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Three standard methodological approaches used for carcinogenic risk assessment of the four trihalomethanes (THMs) species: Dibromochloromethane (CHClBr2), Bromodichloromethane (CHCl2Br), Bromoform (CHBr3) and Chloroform (CHCl3), in water collected from public water supplies which included main water source (raw water of the Tigris River), water treatment plants (treated water) and distribution system (tap water) in Baghdad City. The total concentration of THMs ranged between 13.78 and 63.1 μg/L in winter and summer respectively. The occurrence of THMs followed the given order: CHClBr2 (36%) > CHCl2Br (27%) > CHCl3 (25%) > CHBr3 (12%). The annual levels of THMs concentrations in the distribution networks of Baghdad City ranged between 12 and 97.3 μg/L in winter and summer, respectively, and followed the given order: CHClBr2 (37%) > CHCl2Br (33%) > CHCl3 (21%) > CHBr3 (9%). The World Health Organization (WHO) index for additive toxicity approach was in compliant with the WHO guideline value, and does not pose any adverse toxic health impacts. The hazard index does not suggest any potential noncancer risk to the exposed population, whereas the total multi-pathway cancer risk analysis suggests that total cancer risk exceeds the USEPA acceptable level of 10–6.  相似文献   

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The water quality of Mamas?n Dam, the drinking water source for Aksaray in Turkey, is investigated for assessment of ecological and health risks according to data between December 2015 and November 2016. Water quality index, ecological risk, and health risk assessments are determined to depend on the intensity of occurrence of parameters and seasonal and spatial distributions at different depth ranges. As a result, some ions such as Al, As, B, Ba, Co, F, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn were found to be exceeding the limit values of the national regulatory standards. Besides, Pb is listed in Priority Substances and Certain Other Pollutants according to Annex II. Because the WQI values of the water quality are low (below 60), the source is suitable for industrial and agricultural usage; however, it cannot be used for drinking water supply without treatment. The trace element levels, especially Ag, Ba, Cu, Cr, and Zn, are potential pollutants for organisms. The non‐carcinogenic health risks of As threaten both adults and children at “medium” and “high” levels through oral ingestion. The B, F, and Pb elements have Hazard Index values above 0.1 and may cause a “low” level risk chronic disease for children by oral ingestion.  相似文献   

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The development of instrumental analytics such as the LC-MS/MS has made it possible to quickly determine many component concentrations in a single chromatogram. However, the validation of such multi-methods needs new strategies for robustness and optimization. Statistical execution of analytical tests is one tool that can be utilized to meet this requirement. A Central Composite Design (CCD) was utilized for the validation of an LC-MS/MS multi-method for 84 analytes. The experimental design includes six design variables and two non-design variables (response variables). Concentration, ionization temperature, dwell time, gradient, flow (of eluent), and spraying/curtain gas (continuous design variables) were varied on five different levels; the whole design encompassed 91 runs. To investigate the robustness of a LC-MS/MS method both peak sensitivity and chromatographic separation had to be verified. Therefore, two non-design variables were necessary. The distribution of the peaks over analysis time was applied to describe the quality of the chromatographic separation. The sensitivity was described with the signal to noise ratio (S/N). The evaluation of the measured data was accomplished with the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Three main effects (concentration, ionization temperature, dwell time) and no significant interaction effect were found for the response variable “S/N”. The variables of concentration, ionization temperature, and dwell time had no significant effects for the response variable “S/N”. The ANOVA of the response variable chromatographic separation abandoned no significant effects as well. Therefore, robustness of the method can be guaranteed for all non significant design variables.  相似文献   

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Three hundred and twenty‐two samples of desalinated household water were collected from 99 sampling locations that covered 95% of Kuwaiti's residential areas. Seventy‐one brands of bottled water were collected from Kuwaiti markets. The water quality parameters that were studied included pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), F?, Cl?, Br?, , , , , , , , and the major macronutrients Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+. The analysis yielded a large range of results for most of these parameters, with differences in some cases exceeding 10‐fold. With a few exceptions, the results were found to comply with US‐EPA and WHO standards. Only the water in two brands of bottled water was acidic (pH < 6.5). The TDS was found to be higher than the US‐EPA regulated value in 4 and 3% of the household samples and bottled water brands, respectively. The fluoride levels were generally higher in bottled water than in household water. However, the household water that was produced by the Doha desalination plant and some of the European brands of bottled water were the best samples studied in terms of their quantity of Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ compared with the DRI values for those substances. EC and TDS were positively correlated with , , Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ for household water but only with Ca2+ and Mg2+ for bottled water.  相似文献   

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The aim of this work is to study the removal of fluoride from brackish polluted water using electrodialysis. The influence of several parameters such as flow rate, initial feed concentration, co‐existing ions, and initial pH on process efficiency were studied. This efficiency is evaluated by the removal rate, demineralization rate, and power consumption. The defluoridation process showed to be independent of pH of feed solution. Although the remained studied parameters plays a significant role on the defluoridation efficiency and mainly on the specific power consumption. The defluoridation of a contaminated real water sample was investigated so as to improve the efficiency of the process. The fluoride concentration could be reduced from 2.9 to 0.4 mg L−1 which was lower than World Health Organization (WHO) standard (1.5 mg L−1). Moreover the concentrations of different species in the obtained treated water are below the amounts recommended by WHO for drinking water.  相似文献   

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于桥水库的水质保护与渔业生产   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
王洪起 《湖泊科学》1995,7(4):379-384
大水面增养殖将水体中的氮、磷、有机物转化成鱼产品,并以渔获物的形式输出水体,从而加大水体氮、磷、有机物的输出量,有减缓水体富营养化、净化饮水水质的作用;同时鱼类的摄食、消化、排泄等新陈代谢活动可加速水中氮、磷等物质循环,使藻类繁衍,如果大量放养草鱼还会导致水草资源破坏、生态失衡,对饮水卫生、安全不利;网箱养鱼投入饲料,直接增加了水源有机污染。围网养殖对局部水域生态平衡有破坏作用,放养密度过大,投入  相似文献   

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Potential sources are aggregates of probable future epicenters.In this area,for source models currently,in common use for seismic risk analysis in China,the mean area of each potential source is about 3000-4000 km2.It is assumed that seismic risk has a uniform distribution within the range of each potential source,but studies have shown that the uniform distribution model to a large extent may give an underestimation of the seismic risk.In this paper,the relative distribution of historical epicenters in space within potential sources is discussed,a method is proposed to quantitatively describe the non-uniform distribution of strong earthquakes within potential sources,and some preliminary results are given.By using the results of this paper,seismic risk analysis and seismic zonation can be made more scientific and more reasonable.  相似文献   

11.
Cryptosporidium is an enteric parasitic protozoan capable of causing chronic diarrhea. One of the most common modes of transmission is through faeces‐contaminated water. This study determines the distribution of Cryptosporidium oocysts for the first time in Chennai City's drinking water supply. 199 drinking water samples were collected from ten zones of the city. In the water samples Cryptosporidium, a common pathogenic protozoan of the gastrointestinal tract, has been analyzed physico chemically as well as microbiologically for heterotrophic organisms and total coliforms (TC). The studies revealed that three zones of the city were highly contaminated with coliforms and parasitic protozoa. A statistical analysis was done to find any correlation between heterotrophic organisms, total coliforms, and oocysts. Even though a positive correlation exists between oocysts and bacteriological parameters, a regression equation shows that heterotrophic plate count (HPC) and total coliforms were only 20% responsible for the presence of oocysts. The level of Cryptosporidium oocysts isolated from the water samples may present a public health hazard although no major outbreaks have so far been reported in Chennai City. Routine surveillance of water quality throughout the city is needed to curb the pollutants.  相似文献   

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The River Buyukmelen is located in the province of Duzce in northwest Turkey and its water basin is approximately 470 km2. The Aksu, Kucukmelen and Ugursuyu streams flow into the River Buyukmelen. It flows into the Black Sea with an output of 44 m3 s−1. The geological succession in the basin comprises limestone and dolomitic limestone of the Yılanlı formation, sandstone, clayey limestone and marls of the Akveren formation, clastics and volcano‐clastics of the Caycuma formation, and cover units comprised of river alluvium, lacutrine sediments and beach sands. The River Buyukmelen is expected to be a water source that can supply the drinking water needs of Istanbul until 2040; therefore, it is imperative that its water quality be preserved. The samples of rock, soil, stream water, suspended, bed and stream sediments and beach sand were collected from the Buyukmelen river basin. They were examined using mineralogical and geochemical methods. The chemical constituents most commonly found in the stream waters are Na+, Mg2+, SO2−4, Cl and HCO3 in the Guz stream water, Ca2+ in the Abaza stream water, and K+ in the Kuplu stream water. The concentrations of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO2−4, HCO3, Cl, As, Pb, Ni, Mn, Cr, Zn, Fe and U in the Kuplu and Guz stream waters were much higher than the world average values. The Dilaver, Gubi, Tepekoy, Maden, Celik and Abaza streams interact with sedimentary rocks, and the Kuplu and Guz streams interact with volcanic rocks. The amount of suspended sediment in the River Buyukmelen in December 2002 was 120 mg l−1. The suspended and bed sediments in the muddy stream waters are formed of quartz, calcite, plagioclase, clay (kaolinite, illite and smectite), muscovite and amphibole minerals. As, Co, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, Zn and U have all accumulated in the Buyukmelen river‐bed sediments. The muddy feature of the waters is related to the petrographic features of the rocks in the basin and their mineralogical compositions, as most of the sandstones and volcanic rocks (basalt, tuffite and agglomerate) are decomposed to a clay‐rich composition at the surface. Thus, the suspended sediment in stream waters increases by physical weathering of the rocks and water–rock interaction. Owing to the growing population and industrialization, water demand is increasing. The plan is to bring water from the River Buyukmelen to Istanbul's drinking‐water reservoirs. According to the Water Pollution Regulations, the River Buyukmelen belongs to quality class 1 based on Hg, Cd, Pb, As, Cu, Cr, Zn, Mn, Se, Ba, Na+, Cl, and SO2−4; and to quality class 3 based on Fe concentration. The concentration of Fe in the River Buyukmelen exceeds the limit values permitted by the World Health Organization and the Turkish Standard. Because water from the River Buyukmelen will be used as drinking water, it will have an adverse effect on water quality and humans if not treated in advance. In addition, the inclusion of Mn and Zn in the Elmali drinking‐water reservoir of Istanbul and Fe in the River Buyukmelen water indicates natural inorganic contamination. Mn, Zn and Fe contents in the waters are related to geological origin. Moreover, the River Buyukmelen flow is very muddy in the rainy seasons and it is inevitable that this will pose problems during the purification process. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

13.
太湖湖泊生态系统健康评价   总被引:19,自引:10,他引:19  
五里湖作为太湖富营养化最严重的区域,内源污染和生态退化成为困扰五里湖最主要的两个问题.生态清淤工程的特点是对所要疏浚污染底泥污泥厚度通过采样分析后精确测定,并且在施工过程中的控制精度也高于一般的工程疏浚.所以生态清淤既可以清除五里湖的内源污染,又能为其生态恢复创造条件.本文通过对五里湖生态疏浚对生态系统的影响,疏浚区底泥、水质质量的改善的效果以及对原位培养生物的抗氧化系统组分变化等多个方面进行分析评价,发现,五里湖生态疏浚区底泥中磷含量下降了30%,左右,重金属含量升高的地质积累指数小于1级.疏浚后半年内水体中总磷和溶解磷含量比疏浚前下降10%-25%左右,叶绿素a含量下降40%,左右,其它水质理化参数保持正常.作为生物标志物原位培养生物的抗氧化系统组分在疏浚前后变化较小所以认为,五里湖疏浚达到了一定的效果,并且控制了对生态的压力,为下一步生态修复创造了条件.  相似文献   

14.
基于发展权价值评估的太湖东部水源保护区生态补偿标准   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
陈江龙  姚佳  徐梦月  陈雯 《湖泊科学》2012,24(4):609-614
生态补偿是协调环境保护与区域发展机会公平的重要手段.太湖东部湖区是苏州市、嘉兴市和上海市重要饮用水源供给地.本文分析了苏州市滨湖地区水源地水质保护行为与发展权价值损失的关系.应用区域比较法,在地理要素修正的基础上评价了太湖东部水源保护区发展权价值损失,以此作为生态补偿的标准.研究表明,2009年太湖东部地区水质保护行为的发展权损失为42.39亿元,地方财政收入损失占75.88%;农民收入损失占13.58%;城镇居民收入损失占10.53%.为了缩小城乡居民的收入差距,应优先对农民实施生态补偿.水质保护行为产生的外部收益超出了水源供给价值,需要在更大范围内统筹生态补偿问题.  相似文献   

15.
我国城市水源中约40%为湖泊或水库,且大部分为水库,因此水源水库的水质状况对我国城市安全极其关键。本文综述了我国水源水库水质问题研究进展,分析了22个代表性水源水库的周年水质状况。结果发现,当前我国城市水源水库水质风险类型主要是异味问题、藻类水华、铁锰超标、有机质偏高、营养盐超标等。引发水源水库水质问题的主要原因包括流域开发强度过大、库底淤积及内源释放、生态系统结构失衡、气候与水文异常变化等。针对上述主要问题,提出了构建在线水质监测预警体系、控制流域土地开发强度、构建面源拦截及流域净化系统、疏浚底泥、优化生态系统结构、实施应急曝气与控藻工程、完善流域生态保护法律法规等多种水源水库水质安全保障技术措施。鉴于水源水库水质及水生态对暴雨、高温热浪等极端气象响应敏感而复杂,在当前极端天气事件频发、强度不断增加的气候背景下,还应加强水库生态学基础研究,以深入理解水源水库水质对气候变化的响应机制,提高水库水安全保障科技支撑能力,满足我国城市高质量发展的水资源需求。  相似文献   

16.
The adsorption performance of β‐ionone on four types of granular activated carbon (GAC) in water was investigated through batch experiments. The effect of initial β‐ionone concentrations and natural organic matter (NOM) adsorbed on GAC, adsorption kinetic and isothermal models were also studied. The results showed that four types of GAC all had good adsorption performance for β‐ionone, the equilibrium adsorption amount of the GAC employed was in the order of YK > GK > MZ‐A > MZ‐B. The adsorption amount increased with increasing initial concentrations. The presence of NOM could reduce adsorption of β‐ionone to a certain extent, and small molecular weight (MW) fractions (particularly <1000 Da) exhibited a remarkably competitive effect on the adsorption of β‐ionone. The experimental data showed good correlation with pseudo‐first‐order model. Furthermore, adsorption of β‐ionone on GAC fitted Freundlich, Langmuir, and Tempkin isotherms in the range of experimental concentrations, but followed Freundlich isothermal model most appropriate. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated by the results of the experiment, which showed adsorption of β‐ionone on GAC as being endothermic and spontaneous.  相似文献   

17.
Contamination of water due to bromate is a severe health hazard. The aim of the present study was to remove bromate from water using a crosslinked polystyrene based strongly basic anion exchange resin De‐Acidite FF‐IP. Batch experiments were performed to study the influence of various experimental parameters such as effect of pH, contact time, temperature, and effect of competing anions on bromate removal by De‐Acidite FF‐IP resin. At optimum parameters, the removal rate of bromate was very fast and 90% removal took place in 5 min and equilibrium was established within 10 min. The presence of competitive anions reduced the bromate adsorption in the order of Cl? > F? > CO > SO > NO > PO. The practical utility of this resin has been demonstrated by removing bromate in some of the commercial bottled water from Saudi Arabia. The level of bromate was determined using a very sensitive, precise and rapid method based on ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐tendem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS).  相似文献   

18.
The present study reveals spatial variability of haloacetic acids and the basic physiochemical properties of drinking water samples through visualization based on the Kriging algorithm and hierarchical cluster analysis. Both projection and statistical method contributed to the logical classification of the indoor and outdoor water samples collected from various governorates covering more than 95% of the residential areas in Kuwait. Clustering of the variables led to the formation of several significant clusters corresponding to the effect of chlorine concentration and its residence time on the formation potential of chlorinated acetic acid derivatives in desalinated drinking water as well as to the total ionic composition of water samples and to the effect of the formation of brominated acetic acid derivatives. Clustering of samples, both indoor and outdoor, indicated that all of governorates located in the northern part of Kuwait are supplied with water containing high concentrations of chlorinated acetic acid derivatives, whereas significantly lower amounts of chlorinated or monobrominated acetic acids were found in water samples in the central and southern parts of the country.  相似文献   

19.
用王吉易等人的地下流体附加力源的研究思路,分析了晋5—1井水位的3次高值变化,表明,这3次水位变化是华北区域应力场增强、大范围应力调整、传递的结果,反应的是华北地震活动自唐山大地震后的2个调整过程,并非简单的降雨干扰。  相似文献   

20.
在致灾因子危险性分析、脆弱性分析的基础上,通过选取相关指标来体现地震灾害的自然属性和社会属性,以指标权重来表征致灾因子和承灾体之间复杂作用的结果;以模糊理论为基础,采用德尔菲法(Delphi)和层次分析法(AHP)确定各指标权重,通过处理搜集到的各指标数值,得出浙江省各市的风险评估值;讨论浙江省的地震灾害风险特点,为减轻地震灾害风险提供参考。  相似文献   

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