南海北部中深层细结构混合研究

基于2007年8月获得的ADCP（声学多普勒流速剖面仪）海流资料和CTD（温盐深剖面仪）水文资料,应用Gregg模型对南海中深层内波尺度的混合进行估计,同时应用Thorpe尺度对中深层存在的垂向翻转及由此引起的混合进一步分析。两种方法均显示,吕宋海峡附近上层400m的耗散率及混合率均强于18°N断面,中深层两个区域的混合率并没有显著区别。这表明吕宋海峡上层400m,可能存在更活跃的内波活动,从而产生更强的内波混合和垂向水团翻转。Gregg模型估计的耗散率和混合率量级分别为10^-9W·kg^-1和10^-6m^2·s^-1。大部分CTD站位在中深层均存在垂向翻转,而且保持较高的发生率,翻转所对应的混合率并不随深度增加而减小。以上南海北部的细结构混合特征增强对南海中深层混合的认识。     

基于精细温度观测的南海东北部陆坡-深海盆底层湍流混合*

南海是存在强湍流混合的边缘海之一, 但前人对南海湍流混合的研究更多关注的是中上层, 对底层则鲜有关注。本文基于高分辨率温度传感器于2019年5月在南海东北部22个站位海底上方0.5m处持续观测4.4d的温度数据, 分析了2216~3200m深度范围内底层海水温度的时间变化特征, 并探讨了地形粗糙度和内潮对底层湍流混合的影响。分析结果表明, 南海东北部各站位底层海水的温度变化量级约为10^-4~10^-3℃; 温度变化趋势与正压潮变化趋势不同, 温度能谱显示多数站位在全日和半日频带区间出现谱峰, 温度变化更多地受斜压潮影响, 全日、半日内潮起主要调制作用。陆坡-深海盆过渡区及深海盆底层的湍动能耗散率量级为10^-10~10^-9m²∙s^-3, 涡扩散系数量级为10^-4~10^-3m²∙s^-1。观测数据未能显示底层湍流混合与地形粗糙度存在明显的相关性。底层湍流混合的空间分布与过去观测到的南海北部深海盆内潮的南北不对称性分布一致。     

Observing spectral characteristics over a continental shelf and slope in the South China Sea

Using in situ measurement data from May-June, 1998, and data from the Asian seas international acoustics experiment （ASIAEX） from 2001 in the South China Sea （SCS）, the spectral density function and the dissipa- tion spectrum function are estimated. In the inffa-gravity wave （IGW） band, the power spectra of velocity （u, v, w） are universal functions with respect to characteristic frequencies, which correspond to the peak fre- quencies of the dissipation spectrum （PFDS）. This suggests that high-frequency internal waves in the IGW band have similar dynamical characteristics. In addition, the evolution of these characteristic frequencies is explored and its highest value is 8.8 cph （cycles per hour, 1 cph=2.778× 10-3 Hz）.     

南海南部上层的湍流混合特征

A turbulent microstructure experiment was undertaken at a low latitude of 10°N in the South China Sea in late August 2012. The characteristics of the eddy diffusivity above 650 m were analyzed, which is one order of magnitude larger than that in the open ocean at that low latitude. Enhanced eddy diffusivities by strong shears and sharp changes in topography were observed. The strongest eddy diffusivity occurred in the mixed layer, and it reached O(10–2 m2/s). Strong stratification in the thermocline inhibited the penetration of surface eddy diffusivities through the thermocline, where the mixing was weakest. Below the thermocline, where the background eddy diffusivity was approximately O(10–6 m2/s), the eddy diffusivity increased with depth, and its largest value was O(10–3 m2/s).     

A study of internal solitary waves observed on the continental shelf in the northwestern South China Sea

Based on in-situ time series data from the acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and thermistor chain in Wenchang area, a sequence of internal solitary wave (ISW) packets was observed in September 2005, propagating northwest on the continental shelf of the northwestern South China Sea (SCS). Corresponding to different stratification of the water column and tidal condition, both elevation and depression ISWs were observed at the same mooring location with amplitude of 35 m and 25 m respectively in different days. Regular arrival of the remarkable ISW packets at approximately the diurnal tidal period and the dominance of diurnal internal waves in the study area, strongly suggest that the main energy source of the waves is the diurnal tide. Notice that the wave packets were all riding on the troughs and shoulders of the internal tides, they were probably generated locally from the shelf break by the evolution of the internal tides due to nonlinear and dispersive effects.     

考虑内潮耗散的南海M_2分潮伴随同化数值模拟

建立南海潮波模式及其伴随同化模式,在传统二维潮波方程的基础上加入了内潮耗散项,考虑了内潮耗散对南海潮波系统的影响,在前人工作基础上,改进了内潮耗散参数化方案,并给出内潮耗散项中地形效应参数的计算公式;通过对比,本文的参数化方案比前人参数化方案能取得更为合理的模拟结果。以63个验潮站和24个TOPEX/Poseidon卫星高度计轨道交叉点处的调和常数作为观测值,利用伴随同化方法来优化模式中的底摩擦系数和内潮耗散系数。为了寻求最优的优化方案,设计了7组数值实验。实验结果表明,实验7先优化内潮耗散系数再优化底摩擦系数的模拟结果最优。利用实验7的模拟结果分析了南海M2分潮的潮波特征,与前人结果基本一致。     

南海中部上层海洋湍流混合的空间分布特征及参数化模型

通过对2010年5月南海16°N和14.5°N断面的湍流微结构剖面观测资料分析,给出了南海海盆上层湍流混合空间分布特征:在16°N断面上,上层10~400m垂向平均湍动能耗散率ερ在东侧略大于西侧;相反,在14.5°N断面上,西侧ερ均值约是东侧ερ的4倍,其中,西侧110.5°~111°E的ερ的平均值为2.6×10-6 W/m3,东侧118.5°E的ερ仅为5.89×10-7 W/m3。通过分析细结构剪切和湍流混合的相关性,发现剪切是南海中部上层强湍流混合的主要驱动力,揭示了高模态内波破碎可能是湍流混合的主要机制。另外,研究了大洋中的3种参数化模型,发现适用于大洋近海的参数化MacKinnon-Gregg(MG)模型能较好地用浮频和剪切估算南海中部深海区上层湍流耗散率。     

南海北部海底沙波研究

南海北部水深100~250 m的陆架和陆坡斜坡海底分布着大片沙波地貌,本文采用底形相图参数近似计算和泥沙起动流速2种计算方法,结合海底微地貌的实际形态,研究了沙波的沉积特征及其成因机理。研究认为,区内的沙波为现代沉积地貌;控制沙波形成发育的主要水动力因素是潮流与风暴条件下风海流的叠加;区内泥沙颗粒粒径适宜,海底坡度平缓,有利于海底沙波的发育。     

Multimodal structure of the internal tides on the continental shelf of the northwestern South China Sea

Based on the moored current and temperature observations during the summer of 2005, the vertical structure of the internal tides on the continental shelf of the northwestern South China Sea (SCS) is studied. The vertical structure of the internal tides was found to differ greatly between semidiurnal and diurnal constituents. Generally, the diurnal constituents are dominated by the first-mode motions, which are consistent with the overwhelming first-mode signals in the northeastern SCS. In contrast, the semidiurnal internal tides, unlike the predomination of the first-mode variations in the northeastern area, exhibit a higher modal structure with dominate second-mode signals in the observational region. Moreover, although the diurnal internal tides are much stronger than the semidiurnal component, the shear caused by the latter over various scales was found to be significant compared to that induced by the diurnal tides, probably due to the superposition of the first-mode and higher-mode (smaller scale) semidiurnal variations. Further analysis demonstrates that the shear induced by the diurnal internal tides is larger than that induced by the semidiurnal variations around 45 m depth, where the first-mode current reversal in the vertical happens, while below 45 m depth higher-mode semidiurnal internal tides generally produce larger shear than that by the diurnal component. The northwest-propagating semidiurnal internal tides of higher-mode with small vertical scale, probably do not originate from a distant source like Luzon Strait, but were likely generated near the experiment site.     

南海北部陆坡区混合过程观测

为了解南海北部陆坡区的内部混合过程,2004年4月30日至5月1日,延平2号科考船在该海域利用自由沉降式的微结构剖面仪TurboMAP-Ⅱ进行了一次混合过程的直接观测。观测海区南海次表层水团和南海中层水团形成的特定温盐结构,使得150～500m之间出现盐指现象。通过对观测数据的处理和分析,研究了观测海区的湍动能耗散率、热耗散率和热扩散系数的分布以及盐指现象对混合效率的影响。观测海区的湍动能耗散率为2.0×10-10～7.8×10-7W/kg,最大值出现在上混合层;热耗散率为2.7×10-9～1.5×10-6℃2/s,最大值出现在温跃层附近。层结稳定区混合效率的平均值为0.18,与常用值0.2非常接近,盐指发生区混合效率的平均值为0.76,表明盐指现象的存在提高了混合效率。     

Effect of Langmuir circulation on upper ocean mixing in the South China Sea

Effect of Langmuir circulation (LC) on upper ocean mixing is investigated by a two-way wave-current coupled model. Themodel is coupled of the ocean circulationmodel ROMS (regional ocean modeling system) to the surface wave model SWAN (simulating waves nearshore) via the model-coupling toolkit. The LC already certified its importance by many one-dimensional (1D) research andmechanismanalysis work. This work focuses on inducing LC’s effect in a three-dimensional (3-D) model and applying it to real field modeling. In ROMS, theMellor-Yamada turbulence closuremixing scheme is modified by including LC’s effect. The SWAN imports bathymetry, free surface and current information fromthe ROMS while exports significant wave parameters to the ROMS for Stokes wave computing every 6 s. This coupled model is applied to the South China Sea (SCS) during September 2008 cruise. The results show that LC increasing turbulence and deepening mixed layer depth (MLD) at order of O (10 m) in most of the areas, especially in the north part of SCS where most of our measurements operated. The coupled model further includes wave breaking which will bringsmore energy into water. When LC works together with wave breaking,more energy is transferred into deep layer and accelerates the MLD deepening. In the north part of the SCS, their effects aremore obvious. This is consistent with big wind event in the area of the Zhujiang River Delta. The shallow water depth as another reasonmakes themeasy to influence the oceanmixing as well.     

Vertical multiple-layer structure of temperature and turbulent diffusivity in the South China Sea

We report field measurements of vertical profiles of the turbulent diffusivity and temperature at different stations in the South China Sea (SCS). Our study shows that the measured turbulent diffusivity follows a power-law distribution with a varying exponent in water layers. Similar multiple-layer scaling regimes were also observed from the temperature fluctuations. Combining turbulent diffusivity and temperature fluctuations, the vertical structure of temperature was revealed. Furthermore, we discussed the temperature profiles in each layer. A constant function of a dimensionless temperature profile was found in water layers that have identical turbulence conditions. Our results reveal the multiple-layer structure of temperature in the SCS. This study contributes to the understanding of the vertical structure of multiple layers in the SCS and provides clues for exploring the physical mechanism for maintaining the temperature structure.     

南海北部陆架区两个台风过境时近惯性运动的若干特征

Features of near-inertial motions on the shelf(60 m deep) of the northern South China Sea were observed under the passage of two typhoons during the summer of 2009. There are two peaks in spectra at both sub-inertial and super-inertial frequencies. The super-inertial energy maximizes near the surface, while the sub-inertial energy maximizes at a deeper layer of 15 m. The sub-inertial shift of frequency is induced by the negative background vorticity. The super-inertial shift is probably attributed to the near-inertial wave propagating from higher latitudes. The near-inertial currents exhibit a two-layer pattern being separated at mid-depth(25–30 m), with the phase in the upper layer being nearly opposite to that in the lower layer. The vertical propagation of phase implies that the near-inertial energy is not dominantly downward. The upward flux of the near-inertial energy is more evident at the surface layer(17 m). There exist two boundaries at 17 and 40 m, where the near-inertial energy is reflected upward and downward. The near-inertial motion is intermittent and can reach a peak of as much as 30 cm/s. The passage of Typhoon Nangka generates an intensive near-inertial event, but Typhoon Linfa does not. This difference is attributed to the relative mooring locations, which is on the right hand side of Nangka's path(leading to a wind pattern rotating clockwise with time) and is on the left hand side of Linfa's path(leading to a wind pattern rotating anti-clockwise with time).     

南海北部陆架区底层渔业资源的空间分布特征

根据2006年10月至2007年9月南海北部大陆架海域4个航次底拖网调查资料,分析了该海域渔业资源的种类组成、种类丰富度和渔获率的空间分布。结果表明,渔获种类数以湛江断面最多(405种),汕头断面最少(337种)。种类数随水深变化呈非对称正态分布,以40—80m水深组种类数最多。物种丰富度指数D的空间分布与种类数基本一致。在总渔获物中,鱼类、头足类和甲壳类3大类群重量组成比例为80:12:8,在断面分布上,组成比例鱼类以珠江口断面最高,头足类以湛江断面最高,甲壳类以阳江断面最高。在水深分布上,鱼类占比随水深的增加而增加,头足类占比在40—100m水深较高,甲壳类在10—20m浅水区最高。鱼类最主要的优势种有6种,其中,深水金线鱼主要在90—120m水深占优势,黄鳍马面鲀在60—90m水深占优势,条尾绯鲤在60—120m水深占优势,单棘豹鲂鮄在120—200m水深占优势,六指马鲅在30—60m水深占优势,龙头鱼在10—30m水深占优势。鱼类渔获率断面分布以珠江口和粤西海域较高,汕头海域最低;水深分布渔获率随水深的增加而增加。头足类渔获率以粤西和珠江口海域较高,粤东海域较低;在100m水深范围内,渔获率随水深的增...     

南海海盆扩张成因质疑

从板块构造学、地球物理学和地球动力学等角度,结合南海中央海盆及其周边的地质、地球物理资料进行综合分析论证,对南海“扩张成因”模式提出质疑.认为南海“扩张成因说”不能成立,其中的几个核心问题是:(1)数学理论模型的边界参数选取存在多解性,其结果与地质地球物理资料不符或相去甚远;(2)无法解释海盆区地球物理探测和研究所表明的地壳结构及岩性特征,也无法解释海盆区的断裂分布和岩浆活动特征;(3)地球动力学诸方面难以支持南海“扩张成因说”成立;(4)南海海盆周边不存在与南海“扩张成因”相关的相互强烈作用的地球物理和地质构造特征;(5)南海海盆不具备大规模扩张的空间.南海“扩张成因说”已严重阻碍对南海和周边的地质与地球物理研究工作的深入和发展,应该放弃.     

A Review on the Currents in the South China Sea: Seasonal Circulation, South China Sea Warm Current and Kuroshio Intrusion

Researches on the currents in the South China Sea (SCS) and the interaction between the SCS and its adjacent seas are reviewed. Overall seasonal circulation in the SCS is cyclonic in winter and anticyclonic in summer with a few stable eddies. The seasonal circulation is mostly driven by monsoon winds, and is related to water exchange between the SCS and the East China Sea through the Taiwan Strait, and between the SCS and the Kuroshio through the Luzon Strait. Seasonal characteristics of the South China Sea Warm Current in the northern SCS and the Kuroshio intrusion to the SCS are summarized in terms of the interaction between the SCS and its adjacent seas.     

Turning depths of internal tides in the South China Sea inferred from profile data

Theoretically, propagating internal tides in the ocean may reflect at turning depths, where buoyancy frequencies equal tidal frequencies, before colliding with the air-sea interface or rugged bottom topography. Globally, the internal tide lower turning depths（ITLTDs） in the open ocean have been mapped; however, knowledge of the presence of ITLTDs in the South China Sea（SCS） is lacking. In this study, 2 125 high-quality temperature-salinity profiles（including 58 deep-sea hydrographic measurements...     

南海西北部陆架区住筒虫属的种类描述及其丰度分布

住筒虫是浮游被囊动物的一类,隶属于脊索动物门、尾索动物亚门、有尾纲、住筒虫科、住筒虫属,在海洋生物食物链中占重要位置。根据南海西北部陆架区2006年夏季、冬季和2007年春季3个航次各82个站的浮游动物拖网(网目孔径169 μm)调查资料,共鉴定到8种住筒虫:Fritillaria aberrens,F.abjornseni, F.formica, F.haplostoma, F.megachile, F.pacifica, F.pellucida, F.tenella,其中F.aberrens、F.abjornseni和F.pacifica为南海新纪录。对它们进行了形态描述,并结合环境因子探讨其丰度分布特征。夏季出现住筒虫8种,平均丰度为(2.62±4.68 )个/m3;冬季3种,春季4种,平均丰度分别为(0.23±0.52)和(1.72±5.43)个/m3。F.formica是丰度最高的一种,在夏季、冬季和春季分别占总丰度的43.88%,80.18%和84.29%;其次是F.pellucida和F.haplostoma;以上三种分布广,丰度较高。与环境因子分析表明,夏季琼东沿岸上升流和雷州半岛东部海域冷涡现象对种类向沿岸推移及其丰度增加有一定的助长作用。     

南海西北部陆架区住筒虫属的种类描述及其丰度分布

住筒虫是浮游被囊动物的一类,隶属于脊索动物门、尾索动物亚门、有尾纲、住筒虫科、住筒虫属,在海洋生物食物链中占重要位置。根据南海西北部陆架区2006年夏季、冬季和2007年春季3个航次各82个站的浮游动物拖网(网目孔径169 μm)调查资料,共鉴定到8种住筒虫:Fritillaria aberrens,F.abjornseni, F.formica, F.haplostoma, F.megachile, F.pacifica, F.pellucida, F.tenella,其中F.aberrens、F.abjornseni和F.pacifica为南海新纪录。对它们进行了形态描述,并结合环境因子探讨其丰度分布特征。夏季出现住筒虫8种,平均丰度为(2.62±4.68 )个/m³;冬季3种,春季4种,平均丰度分别为(0.23±0.52)和(1.72±5.43)个/m³。F.formica是丰度最高的一种,在夏季、冬季和春季分别占总丰度的43.88%,80.18%和84.29%;其次是F.pellucida和F.haplostoma;以上三种分布广,丰度较高。与环境因子分析表明,夏季琼东沿岸上升流和雷州半岛东部海域冷涡现象对种类向沿岸推移及其丰度增加有一定的助长作用。     

南海东沙岛西南大陆坡内潮特征

2008年4月-10月,在南海东沙岛西南大陆坡底部布放了1套全剖面锚系,同时沿大陆坡底部布放了3套近底锚系,应用谱分析和调和分析方法分析温度和海流连续观测资料,进而研究该海域的内潮特征.结果表明,东沙岛西南大陆坡存在强内潮现象,大陆坡底部温度变化受到内潮波的影响,上层海洋存在强日潮周期的内潮波振动;正压潮和斜压潮均以O...