矿物的界面形状与单体解离

矿物的界面形状与单体解离周乐光（东北大学，沈阳１１０００６）关键词矿物界面形状单体解离矿物，特别是有用矿物的单体解离，是选厂粉碎作业的一项基本目标，是确定最佳磨矿细度的重要依据。用于该项作业的能耗，占选厂全部作业的５０％～８５％。物料在可选粒度范围内...     

重庆城口高燕锰矿床矿物解离度与工艺粒度研究

随着当前矿产资源日趋贫、细、杂,合理利用低品位和复杂多金属矿石是目前选矿工作的重要问题（吴荣庆, 2008）,只有通过对矿物原料或产物中元素或矿物的状态和性质的系统研究,阐明其行为规律,指导和配合矿物加工研究和生产,才能有针对性地选择选矿方法和工艺流程（贾木欣, 2007）,实现对矿物资源的综合利用（吕宪俊,2001）。而矿物工艺粒度、解离度对选矿发挥着不可缺少的重要作用。矿物解离是选矿的必要条件之一,矿物工艺粒度、磨矿粒度等因素对矿物解离度都有影响,这些因素致使解离度和工艺粒度之间关系复杂化（洪秉信,傅文章., 2012）。本文通过对重庆城口高燕锰矿床矿物解离度与工艺粒度的研究,从而探讨解离度与工艺粒度对选矿加工的影响。     

西北某花岗岩型碱交代热液铀矿床蚀变带中重矿物的性状

花岗岩型碳酸钠质交代热液铀矿床蚀变带中的重矿物有明显的改造与叠加现象。随着矿物的解离,热液从围岩中获取了部分矿源。主要铀矿化是在热液连续活动的晚期,铀与金属硫化物共沉淀。本文就西北某花岗岩体在碳酸钠质热液作用下所发生的重矿物组合含量及主要重矿物性质的一系列变化,以及与此有关的铀的活化转移与沉淀阶段等问题进行讨论。     

二连盆地艾勒格庙铀矿区铀矿石工艺矿物学特征及地浸工艺的选择

可地浸砂岩型铀矿床铀赋存状态及铀矿物的工艺矿物学特征会直接影响地浸过程中浸出工艺的选择及铀浸出效率,而地浸工艺的合理选择对铀矿床开采效率和经济效益的提高具有重要意义。本研究采集了二连盆地艾勒格庙铀矿区矿石样品,通过扫描电镜及综合矿物分析仪(TIMA)等方法,分析铀的赋存状态以及铀矿物粒度、解离度、连生矿物等工艺矿物学参数。结果表明：(1)艾勒格庙铀矿区矿石中铀的存在形式主要为铀矿物、含铀矿物和吸附态铀。铀矿物主要为铀石及少量沥青铀矿。(2)铀石粒径最大可达350～400μm,沥青铀矿粒径最大为20～30μm;大多数铀石和全部的沥青铀矿的粒径都小于30μm(分别占总颗粒数量的48.42%和100%)。(3)铀矿物的解离度较低,解离度小于10%的铀石和沥青铀矿的占比分别达到了47.26%和97.08%。与铀矿物连生关系最密切的矿物为黄铁矿、正长石等。铀矿物类型主要为铀石,矿石中碳酸盐矿物含量较低且矿体埋深较浅等特征都表明艾勒格庙铀矿区适宜采用酸法浸出。实际地浸中可通过调控不同溶浸过程溶浸液硫酸浓度,降低非铀矿物对硫酸试剂的消耗。本研究有效查明了艾勒格庙铀矿区铀赋存状态,为制定适合该矿区的地...     

广西平乐硅灰石矿工艺矿物学研究

对广西平乐硅灰石矿的化学成分和矿物组成进行了分析确定，对硅灰石及其伴生矿物的结构构造特征进行了查定，主要对硅灰石中碳质物的赋存特征进行了研究，发现硅灰石矿石中的碳质物分别与硅灰石、方解石、石英等多种矿物以多种形式紧密伴生，认为要提高平乐硅灰石粉的白度，除了要尽可能除去透辉石、石榴石等矿物杂质及含铁、锰等的氧化物杂质外，关键还要使碳质物单体解离，并除去碳质物杂质。     

江汉平原主要河流沉积物重矿物特征与物源区岩性的响应

通过对江汉平原主要河流沉积物的重矿物组合、特征矿物以及能够反映沉积物稳定状况、物源及成熟度的重矿物特征指数(ATi,GZi和ZTR)进行对比分析,发现在江汉平原范围内,长江和汉江及其长江主要支流的沉积物中重矿物特征具有显著的差异。长江的重矿物组合模型为：  锆石+绿帘石+辉石+绿泥石+金属矿物,特征矿物是锆石和辉石;   汉江的重矿物组合模型为：  绿帘石+角闪石+石榴石+绿泥石+金属矿物,特征矿物是角闪石、石榴石;   另外,清江、漳河、沮水和玛瑙河的重矿物组合及特征矿物也都完全不同。而且各水系的沉积物的重矿物特征与其源区的岩性分布显示出极好的相关性。研究表明在江汉平原利用重矿物特征及组合模型来进行物源示踪的方法开展水系演化研究是可行的。     

四川某难浸金矿的矿石性质研究

四川某金矿是一种难浸金矿，因为矿石中的金被包裹于含铁硫化矿物中，而且含有机炭质物。细菌Hst能有效氧化金矿中的硫化矿物以提高金的浸出率。如果细菌氧化矿石中铁的浸出率大于90％，金几乎完全解离，金的氰化浸出率大于90％。研究表明，该金矿的难浸特性是因为金包裹于含铁硫化矿物中，有机炭质物和粘土矿物对金浸出影响甚微。     

高岭土矿物组分特征对纸张涂布粘浓度的影响

粘浓度是纸张涂布的一项重要指标，它受涂布高岭土的矿物组分特征所影响。蒙脱石、水云母类矿物的存在，特别是蒙脱石的混入对涂布高岭土是有害的。高岭石的结晶有序度与粘浓度存在一定联系。高岭石的结晶指数采用Ｈｉｎｃｋｌｅｙ方法测定，从０．３３变化至１．２７，其粘浓度的范围从４１．７－６６．５％。当结晶度指数大于１时，粘浓度大于６６％；当结晶度指数小于１时，粘浓度小于６６％。有序的高岭石有利于粘浓度的提高。进     

微量元素及重矿物判别分析在西昆仑山前第三系划分对比中的应用

采用微量元素和重矿物判别分析方法解决百昆仑山前长期未解决的红色哑地层划分对比问题。微量元素和重矿物与沉积环境及物源性质密切相关。不同时期，不同水系（物源区）的沉积岩具有不同的重矿物和微量元素特征。在西昆仑山前初步建立了３条微量元素和重矿物标准剖面，每条剖面均建立了划分组段的微量元素和重矿物两套判别函数。用以解决地面或井下未知层位样品的判别归属问题，经地面和井下验证取得初步成效。     

福建闽江和九龙江现代沉积物重矿物特征及其物源意义

通过对闽江和九龙江沿岸沉积物中重矿物的分析,发现重矿物组合与源区岩石具有极好的相关性。两条河流流域重矿物组合为不透明铁矿类—绿帘石—锆石—电气石—角闪石,特征矿物为绿帘石,含量高达原生透明重矿物比重的70%,其成因除与高级变质岩有关外,还与中酸性岩浆岩及其与围岩接触蚀变发生的绿帘石化有关。从重矿物组合、重矿物特征指数以及与锆石年龄谱系的比对分析发现,闽江流域重矿物源自闽西北武夷山前寒武纪的变质岩、闽东广泛出露的燕山期岩浆岩和接触变质岩,而九龙江流域重矿物源自闽西南的印支—燕山期花岗岩。闽江上游沉积物重矿物以源自高级变质岩的重矿物为特征,中下游由上游来源的重矿物和下游酸性岩浆岩及接触变质岩形成的重矿物共同构成;九龙江以印支—燕山期花岗岩中的副矿物组合为特征。研究结果显示,对于中小流域面积的河流,由于搬运距离有限,重矿物组合保存的源岩信息量大,可作为研究流域内构造演化和源汇对比的重要手段。     

An in situ metatexite–diatexite transition in upper amphibolite facies rocks from Broken Hill, Australia

Upper amphibolite facies felsic gneiss from Broken Hill records the metatexite to schlieren diatexite to massive diatexite transition in a single rock type over a scale of tens to hundreds of metres. The metatexites are characterized by centimetre‐scale segregation of melt into leucosomes to form stromatic migmatite. The schlieren diatexites are characterized by the disaggregation of the rocks and the development of schlieren migmatite. The massive diatexites represent a higher degree of disaggregation, lack schlieren and contain plagioclase and K‐feldspar phenocrysts. The transition from metatexite to schlieren diatexite and massive diatexite was heterogeneous with both disaggregation of the rock on a grain scale and disaggregation of the rock into centimetre‐ to metre‐scale rafts. As melt contents increased, the proportion of material disaggregated on a grain scale increased. The high proportion of melt needed to form diatexites at upper amphibolite facies conditions was the result of an influx of hydrous fluid at temperatures just above the solidus of the diatexites. Nearby metapelitic rocks, with a slightly higher solidus temperature, undergoing subsolidus muscovite breakdown are the likely source of the fluid. Continued heating during and after the influx of fluid led to melt contents of up to c. 60 mol.% in the massive diatexite. The metatexite zone probably involved little added fluid. Continued deformation during cooling and melt crystallization resulted in the extensive development of schlieren and late‐stage melt segregations and melt‐rich shear bands in the schlieren diatexite zone. The rocks of the massive diatexite zone lack these late‐stage segregations, consistent with the cessation of D2 deformation prior to them developing a crystal framework.     

Deformation mechanisms in granitic rocks at shallow crustal levels

Microstructural observations of naturally faulted granitic gneisses show that feldspar grains are weaker than quartz grains at temperatures below 325γC and at depths of less than 8–10 km. Feldspar grains sustained most of the deformation by grain-scale faulting, slip along cleavage-controlled fractures and cataclasis. Fracture of feldspar grains within fault zones promoted their alteration to kaolinite. Quartz grains also deformed by fracturing, and often healed to form quartz porphyroclasts and mosaics in a comminuted matrix of feldspar and kaolinite. Syntectonic alteration of the feldspar grains may have weakened the fault zones over time and resulted in foliated textures within the fault zones. This study of naturally deformed rocks confirms published experimental results on the behavior of granitic rocks at low temperatures and pressures and, taken together, these data show that the theology of the upper 10 km of the crust is greatly influenced by cataclastic processes in feldspar.     

贵州碳酸盐岩风化壳物源判别的新证据:石英颗粒形态、表面结构特征

利用扫描电镜分析了黔北、黔东、黔中4个剖面土样中的石英颗粒形态和表面特征,发现土样中的石英有3种类型:碳酸盐岩中的原生碎屑石英,呈次圆状或圆状,表面有被长时间、长距离水搬运的痕迹,无风成特征;燧石团块石英,具有新鲜的表面,呈不规则的尖棱状、次棱角状,表面基本无搬运痕迹;晶形较完整的次生石英,呈棱角状,晶形较完整,晶面有微生长晶体,无搬运特征。这些信息指示,3种石英均具有原位特征,前两种石英是直接对基岩的继承,第三种石英是风化壳剖面的次生产物,该结果为碳酸盐岩风化壳的物源及原位特征的确认提供了新证据。     

The parent material of Sydney laterites

The petrography of laterites in the Sydney district shows that source rocks range from shales—in which quartz grains are not common and average about 0.03 mm in diameter—to sandstones, with generally abundant quartz grains which may average up to 0.5 mm in diameter. Ferricretes or iron‐cemented duricrusts occur in rocks with coarser quartz grains, such as the Tertiary river gravels of the Maroota area. The porosity and permeability of these rocks have considerably influenced the nature and profiles of the laterites. Two possible sources of sesquioxides in the laterites appear to be the Wianamatta Shale and, perhaps more importantly, basic igneous rocks.     

Metamorphism of the Scourian Complex, NW Scotland

The rocks of the Scourian Complex have been intensively studied, but there is still no consensus as to the conditions of the granulite-facies metamorphism preserved in these rocks. Recent estimates of these conditions fall into two groups, one at 820-920°C and ca. 11 kbar and the second at ca. 1000°C and >12 kbar. Investigation of a variety of rocks shows that the recorded conditions vary with grain-size, with higher-grade conditions recorded by the cores of coarser ( ca. 10 mm) crystals, and lower-grade conditions recorded by the rims of coarser grains and by finer grains. This observation suggests that re-equilibration during recovery of these rocks to the surface has been important which may account for the discrepancy in estimated P-T conditions. Revised estimates of the equilibration conditions of the Scourian Complex of T > 1000°C and P > 8.5 kbar are presented. The conditions suggested for the peak of metamorphism mean that the role of anatexis in the genesis of these rocks must be considered and the nature of the fluid phase thoroughly investigated.     

Improved accuracy of U-Pb zircon dating by selection of more concordant fractions using a high gradient magnetic separation technique

A loop of soft iron wire or a paper clip or a ferromagnetic grid mounted between the poles of an electromagnet picks up and allows further magnetic separation of zircons previously found to be non-magnetic on a Frantz Isodynamic Separator. Tests on previously analysed samples indicate that most such zircons that are fairly discordant (say ~10%) can be picked up and isolated from associated grains that are more concordant. Tests on new samples indicate that even when most grains can be picked up the last few percent of the sample contain less uranium, and are more concordant than the bulk sample.The degree of discordance is the dominant factor affecting the uncertainty of U-Pb zircon ages both because of the error amplification in projections, and because the assumption of a simple two-stage system may not be valid. Only by eliminating or reducing discordance can errors approaching the uncertainty in a single analysis, say ±2 m.y. for 2700 m.y. rocks, be achieved.Rutile normally concentrated with zircon as non-magnetic has been successfully removed from a small amount of low uranium zircon, using the high intensity separation technique.     

Continual erosion of bare rocks after the Wenchuan earthquake and control strategies

The newly bared rocks created by the Wenchuan earthquake are undergoing continual intensive erosion in the form of detachment and movement of individual grains. Grain erosion is defined as the phenomenon of breaking down bare rocks under the action of insolation and temperature change, detachment of grains from the rockwalls by wind, flow down of grains on the slope under the action of gravity, and accumulation of grains at the toe of the mountain, forming a deposit fan. The Wenchuan earthquake, which occurred in Sichuan on May 12, 2008, caused thousands of avalanches and landslides and left scars on slopes and a huge area of bare rocks. Grain erosion causes flying stones, injured humans and resulted in numerous slope debris flows. The process of grain erosion and strategies to limit the erosion were studied by field investigations and field experiments. According to these field investigations and field studies, the most serious grain erosion occurs in spring and early summer when it is very dry. Rocks are broken down to grains under the action of insolation and temperature change. Then, wind blows the grains from the bare rock down slope. Experimental results showed that the amount of grains blown down by wind per area of rock surface per unit time is proportional to the fourth power of the wind speed. However, the size of the grains blown down by wind increases linearly with the wind speed. An experiment proved that grain erosion can be controlled with two moss species. Moss spores were mixed with clay suspension and splashed on bare rocks. The moss species germinated on the rock surface in one month and greened the bare rocks in two months. The moss layer protected the rocks from insolation and mitigated the effects of temperature change, thus effectively mitigated grain erosion.     

秦岭岩群副变质岩碎屑锆石年龄谱及其地质意义探讨

报道了北秦岭地块中秦岭岩群夕线黑云石英片岩61个碎屑锆石测点的207Pb/206Pb年龄测试结果,其中15个测点在SHRIMPⅡ上进行,46个测点来自LA-ICPMS的测定结果。61个年龄值显示锆石主要来源为1·5~1·9Ga(共51个测点,占所有测点的83·6%)的古元古代末至中元古代早期的大陆地壳,1粒碎屑锆石来自新太古代岩石,5粒来自中元古代晚期的蚀源区,4个测点为0·9~1·0Ga。由于秦岭岩群被新元古代早期960~900Ma的花岗岩体侵入,新的碎屑锆石测年结果表明秦岭岩群副变质岩的沉积时代至少介于1500~960Ma之间,亦可能为中元古代末期。秦岭岩群在早古生代造山过程中受到强烈改造,但本次测定未从夕线黑云石英片岩中获得这次变质作用的年代学信息。     

阿拉善地块南缘龙首山东段“龙首山岩群”的再厘定——来自碎屑锆石U-Pb定年的证据

龙首山东段滑石口井地区存在一套浅变质的沉积岩系,原被认为属于古元古代“龙首山岩群”.本文取自这套变沉积岩系的2件样品的碎屑锆石年龄范围介于0.52～3.56 Ga之间,与相邻的寒武系大黄山群碎屑锆石年龄谱相似,其时代可能为中、晚寒武世.取自原“龙首山岩群”和寒武系大黄山群的3件变沉积岩样品中,共获得129个谐和的碎屑锆石年龄,主要分布在0.7～1.2 Ga(约占47％,峰值～0.8、～0.94、～1.0 Ga)和2.5～2.8 Ga(约占31％,峰值～2.5、～2.7 Ga),相对较小的年龄群集中在0.5～0.6 Ga(约占7％,峰值～0.56 Ga)和1.4～1.8 Ga(约占10％,峰值～1.5 Ga),其余年龄零星分布于1.8～2.4 Ga,少量锆石年龄＞3.0 Ga.碎屑物源分析认为,大黄山群的碎屑物质主要来自祁连地块,其中新元古代末一早古生代初期的碎屑物质来自北祁连造山带相关的火成岩,新元古代碎屑物质来自祁连地块广泛分布的新元古代岩浆岩,而中元古代一太古宙碎屑物质可能来自祁连地块再循环的变质基底岩石.结合区域地质资料认为,龙首山东段的浅变质沉积岩系和寒武系大黄山群可能沉积于祁连地块北侧的大陆边缘,在构造背景上属于祁连造山带,而不属于阿拉善地块.     

用动态重结晶石英颗粒的分形确定变形温度及应变速率

韧性变形岩石中动态重结晶石英颗粒边界形态具有自相似性，表现出分形特征。动态重结晶石英颗粒边界的分形维数随温度的升高而减小，随应变速率的增加而增大，可作为韧性变形温度及应变速率的标度计。适合重结晶石英边界分维值的计算方法有封闭折线法和面积周长法。鲁西青邑韧性剪切带中糜棱岩动态重结晶石英颗粒边界具有自相似性，分维值为1.228～1.326，初步估算出古应变速率为10