电导率日夜不均匀性对磁层-电离层电场耦合过程的影响

本文用随时间变化的对流模式,讨论了电导率日夜不均匀性对磁层-电离层耦合过程及大尺度场向电流日变化形态的影响,以Senior-Blanc随时间变化的简单模式为基础,计入电导率日夜变化加以发展,对驱动势随时间变化为阶梯函数的情况进行了讨论。修正模式表明电导率日夜不均匀性对磁层-电离层弛豫过程产生影响,在不同地方时,二区场向电流发展状况不同,达到平衡时间也各异。在某些条件下,中午前后甚至可能达不到平衡。模式计算给出的电位及场向电流图象与观测基本特点相符。这说明S-B模式反映了电场耦合中的主要物理过程,也表明电离层电导率日夜变化的调制作用。     

用简单模式法对高纬电离层电场的进一步研究

本文采用的是有二区场向电流但无电导率时角变化的简单模式。文章通过模式计算,系统讨论了在恒稳条件下二区场向电流强度及位相和Hall与Pederson电导率在极光带升高等因素对高纬电场分布的影响。模式说明,二区场向电流的存在使二区电流圈以内电场加强,其外电场大大削弱。这种加强与削弱作用与二区电流的强度与位相均有关。Hall电导率在极光区升高会加强上述作用,Pederson电导率的升高则对其有所削弱。一般说来,极盖区外电场分布的位相与极盖区边界的驱动势不同,一、二区场向电流的位相与驱动势也有差异。这些现象都是场向电流与电导率共同影响的结果。以下结果初步解释了近年来的某些观测现象。最后,本文对简单模式法的应用及今后的某些方向作了探讨。     

对流电场、场向电流和极光区电集流变化的地磁响应

对流电场、场向电流和极光区电集流是磁层一电离层耦合的主要物理过程．它们的演化发展时间分别为几分钟至半小时的量级．本文用１００°Ｅ和３００°Ｅ的两个地磁经度链附近各１１个台站的１ｍｉｎ均值地磁Ｈ和Ｚ分量资料,分析了１９９４年４月１６-１７日磁暴期间磁层耦合过程对极光区和中低纬区电离层扰动的地磁特征．强磁暴开始时,台站所处的地方时位置不同,则观测到的电离层和地磁响应也完全不同．这是磁层对流和一、二区场向电流共同作用的结果．一般说,扰时极光区的西向电集流变化更为强烈．随着耦合的发展,极光区范围会向南北扩展,电集流中心带则向低纬侧移动．在中低纬区,二区场向电流的建立能屏蔽一区场向电流所产生的扰动,并引起反向的电流及地磁变化．由此,中低纬区夜间有可能出现短时间的东向电场,又可通过ＥＸＢ的垂直向上漂移作用抬升Ｆ层等离子体,并发生同一经度链附近的多站电离层ｈ＇Ｆ同时突增现象．另一方面,磁赤道附近的台站则更多地受内磁层赤道环电流和电离层赤道电集流的影响．     

地球极区电离层对行星际激波的响应

本文就地球电离层对行星际激波的动力学响应进行三维全球数值模拟研究．背景行星际磁场为螺旋场,南北分量为零;初始电离层由Ⅰ区场向电流和相应的晨昏电场所主导;行星际激波沿日地连线方向撞击地球．模拟结果表明,在激波的作用下,电离层Ⅰ区电流系统向子夜方向运动,在向阳侧相继出现与原Ⅰ区电流反向的异常场向电流对和同向的新生Ⅰ区电流对．该异常场向电流对在极盖区形成瞬间昏晨电场,尾随原Ⅰ区电流向夜侧方向漂移直至湮没．与此同时,新生的Ⅰ区电流不断增强并向夜侧和赤道方向延伸,最终取代原Ⅰ区电流,相应极盖区又恢复到原来的晨昏电场状态．这一响应过程和行星际激波强度有关：激波强度越强,新生的Ⅰ区场向电流也越强,它向赤道方向延伸的距离也越大,能到达的纬度也越低．上述结果在趋势上与观测到的输运对流涡旋和亚极光块的运动特征一致．     

关于暴时电离层电流分布的南北半球不对称性

采用国际上广泛认可的高层大气和电离层经验模式提供的各种参数, 通过电离层电流连续方程, 计算出强磁暴条件下6月至日和12月至日内, 磁纬±72°和磁地方时00:00～24:00之间电离层电场、电流等的分布. 计算中考虑了地磁和地理坐标间的偏离; 除中性风场感生的发电机效应外, 还包含了磁层耦合(极盖区边界的晨昏电场和二区场向电流)的驱动外源. 结果表明, 6月至日时, 磁层扰动自极光区向中低纬的穿透情况在南、北半球内基本接近, 北半球内略强; 但12月至日时, 呈现明显的不对称性, 南半球的电流穿透远强于北半球, 而电场的穿透则是在北半球更强. 无论南北半球, 在中高纬地区, 午夜至黎明时段出现较强的东向电场分量, 其[WTHX]E×B[WTBZ]的向上漂移效应, 正是解释我们以往不少研究现象中所期盼的物理机制.     

天祝台阵地电场季节变化及其两种影响因素分析

地电场是联系空间Sq电流体系、 地球表面电流和内部电流活动的地球物理量, 它包含了空间电流系变化产生的大地电(流)场和区域环境变化等引起的自然电场。 通过研究青藏高原东北缘的天祝台阵5个固定地电场台站连续10年观测数据, 得出该区域地电场变化具有明显的366±(<1) d周期。 且大地电流矢量方向有明显的季节变化, 每半年改变一次方向, 方向变化时间一般为每年4月和9~10月; 大地电流矢量的强度变化也具有周期性。 通过建立简单模型进行定量化分析, 认为地电场季节变化主要受到Sq年变和区域气候环境的耦合作用, 主要依据为地电场长趋势变化与电离层Sq电流年变化趋势吻合。 基于区域性气候、 冻融深度等季节性变化模型开展计算, 认为气温导致了地下浅层介质电性结构、 电极附近电位方向的变化, 影响了地电场的长趋势变化。 本文结果有助于认识超低频地电场年变周期特点及其原因, 并探索其应用前景。     

陆地可控源电磁法探测效果的频率响应

陆地可控源电磁法的观测资料可依据频段范围近似地划分为近区场、中间区场及远区场,但采用测量相互正交电、磁分量,并计算视电阻率的资料处理方式只适用于远区场数据.为更有效地利用陆地可控源电磁法不同区间场的观测资料,本文结合三维数值模拟技术并采用电场分量直接进行反演的策略,对不同区间电场的响应特征与探测效果进行了分析.数值模拟结果表明:近区电场的异常响应最明显,异常响应不随频率发生显著变化,但纵向分辨能力差;远区电场异常响应随频率发生显著变化,其探测深度取决于频率的高低;中间区场较为复杂,地表电场异常响应的等值线中心并不是位于异常体中心正上方,而是在沿场传播方向上向异常体与围岩的分界面处偏移,并且发现中间区场资料的加入会影响反演结果的准确性.综合合成数据和野外实测资料的反演结果,发现结合近区场和远区场资料而舍弃中间区场资料的反演效果更佳,这为陆地可控源电磁法资料的反演解释提供了一种有效途径.     

2 地震孕育和发生过程中的电异常及相关现象

2.1地震孕育和发生过程中的电异常现象 2.1.1地电场及震前地电场异常.地球表面存在着天然的变化电场和稳定电场,天然变化电场的大部分是由地球外部各种电流系在地球内部感应产生的,分布于整个地表的广大地区,一般具有较小的梯度;另外还有一小部分是由于地球内部的某些地球物理、化学变化产生的,出现在某些特定的时间和区域,一般也具有较小的梯度变化,但有时可能引起较大的电位梯度变化.     

极隙区场向电流对高纬电离层电场和电流体系的影响

用Ｋａｍｉｄｅ－Ｍａｔｓｕｓｈｉｔａ方法，在行星际磁场具有较小的北向分量，且｜Ｂｙ｜＞＞｜Ｂｋ｜时，对磁语和磁扰状态以及Ｂｒ＞０和Ｂｙ＜０等不同情况，分别计算了场向电流引起的电离层电势、电场和电流体系．结果表明，极隙区场向电流的存在使高纬向日面区域的电势发生畸变，当Ｂｙ＞０时，无论是磁扰还是磁静日，极隙区电场具有显著的北向分量；等离子体对流有较大的西向分量；电离层电流为东向电流．当Ｂｙ＜０时，电场和等离子体对流的方向与Ｂｙ＞０时相反；电离层电流在磁抗日有西向分量，但在磁静日没有西向分量．电导率对电场和电流体系的影响十分明显，磁扰极光带电导率增强使电流涡从背阳面向向阳而漂移，与静日相比，磁扰时极隙区场向电流引起的电场畸变更为明显，但电场和电流强度的大小却基本保持不变．     

亚暴期间磁层和电离层相互耦合的计算

本文假设亚暴时跨尾电流被等离子体团中断,转向成沿磁力线流动的1区场向电流。根据文献[1]的模拟结果,算出场向电流在电离层中的分布。并以此场向电流为输入,计算电离层电势和电流。结果表明,场向电流强度可达1.5×10⁶ A以上,与观测结果一致;它主要分布于70°N以北的区域。电离层电流主要以夜间西向电射流形式出现,主要成份是Hall电流;极区电位降最大可达190kV。本文还简要讨论了等离子体团的晨-昏向尺度对场向电流分布和电离层电导率对电离层电流的影响。     

磁暴期内夜间h’F的突增现象

用3个经度链上电离层垂测站资料分析磁暴时夜间h＇F的同时突增现象提出了电动耦合在夜间出现东向电场从而使F层抬升的物理机制同时也解释了突增现象在午夜后更多,且增幅更强的事实．     

Electrodynamic coupling between ionospheric convection patterns in the northern and southern hemispheres

A numerical model of the high-latitude ionospheric electric field is presented. To perform the calculations, a model of the field-aligned current source is proposed. The electric field patterns are calculated consistently both in the northern and southern hemispheres. Effects of season, universal time, solar and geomagnetic activity, the neutral atmosphere winds, and of the IMF sector structure are considered. In particular, dynamics of the parameters of convection cells are investigated that depend on the action of these factors. Comparison of the results with experimental data is carried out.     

Models of field-aligned currents needful to simulate the substorm variations of the electric field and other parameters observed by EISCAT

We have used the global numerical model of the coupled ionosphere-thermosphere-protonosphere system to simulate the electric-field, ion- and electron-temperature and -concentration variations observed by EISCAT during the substorm event of 25 March 1987. In our previous studies we adopted the model input data for field-aligned currents and precipitating electron fluxes to obtain an agreement between observed and modelled ionospheric variations. Now, we have calculated the field-aligned currents needful to simulate the substrom variations of the electric field and other parameters observed by EISCAT. The calculations of the field-aligned currents have been performed by means of numerical integration of the time-dependent continuity equation for the cold mag-netospheric electrons. This equation was added to the system of the modelling equations including the equation for the electric-field potential to be solved jointly. In this case the inputs of the model are the spatial and time variations of the electric-field potential at the polar-cap boundaries and those of the cold magnetospheric electron concentration which have been adopted to obtain the agreement between the observed and modelled ionospheric variations for the substorm event of 25 March 1987. By this means it has been found that during the active phase of the substorm the current wedge is formed. It is connected with the region of the decreased cold magnetospheric electron content travelling westwards with a velocity of about 1 km s^–1 at ionospheric levels.     

Polar regionSq

Geomagnetically quiet day variations in the polar region are reviewed with respect to geomagnetic field variation, ionospheric plasma convection, electric field and current. Persistently existing field-aligned currents are the main source of the polar regionSq. Consequently, the morphology and variability of the polar regionSq largely depend upon both field-aligned currents and ionospheric conductivity. Since field-aligned currents are the major linkage between the ionosphere and the magnetosphere, the latter is controlled by solar wind state, in particular, the interplanetary magnetic field, the polar regionSq exhibits remarkable IMF dependence.     

How does the U-shaped potential close above the acceleration region? A study using Polar data

We present a statistical study of Polar electric field observations using auroral oval passes over Scandinavia above the acceleration region. We are especially interested in seeing whether we can find large perpendicular electric fields associated with an upward extended classical U-shaped potential drop for these passes, during which Polar is in the northern hemisphere usually at about 4 R_E altitude. We also use Polar magnetic field data to infer the existence of a field-aligned current (FAC) and conjugate ground-based magnetometers (the IMAGE magnetometer network) to check whether the event is substorm-related or not. We find several events with a FAC but only weak perpendicular electric fields at Polar. In those rare cases where the Polar electric field was large, its direction was mostly found to be incompatible with the U-shaped potential model, or it was associated with disturbed conditions (substorms), where one cannot easily distinguish between inductive and static perpendicular electric fields. We found only two cases which are compatible with the upward extended U-shaped potential picture, and even in those cases the potential value is quite small (1–kV). To check the validity of the analysis method we also estimate the perpendicular electric field on the southern hemisphere, where Polar flies within or below the acceleration region, and we found a large number of inverted-V-type signatures as expected from previous studies. To explain the lack of perpendicular electric fields at high altitudes we suggest an O-shaped potential model instead of the U-shaped one.     

A new time-dependent ionosphere–magnetosphere coupling model: Comparison of field-aligned currents against ST5 observations

By using Tsyganenko's model for the magnetosphere's magnetic field, which links two hemispheres of the ionosphere, and adopting a practical boundary condition for the electric potential around the polar cap, we developed a new ionosphere–magnetosphere coupling model based on prairie view dynamo code (PVDC). The new model takes the variations in solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field, as well as the geomagnetic activity, into account. Rather than the previous version of PVDC that is useful only for quiet conditions, the new model enables to calculate the electric potential and currents in the ionosphere and the field-aligned current (FAC) off the ionosphere in quiet and disturbed times. Comparison of the calculated FAC with the measurements of Space Technology 5 (ST5) mission shows a good agreement.