Cyclic triaxial tests on frozen sand

Strain-controlled cyclic triaxial tests were performed on a one-size silica (Ottawa) sand artificially frozen into 71.1-mm-diameter cylindrical samples. Ice-saturated samples with three different sand contents were tested under the following conditions: axial strains ranging from 3 × 10⁻³ to 3 X 10⁻²%, confining pressures from zero to 1.378 MPa, frequencies of 0.05–5.0 cps and temperatures from −1 to −10 °C.

Test equipment included (1) an MTS electrohydraulic closed-loop testing system which applies the load to the sample, (2) a triaxial cell completely immersed in a low-temperature coolant for temperature control, (3) a refrigeration unit for control of the coolant temperature and constant coolant circulation and (4) measuring devices including an LVDT and load cell, together with recording devices such as a digital multimeter, an oscilloscope, a strip-chart recorder and a minicomputer.

Test results indicate that the dynamic Young's modulus increases with increasing frequency, confining pressure and sand content, but decreases with increasing strain and temperature. The damping ratio decreases with increasing frequency, sand content and lower temperatures. The influence of confining pressures and axial strain on the damping ratio are less explicit for the ranges considered. The experimental results are compared with data from other sources.     

冻结粉土三轴压缩变形破坏与能量特征分析

对不同温度和不同围压下的青藏冻结粉土进行了三轴压缩与加卸载试验,得到冻结粉土应力-应变关系曲线、抗压强度等力学参数随温度与围压变化的关系。结果表明,冻结粉土典型应力-应变曲线在低围压下大致可以分为线弹性、峰前塑性变形与峰后软化3个阶段。当? 3 < 3.0 MPa时,应力-应变曲线具有明显的峰后软化现象,随围压的增大,软化现象逐渐减弱,当? 3 达到14 MPa,应变软化现象重新变得明显;冻结粉土的强度与变形模量均随围压的增加先升后降;低围压作用下冻结粉土体积随轴向应变的增加先缩后胀,而高围压下体积变形只有体缩;低围压下冻结粉土体积塑性变形耗散能先是随着体积塑性变形增大而增大,之后由于剪胀而减少,高围压下体积塑性变形耗散能始终增加;剪切塑性变形耗散能与塑性剪应变之间近似成抛物线的关系。     

高温冻结砂土温度界限试验研究

由于高温冻土力学特性与融土相近,对其研究越来越多,然而迄今并没有一个广为接受的基于力学指标的明确定义。以冻结饱和标准砂为研究对象,利用三轴剪切试验和侧限压缩试验获得黏聚力、割线变形模量和压缩指数等力学指标,通过分析这些指标随温度变化的规律,试图从力学特性的角度对于高温冻结砂土给出一个明确的温度界限。研究发现,冻结砂土在-1.0℃到-0.5℃之间,黏聚力、割线变形模量和压缩指数等力学指标发生突变,因此,将-1.0℃定义为高温冻结砂土的温度界限,对涉及高温冻土的工程建设和维护具有重要的意义。     

基于离散元的冻结砂土三轴力学特性研究

采用离散元软件中的平行黏结模型模拟冻土中冰-土颗粒间相互作用。通过调整模型细观参数,模拟了特定围压不同试验温度和应变速率条件下冻结砂土的三轴试验规律。进一步对比分析计算和试验结果表明,模型的细观参数中的刚度系数和黏结强度对材料的宏观力学行为影响较大,设定的黏结强度参数与温度成反比而和应变速率成正比。在宏观上,峰值强度随温度降低而增大,随应变速率的增大而增大。进一步分析离散元中颗粒的运动产生的剪切带倾角表明：剪切带倾角与温度成反比,而应变速率对其的影响较小;根据已有数据结果,剪切带与内摩擦角间的统计关系符合经典土力学中的摩尔-库伦解。     

Comparison of extension and compression triaxial tests for dense sand and sandstone

It is generally observed that for a given confining pressure the friction angle at peak strength of dense sand deduced from triaxial compression test is smaller than the one obtained from extension tests. In fact, this conclusion depends essentially on the way one takes into account the global confinement condition. In this paper, we show that when there is no significant grain crushing, the dependence of the maximum friction angle with the average of minor and major principal effective stress is similar for compression and extension tests. A similar result is obtained for sandstones when the failure mode involves a shear failure plane.     

三轴压缩条件下单裂隙岩石的破坏特性研究

通过在高强硅粉砂浆材料模型中预制特定倾角和特定尺寸的单裂隙,以常规三轴压缩试验为手段,研究单裂隙试样的破坏特性。试验中观察到3类典型的裂纹,即拉伸型裂纹（Ⅰ型）、滑移型裂纹（Ⅱ型）和撕开型裂纹（Ⅲ型）,其中Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型裂纹在三维试验中普遍存在,Ⅰ型裂纹仅在部分试件中观察到;三轴压缩条件下试样的破裂模式有3种,即拉剪复合破坏、“X”型的剪切破坏和沿裂隙面的剪切破坏。试验结果表明：三轴压缩条件下的单裂隙试样的裂隙扩展规律与预制裂隙关系密切,围压是试样宏观破裂模式的主要影响因素,预制裂隙长度主要影响裂隙扩展的规模,预制裂隙倾角则是新裂隙起裂的诱因。     

高温冻结粉土力学特性试验研究

为了探讨高温冻结粉土的力学特性,进行了一系列常规三轴压缩和三轴压缩加卸载试验。结果表明：（1）随着围压的增大,应力应变曲线先表现为应变软化,后应变硬化,最后又应变软化。（2）体积应变曲线均表现为先体缩后体胀,且围压越大,体胀越弱。（3）通过引入改进的双曲线模型,能较好地模拟应变软化和硬化特性。在q-p平面内建立了一个新的强度准则,并利用修正Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则,探讨了黏聚力c和内摩擦角φ的变化规律。根据试验结果,确定了不同围压及不同加卸载循环次数下高温冻结粉土的回弹模量及其损伤变化规律。最后,建立了塑性体积变形和塑性剪切变形之间的关系式和表达式,进一步探讨了高温冻结粉土的剪胀特性。     

冻土三轴蠕变特性试验研究及平面冻土墙厚度的确定

主要是对冻土的三轴蠕变特性进行分析研究,从而进一步确定具有明显流变特性的平面冻土墙的厚度。通过对冻土的流变特性进行理论分析,建立了冻黏土在复杂应力状态下的对数型蠕变方程。采用“低温箱-三轴压力室”轻型试验设备系统对人工配制的冻黏土试件进行了三轴蠕变试验,获得了冻黏土在复杂应力状态下的蠕变曲线。根据试验结果,对冻黏土的对数型非线性蠕变方程进行回归分析,得到了冻黏土对数型蠕变方程参数的数值。根据冻土流变理论和所建立的蠕变方程,以及平面冻土墙的厚度计算公式,利用Visualc++ 6.0和Matlab 6.0技术开发了冻土墙厚度计算的计算机应用软件。分析研究了平面冻土墙厚度与跨度、基坑暴露时间、基坑开挖深度的关系。平面冻土墙厚度随时间的延长在短期内具有急速增长的趋势,而后随时间的延长逐渐趋于稳定;平面冻土墙厚度受其跨度的影响较小,但随基坑开挖深度的加深具有逐步增长的趋势;温度对平面冻土墙厚度的影响显著,温度越高,厚度越大,所以,控制温度是平面冻土墙设计中的关键。从而为蠕变变形较大的平面冻土墙的厚度确定提供了依据。     

冻结和林黄土力学性质的试验研究

对饱和冻结和林黄土在-2℃的温度条件下进行了单轴压缩试验和围压范围为1~5MPa的三轴压缩试验。试验结果表明：单轴压缩的应力应变曲线为应变软化型曲线,而三轴压缩试验中各围压下的应力应变曲线均为应变硬化型曲线,围压主要影响冻结和林黄土的初始变形行为,而对后期的变形影响不大;各围压下冻结黄土的体积应变都呈现出先体缩后体胀的特征,总体变均较小;围压对冻结和林黄土的屈服极限和强度影响不大;研究了初始切线模量的确定方法,用修正的Duncan-Chang模型对不同应变范围内的试验数据进行拟合,并由此确定了相应的初始切线模量,发现在0~4%应变范围拟合试验数据确定初始切线模量最为合理。     

冻结饱水单裂隙岩体力学特性试验研究

通过相似单裂隙岩体冻结三轴试验,研究裂隙倾角、迹长、隙宽、围压和温度对单裂隙岩体力学特性的影响,试验结果表明：裂隙岩体力学参数与倾角呈二次函数分布,与迹长呈指数函数分布,通过拟合式（3）可近似计算岩体强度;岩体强度与围压呈线性分布,负温条件下泊松比和弹性模量受围压影响较小;隙宽小于0.1 mm或大于0.8 mm时,岩体强度随隙宽增大而减小,隙宽在0.1～0.8 mm之间时,岩体力学参数几乎不受隙宽影响;岩体强度随温度降低而增大的作用机制是岩体孔隙水和裂隙水冻结成冰,增大了颗粒间的凝聚力和摩擦角;裂隙倾角影响破裂面的起始位置,迹长影响破裂面的扩展规模,围压影响破裂面的延伸方向;倾角对岩体强度影响最大,迹长次之,温度影响最小。     

煤岩强度离散性及三轴压缩试验研究

简述了煤的强度离散性原因。采用超声脉冲穿透法测量煤样波速并进行岩石力学试验,回归分析得出了煤岩试件声速与其力学参数之间的关系式,为尽可能避免因煤样离散性而带来的盲目试验提供了一条技术途径。采用MTS815岩石伺服试验系统进行了煤样三轴压缩试验。结果表明,与花岗岩等高强度岩石不同,由于煤的孔隙裂隙发育在围压作用下孔隙裂隙被压密闭合,煤的弹性模量随围压增大而增大,但并非线性关系;煤的轴向破坏应力及残余强度均随围压增大而增大。研究结论对于在破碎煤体中掘进的巷道的锚固机理研究有重要指导意义。     

A constitutive model for sand in triaxial compression

Although there is a large number of constitutive models for sand available in the literature it is believed that a fresh approach, striking a balance between complexity and theoretical rigour, is desirable. The approach here has certain conceptual links with the Cam Clay series of elastic–plastic models, but includes the more general starting assumption that the yield function, plastic potential and failure locus should be given quite distinct mathematical expressions. Possible physical bases for the proposed forms are discussed. Ways in which the parameters required to define the model may be determined are suggested and the use of the model is then demonstrated. Firstly, it is shown that, where a limited set of experimental data is available, the model is flexible enough to be able to match the test results. Secondly, it is shown that, where a wide range of test results has been produced, it is possible to determine the model constitutive parameters from a small number of tests and proceed to make satisfactory predictionsfor other, quite different, types of test. The model is developed for sand at a single initial density, but the way in which the constitutive parameters might be expected to vary with density is discussed. The model is described for conditions of triaxial compression, and extension to more general stress states will be needed before it can be put to the test of incorporation in, for example, a finite element program.     

海相沉积软土地区人工冻土强度特性试验研究

人工冻土的物理力学指标是地铁隧道工程冻结壁设计参数和开挖的依据。通过对宁波轨道交通一号线联络通道②～⑤海相沉积软土地层人工冻土的室内单轴抗压强度和抗剪强度试验,获得了冻结前后②～⑤土层的比热容、导热系数、内摩擦角和粘聚力的对比结果以及不同温度条件下冻土的极限抗压强度、弹性模量和泊松比结果。试验结果表明:②～⑤土层人工冻结土的物理力学指标较原状土有很大的提高,人工冻土极限抗压强度、弹性模量随温度的降低而增大,近似呈线性关系。各土层泊松比、温度的变化对冻土泊松比影响较小,随温度的降低有一定的减小。在-10℃条件下,冻结前淤泥质土、粘土层的内摩擦角和粘聚力有了大幅的提高,而③1砂土层的内摩擦角增幅较小。     

含碳酸盐混合砂的三轴剪切试验研究

含碳酸盐混合砂作为一种特殊的岩土材料主要分布于热带沿海地区,独特的成因和组构使得其具有不同于陆源砂的岩土工程特性。针对取自我国南海的珊瑚砂与取自长江流域石英砂按不同质量百分比配制而成的混合砂,开展不同围压下的三轴固结排水剪切试验,研究不同碳酸钙含量混合砂的剪切特性。结果表明:(1)混合砂峰值强度随有效围压和碳酸钙含量的增加呈近似线性增长;(2)围压及碳酸含量是影响混合砂剪胀特性的主要参数,随着碳酸盐含量的增加,胀缩转换点及其对应的轴向应变量增大;(3)随着碳酸盐含量的增加,混合砂的黏聚力呈线性增加趋势,峰值内摩擦角?f缓慢增长;(4)混合砂的相对破碎率Br随碳酸钙含量及围压的增加而增加。     

多轴压缩条件下层状硬质片岩的力学特性研究

在深部工程中经常会遇到层状岩体,由于高应力的影响,在工程活动中发生因层状结构面诱发的岩体灾害问题。这与深部工程中的真三向高应力环境及层状结构面产状密切相关。为此,基于一种取自某深部金属矿山的层状硬质片岩,开展了考虑片理方位的真三轴压缩试验研究,获取了该片岩在两种片理加载方位下,不同应力差条件时,试样的变形、强度及破裂数据。结果表明,该硬质片岩的力学特性受片理加载方位和应力条件影响较大。具体表现在,当中间主应力σ₂平行片理走向时,试样的脆性更强,且最小主应力σ₃ 越小脆性越强。当σ₂垂直片理走向时试样的强度更高,但强度随σ₃增加而增加的敏感性较弱。当σ₂平行片理走向时,试样的破坏均以沿片理的剪切为主;而当σ₂ 垂直片理走向时,试样在低σ₃ 时,主要发生穿片理的拉破坏,高σ₃ 时,则转变为沿片理的剪切破坏。试验结果对陡倾层状硬质岩体工程的稳定性评价有一定的启示意义,即当片理走向与洞轴线的夹角较小时,浅层围岩片理面的法向应力释放程度较高,易发生受片理结构控制的脆性破坏;反之,夹角较大时,岩体的稳定性较强。     

砂质泥岩三轴卸荷流变力学特性试验研究

流变对工程岩体的长期变形稳定具有十分重要的影响,但目前关于卸荷流变的试验研究中通常只考虑恒轴压卸围压的应力路径,与隧洞开挖过程中围岩的应力调整过程存在一定的差距。以砂质泥岩为试验研究对象,设计进行了加轴压卸围压和恒轴压卸围压条件下的分级卸荷流变试验。试验结果表明：恒轴压卸围压和加轴压卸围压方案下岩样的流变变形趋势总体一致,但相同初始围压条件下,加轴压卸围压试样破坏的围压相对较高,偏应力相对较大,但长期强度与破坏应力的比值相对较小;在围压卸载至岩样临近破坏时,加轴压卸围压方案下岩样的流变应变增长速率明显较快,试样破坏的更加突然;恒轴压卸围压条件下岩样的破坏形态相对简单,一般只存在一条完整的剪切破坏面,而加轴压卸围压条件下岩样的破坏形态要复杂得多,除了控制性的剪切破坏面之外,还伴随有一定数量的次生剪裂纹和张拉裂纹,而且初始围压越大,试样的次生裂纹越多。因此,在隧洞围岩长期变形稳定分析过程中,单纯的恒轴压卸围压流变试验不能满足工程实际需求,应该尽量丰富岩石力学试验的应力路径,以便较好地模拟工程岩体应力的实际变化过程,研究成果为隧洞围岩的长期变形稳定性研究提供了较好的研究思路。     

A new criterion for strength of frozen sand under quick triaxial compression considering effect of confining pressure

The strength of frozen soils has been one of the most extensively studied aspects in frozen soil mechanics. When carrying out deep excavations using freezing methods, high stress states are often encountered. Therefore, the strength of frozen soils under high confining pressures is of major concern. This paper first reviews the present failure criteria for frozen soils, especially with regard to the effect of confining pressure on the strength. It is suggested that the strength consists of two components, cohesion and friction, and can be expressed by the Mohr–Coulomb criterion and in the framework of the Drucker–Prager criterion. However, these two components are both dependent on the stress state. Duncan’s equation for the friction angle is extended to frozen soils. A frozen Lanzhou fine sand is taken as study subject. The frozen sand is compressed at a high strain rate under three different temperatures and under a wide range of confining pressure. Experimental results have confirmed the generally recognized principle that the strength increases with the confining pressure up to certain value. Thereafter, it decreases with continued increase in confining pressure. Experimental data from our own tests and literature are fitted to the new criterion, which shows its validity.     

砂类土力学强度试验研究

通过对砂土的抗剪强度试验结果进行统计,分析了砂土内摩擦角和粘聚力随不同颗粒粒组含量、密实度的变化趋势及规律。试验结果表明,随着砂粒组含量的增大,内摩擦角呈线性增大趋势;当粉粒和粘粒含量增加时,粘聚力亦呈线性增大趋势。同时,试样干密度的增大使内摩擦角和粘聚力呈线性增大。砂土中的粗粒和细粒含量变化存在一个对应的内摩擦角和粘聚力变化的区间。通过回归分析砂土抗剪强度与所含颗粒不同粒径、密实度关系,在特殊条件下,可以有效快速判定砂土剪切指标。     

Discrete simulations of a triaxial compression test for sand by DEM

A quasi‐static homogeneous drained triaxial compression test on cohesionless sand under constant lateral pressure was simulated using a three‐dimensional discrete element method. Grains were modelled by means of particle clusters composed of rigid spheres or spheres with contact moments imitating irregular particle shapes. Attention was paid to the effect of initial void ratio and grain shape mixture on the shear strength, volume changes, force chains, kinetic, elastic and dissipated energies. In addition, the effect of the mean grain size, grain size distribution, grain size range, specimen size and roughness and stiffness of boundaries was numerically analysed in initially dense sand. Some numerical results were compared with available experimental results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水泥复合偏高岭土稳定粉砂土力学特性试验研究

使用低成本高硅铝矿物掺合料可在提升水泥土工程性能的同时降低水泥用量。通过开展系列抗压强度试验研究了水泥偏高岭土掺比、水/水泥偏高岭土比、凝胶总掺量和养护龄期对水泥复合偏高岭土稳定粉砂土抗压强度的影响规律,归纳了水泥复合偏高岭土稳定粉砂土的强度经验公式。结果表明：将水泥和偏高岭土按质量比5:1混合用于粉砂土稳定时可获得最佳强度提升,节约1/6水泥消耗,且该掺比关系不因凝胶总掺量变化而改变;水泥复合偏高岭土稳定粉砂土抗压强度随水/水泥偏高岭土比增加近似线性降低,随凝胶总掺量增加线性提升,随龄期发展而提高,其28天强度增加趋势仍未趋缓;总结归纳了四个关于强度影响因素的经验预测公式。该研究成果可为水泥偏高岭土用于复合稳定工程软弱土提供理论参考。