First occurrence of the Salvador Formation in the Jatobá Basin (Pernambuco,Northeast Brazil): Facies characterization and depositional systems

Fan deltas, constituting proximal depositional systems adjacent to boundary faults, are common features associated with rift basins. The Cretaceous fan delta systems of the Salvador Formation, deposited during the rift phase of the Recôncavo-Tucano-Jatobá Basin, were first reported in the Recôncavo Basin and later discovered in the Tucano Basin. Because of the absence of any outcrops in the Jatobá Basin until now, these alluvial fans were interpreted solely through seismic analysis. We report the first revealed outcrops of the Salvador Formation in that basin and characterize their depositional systems as interlayered with the lacustrine Candeias Formation. Based on facies and architecture, the alluvial system can be subdivided into three associations: (1) proximal fan delta, characterized by meter-scale conglomerate bodies with a predominance of boulders and cobbles with thin sandstone layers; (2) distal fan delta, characterized by sheet-like pebble conglomerate and sandstone layers with flame and load structures; and (3) lacustrine, further subdivided into shallow lake facies reddish shales and mudstones with oolitic limestones and deep lake facies grey to green shales with pyrite. Paleocurrent measurements for the proximal fan association show paleoflow direction varying from SW to SE, which is expected for the rift phase alluvial system. The Recôncavo-Tucano-Jatobá rift system has two conglomeratic units, namely the Salvador and Marizal Formations, the former a syn-rift and the latter a post-rift unit. The absence of sedimentary clasts in the conglomerates, very low maturity, the presence of giant clasts, and a visible relationship between boundary faults in the outcrop, define the syn-rift Salvador Formation characteristics. Based on the facies and paleocurrent analyses, the Salvador Formation deposits in Jatobá Basin were interpreted as a deposition of a debris flow-dominated fan delta, indicating the lacustrine setting represented by the Candeias Formation.     

新疆西北部和什托洛盖盆地早中生代沉积特征及构造演化

和什托洛盖盆地为新疆西北部地区出露较好的一个早中生代盆地。对盆地内不同构造位置沉积剖面的岩相和相组合分析结果表明,盆地内部发育多种沉积相带并具有显著的空间变化。盆地北部或北东部边缘,以发育冲积扇相、扇三角洲相和湖相为主。盆地的南部或南西部,以发育冲积扇相和河流相为主。古水流和物源分析结果指示,盆地沉积物主体来自北部山区,部分来自盆地南部或西南部地区。通过对盆缘断裂两侧地层的分布特征和其自身要素的分析,结合平行和垂直于盆地长轴、边缘断层的地震剖面,本文认为和什托洛盖盆地的形成和发展,主要受控于盆缘两侧断裂,尤其是盆地南缘达尔布特断裂的左行走滑运动。该盆地是独立于准噶尔盆地之外发展演化的。     

Progressive changes in sedimentary facies and stratal patterns along the strike-slip margin,northeastern Jinan Basin (Cretaceous), southwest Korea: implications for differential subsidence

In strike-slip basins, proximal stratal patterns are a function of displacement on basin-bounding faults. In order to better understand factors that control changes in sedimentary facies and stratal patterns of the northeastern part of the Jinan Basin (Cretaceous), a strike-slip basin, we made a detailed analysis of sedimentary facies, depositional architecture and paleoflows. The sedimentary successions can be grouped into five facies associations representing five depositional environments: (1) facies association FA I (alluvial fan); (2) FA II (small-scale Gilbert-type delta); (3) FA III (large-scale, steep delta slope); (4) FA IV (base of large-scale, steep delta slope and prodelta); and (5) FA V (lacustrine plain). The successions are divided into two distinct sedimentary fills on the basis of facies associations, depositional architecture and paleocurrents: (1) marginal fill and (2) longitudinal fill. The marginal fill (ca. 3.2 km thick) is present along the strike-slip basin-bounding fault. The lower part of the marginal fill (ca. 1.3 km thick) consists of alluvial-fan deposits (FA I) along the bounding fault which are transitional northward to small-scale Gilbert-type delta (FA II) and lacustrine plain (FA V) deposits. The upper part of the marginal fill (ca. 1.9 km thick) contains large-scale, steep delta slope (FA III) and base of delta slope/prodelta (FA IV) deposits accompanied with a northward change in facies associations. In the marginal fill, the successive alluvial fan, small-scale Gilbert-type delta and large-scale, steep delta/prodelta deposits are overlapped (shingled) northeastward. The longitudinal fill (ca. 2 km thick) is characterized by eastward overlapped stacks of large-scale, steep delta slope (FA III) and base of delta slope/prodelta (FA IV) deposits with a westward progradation. The longitudinal fill was overstepped by the marginal fill. The northeastward shingled geometry of the marginal fill was most likely caused by sinistral strike-slip displacements on the basin-bounding fault. The slightly oblique (northward) progradation of the marginal fill was due to the northward basin-floor tilting. In the marginal fill, the progressive changes in facies and depositional architecture from the lower alluvial fan/small-scale Gilbert-type delta to the upper large-scale, steep delta/prodelta are suggestive of increase in basin subsidence along the strike-slip basin margin that was closely related to the variation in displacement on the basin-bounding fault. The sinistral strike-slip movements on the bounding fault also caused the eastward overlapping of the longitudinal fill.     

内蒙古银根盆地下白垩统沉积相

在对盆地周缘大量野外地质剖面详细测量的基础上结合室内分析，研究了银根盆地下白垩统巴音戈壁组的沉积相类型及其分布、演化。银根盆地下白垩统为典型的内陆湖盆沉积，形成了厚度达2000m以上的砂砾岩、泥岩夹碳酸盐岩、中基性火山岩，局部见油页岩和蒸发岩沉积，发育冲积扇、河流（以辫状河为主）、扇三角洲、三角洲、湖泊等沉积相类型。沉积体系的分布及演化主要受区域构造的影响，大致可以划分为三个沉积阶段，反映了断陷湖盆由发生、发展直至萎缩的一个完整旋回。早白垩世早期为湖盆初始断陷阶段，中期为强裂断陷阶段，晚期为湖盆萎缩阶段，每一沉积阶段在湖盆的不同部位发育了特定的沉积相类型及组合。     

Alluvial fan and lacustrine sediments from the Stephanian A and B (La Magdalena, Ciñera—Matallana and Sabero) coalfields, northern Spain

Vertical sequence analysis within 1500-2500 m thick coarse-grained coalfield successions allows six sedimentary associations to be distinguished. These are interpreted in terms of depositional environments on, or related to alluvial fans which fringed a fault bounded source region. (i) Topographic valley and fanhead canyon fills: occurring at the bases of the coalfield successions and comprising sporadically reddened, scree, conglomeratic thinning and fining upward sequences, and fine-grained coal-bearing sediments. (ii) Alluvial fan channels: conglomerate and sandstone filled. (iii) Mid-fan conglomeratic and sandstone lobes: laterally extensive, thickly bedded (1-25 m) and varying from structureless coarse conglomerates and pebbly sandstones, to stratified fine conglomerates and cross-bedded sandstones. (iv) Interlobe and interchannel: siltstones, fine-grained sheet sandstones, abundant floras, thin coals and upright trees. (v) Distal fan: 10 cm-1.5 m thick sheet sandstones which preserve numerous upright trees, separated by silt-stones and mudstones with abundant floras, and coal seams. The sheet sandstones and normally arranged in sequences of beds which become thicker and coarser or thinner and finer upwards. These trends also occur in combination. (vi) Lacustrine: coals, limestones, and fine-grained, low-energy, regressive, coarsening upward sequences. Proximal fan sediments are only preserved in certain basal deposits of these coalfields. The majority of the successions comprise mid and distal alluvial fan and lacustrine sediments. Mid-fan depositional processes consisted of debris flows and turbulent streamflows, whilst sheetfloods dominated active distal areas. A tropical and seasonal climate allowed vegetation to colonize abandoned fan surfaces and perhaps resulted in localized diagenetic reddening. Worked coals, from 10s cm-20 m thick, occur in the distal fan and lacustrine environments. These alluvial fan deposits infill‘California-like’basins developed and preserved along major structural zones. In many of their characteristics, in particular the occurrence of thinning and fining, and thickening and coarsening upward sequences and megasequences, these sediments have similarities to documented ancient submarine fan deposits.     

Stratigraphic architecture and depositional setting of the coarse‐grained Upper Cambrian Owen Conglomerate,West Coast Range,western Tasmania

The Upper Cambrian Owen Conglomerate of the West Coast Range, western Tasmania, comprises two upward‐fining successions of coarse‐grained siliciclastic rocks that exhibit a characteristic wedge‐shaped fill controlled by the basin‐margin fault system. Stratigraphy is defined by the informally named basal lower conglomerate member, middle sandstone member, middle conglomerate member and upper sandstone member. The lower conglomerate member has a gradational basal contact with underlying volcaniclastics of the Tyndall Group,while the upper sandstone member is largely conformable with overlying Gordon Group marine clastics and carbonates. The lower conglomerate member predominantly comprises high flow regime, coarse‐grained, alluvial‐slope channel successions, with prolonged channel bedload transport exhibited by the association of channel‐scour structures with upward‐fining packages of pebble, cobble and boulder conglomerate and sandstone, with abundant large‐scale cross‐beds derived from accretion in low‐sinuosity, multiply active braided‐channel complexes. While the dipslope of the basin is predominantly drained by west‐directed palaeoflow, intrabasinal faulting in the southern region of the basin led to stream capture and the subsequent development of axial through drainage patterns in the lower conglomerate member. The middle sandstone member is characterised by continued sandy alluvial slope deposition in the southern half of the basin, with pronounced west‐directed and local axial through drainage palaeoflow networks operating at the time. The middle sandstone member basin deepens considerably towards the north, where coarse‐grained alluvial‐slope deposits are replaced by coarse‐grained turbidites of thick submarine‐fan complexes. The middle conglomerate member comprises thickly bedded, coarse‐grained pebble and cobble conglomerate, deposited by a high flow regime fluvial system that focused deposition into a northern basin depocentre. An influx of volcanic detritus entered the middle conglomerate member basin via spatially restricted footwall‐derived fans on the western basin margin. Fluvial systems continued to operate during deposition of the upper sandstone member in the north of the basin, facilitated by multiply active, high flow regime channels, comprising thick, vertically stacked and upward‐fining, coarse‐grained conglomerate and sandstone deposits. The upper sandstone member in the south of the basin is characterised by extensive braid‐delta and fine‐grained nearshore deposits, with abundant bioturbation and pronounced bimodal palaeocurrent trends associated with tidal and nearshore reworking. An increase in base‐level in the Middle Ordovician culminated in marine transgression and subsequent deposition of Gordon Group clastics and carbonates.     

辽河盆地大凌河油层湖底扇沉积特征

辽河盆地位于辽宁省南部,渤海湾盆地东北角,是继中生代发育起来的第三纪断陷盆地。分东部凹陷,西部凹陷和大民屯凹陷等二级构造单元(图1)。     

辽西义县盆地义县组底部沉积相与沉积环境分析

辽西义县盆地下白垩统义县组底部发育有马神庙、老公沟两个沉积层。马神庙沉积层从下至上可以划分出6个沉积亚层,其下部复成分砾岩沉积层为干旱气候条件下形成的洪（冲）积扇底部沉积相、洪（冲）积扇上的山洪冲槽充填相;中部为复成分砾岩夹凝灰质沉积层;顶部被中基性的火山岩覆盖。老公沟沉积层下部是以泥质粉砂岩为主的滨浅湖相、洪（冲）积扇向湖盆过渡的季节性河流作用形成的粗砂岩—含砾粗砂岩沉积相;顶部为一套滨浅湖相的膨润土化粉砂岩—膨润土—碳酸盐岩沉积岩石组合。义县盆地演化初期气候干旱,盆地边缘地势起伏较大,盆地边缘形成洪（冲）积扇、扇面上发育洪槽充填沉积作用,洪（冲）积扇向湖盆过渡区存在季节性河流;老公沟顶部湖泊相沉积指示受区域季节性变化的半干旱、频繁火山作用影响下,湖盆水深频繁波动的古地理、古气候的沉积特征。义县组底部沉积相表现了该盆地边缘向中心横向上的洪（冲）扇、季节性河流和湖泊沉积的三相发育的古地理特征。     

Submarine fan facies of the Upper Cretaceous Great Valley sequence,northern and central California

The Upper Cretaceous part of the Great Valley Sequence provides a unique opportunity to study deep-marine sedimentation within an arc-trench gap. Facies analysis delineates submarine fan facies similar to those described from other ancient basins. Fan models and facies of Mutti and Ricci-Lucchi allow reconstruction of the following depositional environments: basin plain, outer fan, midfan, inner fan, and slope. Basin plain deposits are characterized by hemipelagic mudstone with randomly interbedded thin sandstone beds exhibiting distal turbidite characteristics. Outer fan deposits are characterized by regularly interbedded sandstone and mudstone, and commonly exhibit thickening-upward (negative) cycles that constitute depositional lobes. The sandstone occurs as proximal to distal turbidites without channeling. Midfan deposits are characterized by the predominance of coarse-grained, thick, channelized sandstone beds that commonly are amalgamated. Thinning-upward (positive) cycles and braided channelization also are common. Inner fan deposits are characterized by major channel-fill complexes (conglomerate, pebbly sandstone, and pebbly mudstone) enclosed in mudstone and siltstone. Positive cycles occur within these channel-fill complexes. Much of the fine-grained material consists of levee (overbank) deposits that are characterized by rhythmically interbedded thin mudstone and irregular sandstone beds with climbing and starved ripples. Slope deposits are characterized by mudstone with little interbedded sandstone; slumping and contortion of bedding is common. Progressions of fan facies associations can be described as retrogradational and progradational suites that correspond, respectively, to onlapping and offlapping relations in the basin. The paleoenvironments, fan facies associations, and tectonic setting of the Late Cretaceous fore-arc basin are similar to those of modern arc—trench systems.     

Variable style of transition between Palaeogene fluvial fan and lacustrine systems, southern Pyrenean foreland, NE Spain

Two Palaeogene fluvial fan systems linked to the south‐Pyrenean margin are recognized in the eastern Ebro Basin: the Cardona–Súria and Solsona–Sanaüja fans. These had radii of 40 and 35 km and were 800 and 600 km² in area respectively. During the Priabonian to the Middle Rupelian, the fluvial fans built into a hydrologically closed foreland basin, and shallow lacustrine systems persisted in the basin centre. In the studied area, both fans are part of the same upward‐coarsening megasequence (up to 800 m thick), driven by hinterland drainage expansion and foreland propagation of Pyrenean thrusts. Fourteen sedimentary facies have been grouped into seven facies associations corresponding to medial fluvial fan, channelized terminal lobe, non‐channelized terminal lobe, mudflat, deltaic, evaporitic playa‐lake and carbonate‐rich, shallow lacustrine environments. Lateral correlations define two styles of alluvial‐lacustrine transition. During low lake‐level stages, terminal lobes developed, whereas during lake highstands, fluvial‐dominated deltas and interdistributary bays were formed. Terminal lobe deposits are characterized by extensive (100–600 m wide) sheet‐like fine sandstone beds formed by sub‐aqueous, quasi‐steady, hyperpycnal turbidity currents. Sedimentary structures and trace fossils indicate rapid desiccation and sub‐aerial exposure of the lobe deposits. These deposits are arranged in coarsening–fining sequences (metres to tens of metres in thickness) controlled by a combination of tectonics, climatic oscillations and autocyclic sedimentary processes. The presence of anomalously deeply incised distributary channels associated with distal terminal lobe or mudflat deposits indicates rapid lake‐level falls. Deltaic deposits form progradational coarsening‐upward sequences (several metres thick) characterized by channel and friction‐dominated mouth‐bar facies overlying white‐grey offshore lacustrine facies. Deltaic bar deposits are less extensive (50–300 m wide) than the terminal lobes and were also deposited by hyperpycnal currents, although they lack evidence of emergence. Sandy deltaic deposits accumulated locally at the mouths of main feeder distal fan streams and were separated by muddy interdistributary bays; whereas the terminal lobe sheets expand from a series of mid‐fan intersection points and coalesced to form a more continuous sandy fan fringe.     

Sedimentology of a lacustrine fan-delta system, Miocene Horse Camp Formation, Nevada, USA

A 1600-m-thick succession of the Miocene Horse Camp Formation (Member 2) exposed in east-central Nevada records predominantly terrigenous clastic deposition in subaerial and subaqueous fan-delta environments and nearshore and offshore lacustrine environments. These four depositional environments are distinguished by particular associations of individual facies (14 defined facies). Subaerial and subaqueous fan-delta facies associations include: ungraded, matrix-and clast-supported conglomerate; normally graded, matrix- and clast-supported conglomerate; ungraded and normally graded sandstone; and massive to poorly laminated mudstone. Subaqueous fan-delta deposits typically have dewatering structures, distorted bedding and interbedded mudstone. The subaerial fan-delta environment was characterized by debris flows, hyperconcentrated flows and minor sheetfloods; the subaqueous fan-delta environment by debris flows, high- and low-density turbidity currents, and suspension fallout. The nearshore lacustrine facies association provides examples of deposits and processes rarely documented in lacustrine environments. High-energy oscillatory wave currents, probably related to a large fetch, reworked grains as large as 2 cm into horizontally stratified sand and gravel. Offshore-directed currents produced uncommonly large (typically 1–2 m thick) trough cross-stratified sandstone. In addition, stromatolitic carbonate interbedded with stratified coarse sandstone and conglomerate suggests a dynamic environment characterized by episodic terrigenous clastic deposition under high-energy conditions alternating with periods of carbonate precipitation under reduced energy conditions. Massive and normally graded sandstone and massive to poorly laminated mudstone characterize the offshore lacustrine facies association and record deposition by turbidity currents and suspension fallout. A depositional model constructed for the Horse Camp Formation (Member 2) precludes the existence of all four depositional environments at any particular time. Rather, phases characterized by deposition in subaerial fan, nearshore lacustrine and offshore lacustrine environments alternated with phases of subaerial fan-delta, subaqueous fan-delta and offshore lacustrine deposition. This model suggests that high-energy nearshore currents due to deep water along the lake margin reworked sediment of the fan edge, thus preventing development of a subaqueous fan-delta environment and promoting development of a well-defined nearshore lacustrine environment. Low-energy nearshore currents induced by shallow water along the     

阿尔金山索尔库里北盆地沉积与构造演化

索尔库里北盆地位于阿尔金山中段，盆地的形成和演化与阿尔金断裂的走滑作用密切相关。根据野外地质填图的结果，通过沉积相、沉积环境的研究，在盆地内部划分出早第四纪七个泉组砾岩层，并将盆地新生代的沉积划分为两大序列：下部为渐新世下干柴沟组、中新世上干柴沟组、油砂山组序列，沉积相从底部的冲积扇、洪积扇向上逐渐变化为断陷湖盆相，再变化为冲积扇、洪积扇相，为一个完整的断陷湖盆的发生—发展—消亡的序列；上部为早第四纪七个泉组序列，为冲积扇、洪积扇沉积。结合盆地沉积充填过程和构造变形分析，建立了盆地多阶段的构造演化模式，进而探讨了盆地的形成演化与新生代阿尔金断裂带走滑作用过程之间的动力学联系。     

浙江中西部永康盆地及金衢盆地白垩系冲积扇特征

浙江众多中小型白垩纪盆地中,分布着河湖相红色沉积岩夹火山岩的白垩系上部地层。作者对位于浙江省金华地区永康市和义乌市境内的2条剖面进行了研究,即金衢盆地早白垩世晚期至晚白垩世早期的铜山岩中戴组剖面和永康盆地早白垩世晚期的方岩景区方岩组剖面,认为其主要为冲积扇沉积,具有多套沉积旋回的陆相碎屑岩准层序组,沉积特征表现为:下部紫红色块状砾岩、砂砾岩,夹泥质粉砂岩,局部有紫红色凝灰岩及深灰色玄武岩;上部棕褐色钙质粉砂岩与泥质粉砂岩组成不等厚互层,产恐龙化石Chilantaisaurus zhejiangensis;具有大型交错层理等沉积构造。其中扇根亚相的砂砾岩为槽流沉积和辫流水道沉积,扇中亚相的片状或席状砂岩为漫流沉积,漫流成因的片状或席状砂岩可能成为良好的油气储集体。此研究成果对中国南方小盆地白垩系扇根—扇中碎屑岩的沉积特征及其成因分析具有重要意义。     

梅河盆地古近系梅河组沉积层序演化特征

梅河盆地为典型的断陷型含煤、油页岩盆地。通过岩芯、测井和地震的层序标志识别,在梅河盆地梅河组识别出1个巨层序、2个超层序和4个三级层序。其中,砂砾岩段、下部含煤段、中部泥岩段、上部含煤段分别对应着三级层序I、II、III和IV。通过对层序地层格架的认识,结合构造、沉积分析,揭示了研究区梅河组沉积层序演化规律,三级层序地层格架内沉积演化分别为:层序I发育了盆地初始裂陷阶段的冲积型和扇三角洲沉积;层序II发育了盆地裂陷扩张阶段扇三角洲、沼泽和浅水湖泊沉积;层序III发育了盆地最大扩张阶段深水湖泊沉积;层序IV发育了盆地萎缩阶段扇三角洲和湖泊沉积。因此,梅河盆地梅河组的层序I到层序IV的演化揭示了中国东部伸展环境下断陷盆地从初始裂陷阶段到盆地萎缩阶段完整的不同沉积层序演化特征。     

江西信江盆地白垩系沉积体系及其与丹霞地貌的关系

根据野外沉积层序、岩石学特征、古生物资料和地貌景观特征,本文对江西信江盆地白垩系沉积相进行了初步分析,首次探讨了沉积体系与丹霞地貌发育特征之间的内在联系。信江盆地白垩系主要发育4种沉积体系,即冲（洪）积、三角洲、湖泊和扇三角洲。早白垩世主要发育半深湖-深湖、扇三角洲相沉积,晚白垩世从盆地南缘到北缘大致为洪冲积相→辫状河流→三角洲→滨浅湖→三角洲→辫状河流→洪冲积相的展布方式。研究表明,该区丹霞地貌形成的物质基础主要是上白垩统冲积扇、辫状河相沉积产物,丹霞地貌的空间分布与盆地冲积扇、辫状河沉积相的平面展布具有较好的一致性,同时,沉积亚相、微相类型对丹霞地貌的发育起到一定的控制作用。     

塔里木盆地喀什凹陷侏罗系沉积特征及其演化

野外地质调查和室内地震解释认为,喀什凹陷侏罗系为陆相河流—湖泊沉积,整个侏罗纪代表了一个水体由浅—深—浅的沉积演化,早侏罗世莎里塔什组属干燥、氧化环境中的冲积扇沉积,到康苏组时演化为潮湿气候条件下的辫状河流沉积;中侏罗世盆地沉积范围扩大,出现湖泊和扇三角洲沉积,晚侏罗世盆地又演化为干燥—半干燥环境下的河流与冲积扇沉积。     

甘肃酒西白垩纪盆地沉积构成及盆地演化动力学分析

甘肃酒西白垩纪盆地是酒西含油气盆地的一个单型盆地,发育了冲积扇、水下重力流扇、扇三角洲、湖泊、河流沉积体系,并在湖盆演化的不同阶段分别形成冲积扇-扇三角洲-滨浅湖-砾质辫状河、近岸水下重力流扇-中深湖-扇三角洲、扇三角洲-中浅湖-河流沉积体系组合型式.依据等时界面,湖盆充填序列可划分为三个构造层序,相对应于初始裂陷、扩张裂陷-热衰减沉降、湖盆萎缩关闭三个演化阶段.研究证明,地幔热柱的形成和衰减、燕山运动等远程应力作用控制盆地的演化。     

Terrestrial-marine transition in the Cambrian rocks of Kangaroo Island, South Australia

The upper part of the Lower Cambrian succession in northeast Kangaroo Island comprises three interbedded facies associations. The fine-grained association is composed of siltstone, mudstone and minor sandstone. It contains flat lamination and abundant ripple cross-lamination which shows bipolar palaeocurrents, and occurs in combinations of flaser bedding, lenticular bedding and wavy lamination. Although body fossils are relatively rare, trilobite traces and desiccation cracks are common, and the association is interpreted as a predominantly subtidal to intertidal deposit. The conglomerate facies association contains horizontally bedded cobble to boulder conglomerate, with subordinate trough cross-stratified coarse sandstone to granule/pebble conglomerate. Fabrics and structures in the coarse conglomerates are consistent with alluvial transport (stream and debris flow), but not beach deposition. The conglomerate association is attributed to tectonic uplift and erosion of a Precambrian-Lower Cambrian succession developed adjacent to the present north coast of Kangaroo Island. Southward progradation of an alluvial fan complex occurred across east-west oriented tidal flats on which limited wave activity reworked sand and fine gravel, but not coarser material. The sandstone facies association mainly comprises trough cross-stratified and plane-laminated sandstone, the latter with current lineation predominantly sub-parallel to the east-west shoreline. Trough cross-stratification is ascribed to onshore waves and longshore currents, and current lineation to predominantly shore-parallel tidal currents, augmented by longshore drift and storm surge. Tectonic movements gave rise to cycles of transgression and regression as tidal and alluvial processes dominated alternately.     

The Maesan fan delta, Miocene Pohang Basin, SE Korea: architecture and depositional processes of a high-gradient fan-delta-fed slope system

The Maesan fan-delta-fed slope system in the Miocene Pohang Basin occurs between two Gilbert-type fan deltas. Detailed analysis of sedimentary facies and bed geometry reveals that the sequence is represented by 13 sedimentary facies. These facies can be organized into three facies associations, representing distinct depositional environments: alluvial fan (facies association I), steep-faced slope (facies association II), and basin plain (facies association III). Subaerial debris flows and dense, inertia-dominated currents were transformed into subaqueous sediment gravity flows in steep-faced slope environments. Further downslope, these flows were channelized and formed lobate conglomerate and sandstone bodies at the terminal edge of the channels (or chutes). Interchannel and interlobe areas were dominated by homogeneous mudstone and muddy sandstone, deposited by suspension settling of fine-grained materials. Part of the steep-faced slope deposits experienced large-scale slides and slumps. The chutes/channels, lobes and splays on the steep-faced slope of the Maesan system are similar to those in modern subaqueous coarse-grained fan-delta systems.     

Depositional environment and sedimentary of the basinal sediments in the Eibiswalder Bucht (Radl Formation and Lower Eibiswald Beds), Miocene Western Styrian Basin,Austria

The Eibiswald Bucht is a small subbasin of the Western Styrian Basin exposing sediments of Lower Miocene age. In the past the entire sequence exposed in the Eibiswalder Bucht has been interpreted as being of fluvial/lacustrine origin; here, results are presented of detailed sedimentological investigations that lead to a revision of this concept. The lowermost siliciclastic sedimentary unit of the Eibiswalder Bucht sequence is the Radl Formation. It is overlain by the Eibiswald Beds, which are subdivided into the Lower, Middle and Upper Eibiswald Beds. The Radl Formation and the Lower Eibiswald Beds are interpreted as a fan delta complex deposited along NNW-SSE striking faults. Based on the sedimentary facies this fan delta can be subdivided into a subaerial alluvial fan facies group, a proximal delta facies group and a distal delta/prodelta facies group. The Radl Formation comprises the alluvial fan and proximal delta facies groups, the Lower Eibiswald Beds the distal delta/prodelta facies group. The alluvial fan and the proximal delta consist of diverse deposits of gravelly flows. The distal delta/prodelta consists of wave-reworked, bioturbated, low density turbidites intercalated with minor gravelly mass flows. The prodelta can be regarded as as the basin facies of the small and shallow Eibiswalder Bucht, where marine conditions prevailed. The basin was probably in part connected with the Eastern Styrian Basin, the contemporary depositional environment of the Styrian Schlier (mainly turbiditic marine offshore sediments in the Eastern Styrian Basin). Analysis of the clast composition, in conjunction with the paleotransport direction of the coarse delta mass flows of the Radl Formation, shows that the source rocks were exclusively crystalline rocks ranging from greenschists to eclogites.