后西藏东南部、川西若尔盖及青海柴达木和可可西里地区,气候寒冷干燥,年均气温比现今低６℃左右,植被以荒漠草原为主;在青海湖地区森林退缩演变为草原植被;甘肃临夏气候冷湿,年均温比现在低５～６℃,发育山地暗针叶林     

Heinrich事件和末次冰期气候的不稳定性

对北大西洋深海沉积物的研究表明：末次冰期北大西洋沉积物记录中有多次洋面温度降低、有孔虫含量减少、盐度降低和粗颗粒的碳酸盐碎屑快速堆积的现象，这些时间跨度上千年或几百年的气候快速波动被称为Heinrich事件^{［１－４］}，很难用古气候的米兰科维奇理论来解释。最近对末次冰期中国马兰黄土堆积的调查发现，在末次冰期之中东亚冬季风也有多次加强，它与北大西洋沉积物中的Heinrich事件对应很好，暗示着东亚季风的变迁更直接受控于北半球冰量的变化，而不是过去人们认为的东亚古季风气候变化与地球轨道变化引起太阳辐射变化直接相关。      

火山活动与构造气候旋回

火山活动是一种重要的地质现象,它的发生总是与构造运动相关联,构造运动有强有弱,持续时间有长有短,具有旋目性,火山活动同样也具有旋回性。大规模的火山喷发往往会对气候变化产生影响,而影响的程度取决于火山所处的位置和喷发的性质及程度。强烈的火山喷发将造成局部地区乃至全球气温下降,由此人们推测火山喷发多发生在冰期,然而统计资料表明,绝大多数火山喷发发生在间冰期,此时的构造运动也比较活跃,而在冰期时很少有火山喷发。至于火山喷发后在短时间内造成的降温与长时间的冰期不能相提并论。火山活动有旋回性,它影响的气候变化也具备有旋回性,这是构造气候旋回的一种表现形式。     

南华冰期的底界讨论:来自沉积学与同位素年代学证据

目前国内对于我国新元古代南华系划分的分歧很大,主要原因之一在于对板溪群及其相当层位地层的构造属性及其上限年龄的认识存在较大差异,为此,在详细的沉积学调查的基础上,对湘黔桂地区典型丹州群和下江群(与板溪群相当)有关剖面上顶部地层沉凝灰岩开展了锆石年代学研究.沉积学调查表明,板溪期沉积地层与上覆南华冰期沉积地层之间的转换界面清晰,界面上下岩性、结构、构造、沉积相特征迥异,显示板溪群和上覆南华纪冰期沉积期间存在明显的沉积—构造转换过程.而板溪晚期沉凝灰岩的锆石U-Pb同位素年代学研究则表明,板溪群及其相当层位的上限年龄均趋向于720 Ma,这与Sturtian冰期的启动年龄718 Ma接近.因此,基于沉积盆地演化的阶段性、全球性重要古气候演化的区域可对比性以及同位素年代学分析,将南华冰期启动年龄设定为720 Ma是恰当的,将我国南华系底界置于江口冰期沉积层系之底也是合理的,这为我国南华系底界GSSP的选定提供了重要的年代学和沉积学约束.     

东北地区末次冰期以来气候地貌的若干特征

末次冰期,长白山天池周围有冰斗发育,高2200m左右,东北的广大地区为冰缘环境。许多冰缘形态至今控制着地貌景观。冰后期,长白山的冰川地貌受到冰缘环境的控制,广大地区的冰缘地貌则受到温暖环境的改造。作为气候地貌界限的冰雪线,由末次冰期的44—45°N移至今日的51°N附近。末次冰期以来,气候地貌带表现出沿经度和纬度平行移动的特点     

青藏高原东北缘玛雅雪山晚第四纪冰川发育的气候和构造耦合

青藏高原东北缘的玛雅雪山(海拔4 447 m)保存着确切的第四纪冰川遗迹. 野外地貌调查与光释光测年方法相结合, 确认玛雅雪山晚第四纪主要经历3次冰川作用: 第Ⅰ组冰碛时代为新冰期; 第Ⅱ组冰碛物年龄为(23.2±1.0)ka, 其上覆泥石流年龄为(2.9±0.3)~(2.3±0.1)ka, 上层土壤年龄为(3.6±0.2)ka, 对应于深海氧同位素2阶段(MIS 2)的末次冰盛期(LGM); 第Ⅲ组冰碛年龄为(42.6±1.9)~(45.7±3.0) ka, 属于末次冰期中冰阶, 对应MIS 3中期. 采用最新综合因子法计算玛雅雪山现代冰川物质平衡线为海拔4 605 m. 依据冰川地貌形态, 计算末次冰期平衡线为海拔3 800 m. 通过庄浪河阶地的拔河高度及各级阶地的年代, 以河流的下切速率代表玛雅雪山的抬升速率, 计算得到末次冰期中期以来玛雅雪山抬升了50~60 m. 利用玛雅雪山周边的达里加山和太白山冰川漂砾的¹⁰Be 数据近似代表流域侵蚀速率, 推算出玛雅雪山剥蚀速率大约为29 mm·ka^-1, 推断MIS 3以来流域的剥蚀量为1~2 m. 综合末次冰期中期以来的构造抬升量和剥蚀量, 恢复末次冰期中期时的流域高度为海拔4 200 m, 平衡线高度为海拔3 750 m. 研究结果显示: 研究区在MIS 3时, 流域平均高度已经在平衡线之上, 在流域平均高度到主峰之间冰川开始积累, 发育冰川. 结合其他环境指标综合推断, 玛雅雪山晚第四纪冰川的发育是气候和构造耦合的产物.     

青藏高原中东部最大冰期时代高度与气候环境探讨

本文应用不同来源的各种资料，经逐步综合推导，认为最大冰期出现时间相当于深海氧同位素１８－１６阶段（０．７２－０．５２ＭａＢＰ）。当时青藏高原低于现代１０００Ｍ左右。高原中，东部唐古拉山，阿尼玛卿山、果洛山与稻城海子山４个山区的冰川面积达４００００ＫＭ＾２，为现代冰川面积的１８倍，平衡线高度为３４５０－４２５０Ｍ，６－８月平均温度为２．３－３．４℃，年降水量为１２６０－１９６０ＭＭ，是现代平衡线上降     

A Middle Pleistocene Glaciation Record from Lacustrine Sediments in the Western Tibetan Plateau and Discussion on Climate Change

The Tibetan Plateau is an important area for studying global climate change, but the answers to many scientific problems remain unknown. Here, we present new information from the lacustrine sedimentary record in the western Tibetan Plateau, related to the third most-recent glaciations. Continuous sediment data, including sporopollen, particle size, total organic carbon, mass susceptibility, CaCO3, CaSO4, BaSO4 contents and chronological data, were reconstructed and revealed that climate and environmental conditions obviously and distinctly changed between 600 and 700 thousand years ago. In comparison, the data obtained from the Guliya ice core in this area also corresponds to the global glacial climatic characteristics recorded in basin sediments in the eastern and southeastern regions of the plateau and to the information obtained from ice cores in the Antarctic and Arctic regions. In this study, we conclude that the main reason for the glaciations and new tectonic movement must be a geomagnetic polarity reversal 774 thousand years ago (from Matuyama to Brunhes). Indeed, the results of this study suggest that the described reversal event might have influenced the current global climate pattern and will continue to impact climatic changes in the future.     

East Asian monsoon variation and climate changes in Jeju Island, Korea, during the latest Pleistocene to early Holocene

A 4.96-m-long sediment core from the Hanon paleo-maar in Jeju Island, Korea was studied to investigate the paleoclimatic change and East Asian monsoon variations during the latest Pleistocene to early Holocene (23,000-9000 cal yr BP). High-resolution TOC content, magnetic susceptibility, and major element composition data indicate that Jeju Island experienced the coldest climate around 18,000 cal yr BP, which corresponds to the last glacial maximum (LGM). Further, these multi-proxy data show an abrupt shift in climatic regime from cold and arid to warm and humid conditions at around 14,000 cal yr BP, which represents the commencement of the last major deglaciation. After the last major deglaciation, the TOC content decreased from 13,300 to 12,000 cal yr BP and from 11,500 to 9800 cal yr BP, thereby reflecting the weakening of the summer monsoon. The LGM in Jeju Island occurred later in comparison with the Chinese Loess Plateau. Such a disparity in climatic change events between central China and Jeju Island appears to be caused by the asynchrony between the coldest temperature event and the minimum precipitation event in central China and by the buffering effect of the Pacific Ocean.     

The East Asian monsoon during MIS 2 expressed in a speleothem δO record from Jintanwan Cave, Hunan, China

Stalagmite J1 from Jintanwan Cave, Hunan, China, provides a precisely dated, decadally resolved δ¹⁸O proxy record of paleoclimatic changes associated with the East Asian monsoon from ∼29.5 to 14.7 ka and from ∼12.9 to 11.0 ka. At the time of the last glacial maximum (LGM), the East Asian summer monsoon weakened and then strengthened in response to changes in Northern Hemisphere insolation. As the ice sheets retreated the East Asian summer monsoon weakened, especially during Heinrich event H1, when atmospheric and oceanic teleconnections transferred the climatic changes around the North Atlantic to the monsoonal regions of Eastern Asia. A depositional hiatus between ∼14.7 and 12.9 ka leaves the deglacial record incomplete, but an abrupt shift in δ¹⁸O values at ∼11.5 ka marks the end of the Younger Dryas and the transition into the Holocene. Comparisons of the J1 record to other Chinese speleothem records indicate synchronous climatic changes throughout monsoonal China. Further comparisons to a speleothem record from western Asia (Socotra Island) and to Greenland ice cores support hemispherical-scale paleoclimatic change. Spectral and wavelet analyses reveal centennial- and decadal-scale periodicities that correspond to solar frequencies and to oscillations in atmospheric and oceanic circulation.     

河北安固里淖孢粉记录的晚冰期以来的植被演替与气候变化

河北安固里淖地处东南季风的边缘地区,是研究古气候环境演化的理想地区之一。文章以安固里淖的沉积岩芯（长18.4 m）为研究对象,利用AMS ¹⁴C测年和孢粉数据,重建了安固里淖湖区14.3 cal.ka B.P.以来的植被与气候演化历史。结果表明：14.3~11.0 cal.ka B.P.期间,湖区以疏林草原植被为主,气候偏干;11.0~6.0 cal.ka B.P.以森林草原植被为主,气候湿润;6.0~3.2 cal.ka B.P.以疏林草原植被为主,气候偏湿;3.2~0 cal.ka B.P.以荒漠草原植被为主,气候干旱。总体而言,自晚冰期以来安固里淖的气候经历了由干变湿再逐渐变干的过程,全新世适宜期出现在早中全新世。通过区域对比发现,安固里淖揭示的晚冰期以来东南季风的气候演化特征与西南季风的演化具有很大的相似性,表明晚冰期以来东南季风与西南季风在轨道尺度上的演化并无太大差异,太阳辐射是二者演化的共同驱动力。

     

湖南第四纪冰川的证据

通过十多年来反复观测到的洞庭湖周边近岸岗地的巨砾和网纹红土中孤立镶嵌的包括巨砾级的砾石,以及浏阳市大围山花岗岩岩面上无以数计的臼状圆穴,用排他法进行研究;结合前人对洞庭湖区第四纪的气候信息研究。认为湖南有第四纪山岳冰川活动,支持中国东部中低山区有第四纪冰川活动的认识。     

Investigations on the Quaternary Glaciation in the Khumbu Himal (Nepal, East-Himalaya)

Based on geomorphological field work the mapping of former lateral/terminal moraines in the middle segment of the Bhotekoshi Nadi is quite similar to the geomorphological findings of Heuberger (1956: Fig. 2). The deductive calculation of the equilibrium line altitudes is oriented on the reconstructed types of former glaciers. Based on the geomorphological findings of this valley segment the relation of Neoglacial and Late Glacial ice margins of the glaciers of the tributary valleys of the Bhotekoshi Nadi is not conclusive. A post-late glacial maximum snow-line depression of at least 950 m has not obligatory caused an ice fill of the Bhotekoshi Nadi below 3200 m. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

南沙海区盛冰期的气候问题

南沙海区属于西太平洋暖池区,其盛冰期的表层水温变化涉及暖池在冰期旋回中的稳定性,因而具有全球性意义、本文根据十几个沉积柱状样的氧同位素与微体古生物分析结果,指出南沙海区盛冰期时夏季温度与全新世差别微小,而冬季水温强烈降低,使季节性温差高达６℃,明显超过同纬度的西太平洋开放水域。推测冰期时的冬季风强化,是造成这些变化的主要原因,同时也为热带海区冰期海面温度高、岛屿山地温度低的矛盾提出了一种新的可能解释。