2001年昆仑山口西8.1级大震预报的再讨论

由立交模式、静中动判据和高山峰指标讨论了2001年昆仑山口西8．1级大震的地点骤报。由74年周期性、三性法和倍九律讨论了这个8．1级大震的时间预报。倍九律包括热红外异常、6级地震活动和K＝8的大磁暴在震前出现的倍九天时间特征。     

临震预报讨论--以2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震为例

以2001年昆仑山口西8．1级地震前的地磁低点位移、地震活动、磁暴倍九和热红外异常,讨论了综合临震预报问题。     

结合异年倍九律鉴别前震类型

鉴别前震的方法甚多。该文主要运用异年倍九法（或称异年倍九律）帮助鉴别前震。鉴别的方式是在欲鉴别的小震或小震群发生地区寻找组成异年倍九律的地震,其某个第九天日期若与该小震或小震群发生日期相重或相近,则认为这个小震或小震群可能是前震。文中列举了2010年玉树大震前的小震和2008年汶川大震前都江堰小震群的实例,皆被鉴别为可能是前震。     

大震发生日期的预报——异年倍九律

本文在1977年以来提出的“予报地震的倍九律”基础上,研究了我国很多地震区大震的异年倍九现象,进一步提出了“异年倍九律”。异年倍九律是指相近地区不同年份大震发震日序间具有倍九日关系的情况。由于大震日期予报至为重要,所以本文仅以7级和7级以上大震进行统计。统计发现我国许多地震区大地震发生日期符合上述异年倍九律现象。这些地区是渤海至燕山前麓地震区,山东郯城潍坊地震区,武都茂汶地震区,四川巴塘、理塘地震区,炉霍、道孚地震区,云南东川、嵩明地震区,西藏墨脱至米林地震带,当雄至奇林湖地震区,新疆巴里坤地震区,乌恰地震区和富蕴至中蒙边境阿尔泰地震带。由这十一个地区异年倍九的震例来看,地震日序差值以36天的频次最高,约占总的统计数40%,月份大多出现在6—9月。此外符合这种时间规律的地区不是杂乱的,例如汾渭地震带就不符合这种规律。因此异年倍九律对某些已有短期震兆的地震危险区发布大震的发震日期有一定参考作用。异年地震发震日期的倍九律具有较多的统计事实表明,这种现象的出现不是偶然的。作者认为相差几十年和几百年的大震,它们发震的月份相近,且发生地震的日期符合倍九律可能与这些地区在这段时期具有倍九时间特征的外因较强有关。也即与外因对地震的调制作用有关。具体的调制因素和调制机制尚需进一步研究。初步认为可能是气象因素、磁暴,日月引力等外因因素对地震的发生起到了调制作用,以上这三种外因均有倍九天的周期成份,如这三种倍九天的周期成份在某些地区某些时间产生合拍运动,则就可能增加外因对地震的作用。在自然界除了研究可公度性和周期性现象外,还要研究走向混沌的道路。我们发现,两大类事物分别走向混沌的临界常数A和B,与黄金分割数C之间有一简单关系,即: 2 A-B=C 式中A=4.66920,B=8.7210,C=0.618(此亦为优选法中的常数)。     

四川芦山7.0级地震卫星热红外异常解析

以中国静止气象卫星FY-2C/E亮温资料为数据源,采用功率谱相对变化法对2013年4月20日四川芦山7.0级地震进行震例数据处理和分析。结果显示:震前热异常具有明显时空特征,2013年3月底震中及其北部区域出现热红外异常,异常区范围随时间逐渐扩大、幅度陡增;4月13日左右异常面积达到最大,随后缓慢收缩,异常持续时间近一个月,异常幅度最大值达到9倍多,最大值后3天发震。该次地震热红外异常特征显著,易于识别,进一步验证了卫星热红外异常在地震预判方面的作用。     

2005年10月8日巴基斯坦7.8级地震热红外异常

收集了2005年巴基斯坦7.8级地震区Noaa17/AVHRR的2004-2005年的热红外遥感资料,并进行地表温度反演,得到了以震中为中心7°×7°范围的地表温度值。经热红外图像解译与构造关系对比分析,表明热红外解译图像与构造分布具有一致性。震源区地表温度时间序列显示:震前大约3个月内震源区存在明显的热红外异常。     

2014年10月7日云南景谷MS6.6地震热红外异常

以中国静止气象卫星FY-2C/2E红外遥感资料为依据,采用小波变换与功率谱相对变化法对2014年10月7日云南景谷MS6.6地震进行震例数据处理和分析。结果显示:震前热异常具有明显时空特征,2014年8月上旬震中及其周围区域出现热红外异常,异常区范围随时间逐渐扩大、幅度陡增;8月30日左右异常面积达到最大,异常持续时间近一个月,异常幅度最大值达到平均值的14倍多,最大值45天后发生地震;该次地震热红外异常特征显著,容易识别,可作为一种识别地震热异常信息的判据,进一步验证卫星热红外异常在地震预判方面的作用。     

云南彝良5.7级地震前卫星热红外异常

针对2012年9月7日云南彝良5.7级地震前在震中区附近出现的大面积热红外异常,利用中国静止气象卫星FY-2C/E红外遥感亮温资料,采用功率谱相对变化法进行研究.结果表明:该次地震发生前一个月震源区附近存在明显的热异常区域,并且随着时间推移不断扩大、迁移;在2012年9月1日左右异常面积达到最大,随后逐渐收缩,相对变化幅度达10倍以上.同时发现该次亮温异常沿断层呈带状分布,应与活动构造分布有关.     

华北地震发生日期之间关系的讨论——纪念唐山大地震35周年

从异年倍九法（或称异年倍九律）讨论了华北7级以上大震发生日期之间的关系。这种关系对今后在类似季节预测大震的发生日期有一定的参考作用。     

华北地区中强震前卫星红外亮温变化研究

应用相对功率谱估计方法对华北地区中强地震前静止气象卫星热红外遥感亮温资料进行时频分析, 结果表明: 华北5级以上地震发生前存在显著的亮温热异常, 震前1个月左右异常开始出现, 高值幅值持续时间超过20天, 功率谱幅值最高可以达到平均值的7倍以上, 且发震区域一般位于异常区边缘或异常区域内的断层上。     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

2008年云南地震灾害概况

列出了2008年云南省破坏性地震目录.在此基础上,结合云南省地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结了2008年云南地震灾害的主要数据和特性.最后列出1990～2008年云南地震灾害的相应数据,并进行了简要对比.     

2007年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评

在列出2007年中国5级以上地震目录的基础上,结合有关省(自治区、直辖市)地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结出2007年中国大陆地震灾害的主要数据和特性。最后列出1990—2007年中国大陆地震灾害的相应数据,并进行了简要的比较。     

Applied volcanology in geothermal exploration in Iceland

In an active spreading area like Iceland, where the regional geothermal gradient is in the range 50–150°C/km, it is normally not a problem to find high enough temperature with deep drilling, but the difficulties arise with finding permeable layers at depth within the strata. Various volcanological methods can be applied in the search for aquifers and geothermal reservoir rocks. The flow pattern (as deduced from deuterium studies) indicates that the thermal water flows preferentially along high porosity stratiform horizons and dyke swarms from the recharge areas in the highlands to the hot spring areas in the lowlands. The primary porosity of the volcanic strata is dependent on the chemical composition and the mode of eruption of the volcanic units. Both the reservoir rocks and the flow channels forming the geothermal plumbing system are thought to vary from the Tertiary to the Quaternary provinces due to environmental conditions at the eruptive sites.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Advances in ground motion studies in China

This paper briefly summarizes the works in the processing of strong ground motion data, the factors affecting strong ground motion, the modeling of strong ground motion and the calculating of broad-band response spectrum which have been done recent years by engineering seismologists and seismologists of China. In addition, we think back to the international cooperation in strong ground motion of the recent years and make some expectations for the future.     

冬季亚洲中强震与夏季我国东部主雨带的准同纬性

根据1954～2003年50年亚洲中强震与我国地温资料,分析了冬季震中纬度—震涡中心纬度—冬季我国东部强地热涡中心纬度—夏季我国东部主雨带纬度4者之间的相互关系,发现冬季中强震与夏季主雨带之间具有较好的准同纬性. 这是每年汛期降水预报的一个指标. 文中也讨论了应用此预报指标时的一些特例.