观测结果对三成分多分量星系化学演化模型的约束

本文是在银河系化学演化的基础上，利用银河系的三成分(threezone)(即晕、厚盘和薄盘)多相(multi-phase)(气体，分子云，大、小质量恒星以及剩余物质)的化学演化的理论模型，讨论了以下观测约束：1、质量面密度、恒星形成率，各分区质量比；2、场星的年龄-金属丰度关系；3、α元素化学演化；4、太阳附近G矮星金属丰度分布；5、三成分金属丰度特征量；6、超新星爆发率；7、内落速率。结果表明，三成分多分量模型能够较好地满足观测约束，比较真实地反映星系演化过程。可以用该模型计算元素的星系化学演化。     

银河系化学演化及球状星团多星族问题研究

<正>恒星的化学元素丰度特征能够反映其形成和演化历史.以化学元素丰度为手段,研究了银河系中恒星的径向迁移对银河系化学演化的影响,以及球状星团中渐进巨星支(AGB)恒星的多星族问题.近年的观测和理论研究表明:恒星在银盘里有径向迁移.基于详细的银河系化学演化模型,再采用分布函数模拟恒星径向迁移过程,研究了恒星的径向迁移对银盘径向元素丰度梯度的影响.结果显示:     

银河系金属丰度及其演化研究新进展

银河系的银盘、银晕、核球的平均金属丰度为－０．２,－１．６,－０．２。年龄－金属丰度关系给出了银河系形成和演化的线索。为了解释观测的年龄－金属丰度关系及其弥散,银河系化学演化模型必须考虑恒星轨道运动、非瞬时混合等机制。     

M33的化学演化研究

作为本星系群中的旋涡星系之一,M33(NGC 598)是验证星系化学演化理论不可多得的目标,因为它具有适当的距离和角直径,使得现今对其气体、恒星形成率(SFR)及丰度进行精细观测成为可能.该文首先对M33的盘建立了化学演化模型,同时考虑了内落和外流的影响,详细讨论了吸积和坍缩两种盘的内落模型.由于M33的质量较小,势阱较浅,容易受超新星爆发等过程的影响而引发外流,因此除了讨论内落时标的影响外,文中还讨论了与SFR成正比的外流的作用.得到了3条主要结论:(1)无论是坍缩模型还是吸积模型,在内落时标较长的时候,都可以给出较满意的结果,说明M33是通过慢速吸积过程形成的;(2)通过对M33的金属丰度研究表明,外流必不可少;(3)在采用较长的内落时标和引入外流后,与银河系相似的修正K-S定律可以较好地重现各个观测约束.     

低面亮度星系的观测特性

光学、近红外、红外、紫外、射电等波段及CO的观测研究表明,低面亮度星系是相对没有充分演化的系统,气体成分比例较高,金属丰度和恒星形成率较低。这样的星系为研究星系的形成和演化提供了新的资料和证据。主要阐述了低面亮度星系的观测特性,包括探测与搜寻、选择效应对观测研究的影响、低面亮度星系的划分、星系的颜色和星族特征、星系的演化和恒星形成、金属丰度、数密度及光度密度;最后,介绍了几个特殊的低面亮度星系。     

星系金属丰度的研究进展(Ⅰ):定标方法

金属丰度是表征星系特征的重要参量,对于理解星系的形成与演化具有重要意义。随着观测设备的不断完善与发展,已经获得越来越多的星系(包括近邻星系、中等红移及高红移星系)金属丰度的观测资料。在光致电离模型方面也取得了很大进展．这些对于理解星系中金属及恒星成分的累积历史有非常重要的作用。有多种方法可以用来估计星系的金属丰度(主要是星际介质中气相的O丰度),介绍和评述了估计星系的O丰度的多种方法,包括电子温度的方法、R23方法以及其他一些“强线”比值的方法,并给出了相应的解析公式,同时介绍了电离星云的物理本质及由光致电离模型估计星系金属丰度的方法,还给出了估计星系的C和N元素丰度的方法。     

M31中天体的光谱观测与研究

仙女星系(M31)是距离地球最近的大型旋涡星系,与银河系结构相似且质量相当,对M31天体的光谱观测与研究有助于理解银河系以及一般星系的形成与演化历史。整理了自20世纪以来天文学家对M31中天体的相关光谱观测与研究成果,共涉及了M31中5 000余个发射线天体、2 000余个星团、6 000余颗恒星、1 000余颗新星以及核球和盘上的星族的光谱。恒星光谱观测由早期的以超巨星为主发展到近20年更大样本以及更多类型,其中红巨星被用于研究M31星系盘和晕的性质及子结构。发射线天体通常被应用于M31质量测定、运动学分析和恒星演化的研究。M31星团的研究集中于金属丰度和运动学性质,以及利用视向速度测定M31位力质量。对M31中心星族的研究主要集中于核区的星族组成和运动学分析,其中运动学研究结果更支持核区的偏心盘模型。最后,介绍了郭守敬望远镜对M31天体的光谱观测与相关科学研究。     

银河系核球中垂向金属丰度梯度的一种可能的动力学起源机制

研究发现,即使在银河系长期缓慢演化的过程中,其核球中依然可能存在垂直的金属丰度梯度。该结果反驳了早期研究中认为的银河系核球中长期缓慢演化的过程会消除任何存在的化学丰度梯度的观点。通过使用一个模拟银河系薄盘的多体数值模拟模型得出该研究结果,该模型能自洽地通过盘的棒不稳定性和屈曲不稳定性形成一个盒状/花生状的核球,并结合化学-动力学模型,分析银河系核球中化学成分的演化。在该演化模型中设定了一个初始的径向金属丰度梯度(-0.3 dex/kpc),通过长期缓慢的演化过程,其核球部分呈现出与观测相符的垂直金属丰度梯度。对此一种可能的解释是,星系盘的金属丰度分布在长期缓慢演化的过程中经历了“两步”演化过程,首先盘星系初始半径较大的贫金属粒子在径向混合的过程中产生了更大的径向速度弥散,然后由于核球的屈曲不稳定性演化,垂向速度弥散最终会保持与径向速度弥散的一定比值(约0.8)。这个机制导致贫金属粒子在演化过程中能占据更大的垂向范围,从而形成核球的垂直金属丰度梯度。银河系核球动力学模型通过简单的化学-动力学过程揭示的核球金属丰度演化机制,应在包含更复杂的核球演化机制的模型中同样存在。此外,还通过化学动力...     

本星系群旋涡星系盘的化学演化及恒星形成历史的研究

银河系、M31和M33是本星系群仅有的3个旋涡星系.M31和银河系有类似的质量、光度和形态,而M33的重子物质质量仅约为银河系的1/10.从理论上对它们进行细致的比较研究,非常有利于进一步理解旋涡星系以及本星系群的形成和演化过程.本文以银河系化学演化模型为参照,通过建立非瞬时循环假设下的唯象内落模型,详细研究了这3个旋涡星系的恒星形成和化学演化历史.首先,我们把在银河系研究中十分成功的化学演化模型框架应用于M31盘的化学演化研究中,     

银河系中探测第一代恒星的几率

第一代恒星是形成于宇宙大爆炸后的原始气体中的、不含重于碳元素的、寿命大于14Gyr的、迄今尚未演化的最古老的恒星.长期的观测结果表明银河系中尚未发现金属丰度([Fe/H])为零、甚至金属丰度[Fe/H]≤-6的恒星.为解释这一观察现象,将以Tsuiimoto等人提出的银晕的化学演化模型为基础,假设形成第一代恒星的初始质量函数具有Miller-Scalo的形式,从理论上预言和讨论探测第一代恒星的可能性.利用已有的晕星的观测资料限定模型的参数.如果形成恒星的云的质量为106M-107M,模型结果预言探测到第一代恒星的几率为6.14×10-4-6.14×10-5.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics CONTENTS

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Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews 011 all liranchcs of astronoiriy and astrophysics.Reviews arc by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length     

The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.The proposed framework explains the much-increased rains in Lebanon and northern Israel and Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise and maintenance of Lake Lisan, and speleothem formation in areas currently arid and semiarid. The proposed framework also accounts for the southward and eastward transition into semiarid, arid, and hyperarid deserts as expressed in thick loess accumulation at the deserts' margins, dune migration from west to east in the Sinai and the western Negev, and the formation of hyperarid (< 80 mm yr^− 1) gypsic–salic soils in the southern Negev and Sinai. Our climatic synthesis explains the hyperarid condition in the southern Negev, located only 200–250 km south of the much-increased rains in the north, probably reflecting a steeper rainfall gradient than the present-day gradient from the wetter Levant into its bordering southern and eastern deserts.At present, the rainiest winter seasons in Lebanon and northern and central Israel are associated with more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing the eastern Mediterranean at approximately the latitude of southern Turkey. Even these wettest years in northern Israel do not yield above average annual rainfall amounts in the hyperarid southern Negev. This region is mainly influenced by the Active Red Sea Troughs that produce only localized rains. The eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows also produce more dust storms and transport higher amounts of suspended dust to the loess area than any other atmospheric pattern. Concurrent rainfall and dust are essential to the late Pleistocene formation of the elongated thick loess zone along the desert northern margin. Even with existing dust storms, the lack of rain and very sparse vegetation account for the absence of late Pleistocene loess sequences from the southern Negev and the formation of hyperarid soils.When the north Sinai coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due to last glacial global sea level lowering, the newly exposed coastal areas supplied the sand and dust to these active eastern Mediterranean cyclones. This enforced the latitude of the northern boundary of the loess zone to be directly due east of the LGM shoreline. This shift of coast to the northwest inhibited rainfall in the southern Levant deserts and maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, frequent deep eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows were funneled along the northern Mediterranean increasing (probably doubling) the rains in central and northern Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria and northern Jordan. These storms and rains formed lakes, forests, and speleothems only a short distance north of the deserts in the southern Levant.     

Study on the Stressed Mirror Polishing with a Continuous Polishing Machine for Large Aperture Off-axis Aspheric Mirrors

A special stressed annular polishing technique is proposed to mill the off-axis aspheric sub-mirrors of a large segmented mirror with an annular polishing machine. Based on the basic principle of stressed annular polishing technique, a set of special stressing mechanisms are designed to convert milling the aspheric surfaces of sub-mirrors with different off-axis distances into milling the spherical surfaces with identical radii of curvature, so that they can be pol- ished simultaneously on a continuous polishing machine. It took about contin- uous 40 hours to polish a scaled-down mirror of the planning Chinese Future Giant Telescope (CFGT) using this technique. This mirror has the 330 mm di- ameter, 3.6 m off-axis distance, and the 21.6 m radius of curvature, and its max- imum asphericity is 16 micron. The experiment shows that this method has a high effciency, suits batch manufacturing, especially the batch manufacturing of aspheric sub-mirrors of the segmented primary mirror of an extremely large aperture telescope.     

Active hot star shells

Interferometry in the visible provides milliarcsecond spatial resolution and thus has been used for studying the circumstellar environment of active hot stars. In this paper I will illustrate how the visibility modulus and phase can be used to better constrain the physics of Be disks through results from the VLA, the MkII and the GI2T interferometers. I will insist on the importance and the potential of coupling high angular resolution with high spectral resolution to the study of Be shells. Finally I will present a possible study of the circumstellar disk of Be stars using the VLTI. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fitting X-ray Afterglow Light curves of Gamma-ray Bursts by Using the Magnetar Energy Injection Model

The central compact object for some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may be a strongly magnetized millisecond pulsar. It can inject energy to the outer shock of the GRB by through the magnetic dipole radiation, and therefore causes the shallow decay of the early afterglow. Recently, from a large number of GRB X-ray afterglows observed by Swift/XRT(X-ray telescope), it is revealed that many of them exhibit the shallow decay about 10²∼10⁴ s after the burst prompt emission. We have fitted the X-ray afterglow light curves of 11 GRBs by using the energy injection model of a magnetar with the rotation period in the millisecond order of magnitude. The obtained result shows the validity and universality of the magnetar energy injection model in explaining the shallow decay of afterglows, and simultaneously provides some constraints on the magnetic field strength and rotation period of the central magnetar.     

我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器研制进展

数字化是目前设备研制发展的趋势,介绍了中国科学院上海天文台利用超大规模集成电路结合软件无线电技术,自主研发的我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器(Chinese Data Acquisition System,简称CDAS).文中描述了设备的工作原理及其组成,并以VLBI观测实验数据证明其可行性.与原有的模拟设备(Anal...