提速条件下粉土铁路路基动态稳定性研究

路基的动态响应及稳定直接决定了提速列车运行的舒适度和安全性。通过室内循环三轴试验,模拟了路基在湿度变化与提速列车动荷载作用下的动态特性。根据试验结果,结合既有线提速路基的动应力变化规律发现：在最优含水率附近,当压实系数为0.90,提速情况下路基可保持稳定状态;若压实系数为0.85,在动应力不超过70 kPa时,路基稳定性较好,但随着动应力水平增加和加载频率增大,路基的累积变形加剧并产生动强度破坏。列车提速使路基的弹性变形增大,但对路基的回弹模量影响较小。路基湿度增加导致临界动应力、回弹模量显著降低,而回弹应变、循环累积应变迅速增加,有可能导致路基产生动强度破坏,因此,雨季时应限速行车。     

水泥改良高液限黏土动态回弹模量试验研究

利用动三轴试验,研究了水泥改良高液限黏土动态回弹模量的影响因素及其变化规律。研究表明,动态回弹模量随围压、压实度和水泥含量的提高而增大,随循环偏应力和含水率的增大而减小。为分析动态回弹模量的应力依赖性,研究采用了双因素方差分析。分析表明,偏应力与围压均对动态回弹模量有显著性影响,但偏应力的影响更为显著。鉴于动态回弹模量是偏应力和体应力的函数,在分析现有动态回弹模量本构模型适应性的基础上,采用偏应力和体应力为变量的3参数复合模型对试验数据进行回归分析,结果表明,所选模型具有较高的决定系数,证明所选模型具有较高的合理性与可靠性。研究获得了不同含水率、压实度和水泥剂量下水泥改良高液限黏土的动态回弹模量预估模型,为基于动力学的路面结构设计提供了参数。     

湘南地区红黏土动态回弹模量试验与预估模型研究

湘南地区广泛分布红黏土,它具有天然含水率高、孔隙比大及结构性强等特点,可用于特殊路基填料。为获得红黏土的动态回弹性能,利用动三轴试验研究了偏应力、围压应力和体应力对红黏土动态回弹模量的影响。结果表明：动态回弹模量随围压和压实度的提高而增大,随偏应力的增大而减小;动态回弹模量受含水率影响较大,并在最佳含水率附近达到最大值。基于试验揭示的动态回弹模量与应力的相关性,采用3种应力相关的典型动态回弹模量预估模型对试验数据进行回归分析,进而遴选出最佳预估模型。误差分析表明,对于湘南地区红黏土,考虑偏应力和围压应力的回弹模量预估模型具有更高的决定系数,能更好地拟合红黏土的动态回弹模量。动态回弹模量试验结果和遴选的预估模型将为湘南地区红黏土路基设计提供试验和理论依据。     

温度-湿度-荷载综合作用下路基冻融过程试验研究

为了研究季节冻土路基内部温度场、水分场及应力场综合效应的变化特性,基于自主研发的温度-湿度-荷载综合模型试验测试系统,进行室内路基模型的冻结与融化循环试验,分析了冻融循环过程路基内部土体水、热及力学性能的变化特性.试验表明:冻结过程中,初期温度变化大,温度梯度从顶端向底部逐渐递减;路基顶冻结后,0℃冻结锋面不断往下移动,0℃分界线两段内温度梯度差异大;路基含水率分为冻结区未冻水含量似稳定段、过渡区未冻水快速相变段、未冻结区含水率减小段.融化过程中,温度变化先大后小,未冻结水含量与温度大小相关,路基内部含水量呈现中间增大,两端减小的情形.水热综合作用下,应力场表现:冻融过程中,路基回弹模量随着冻结深度的增大呈线性增加,随融化深度的增加而减小;路基回弹模量随冻融循环次数增加而衰减,当达到6次时,衰减趋于稳定.结果表明,土体水热耦合作用是影响路基土体力学性能的关键因素.     

Effect of Strain Rate on the Strength Characteristics of Soil–Lime Mixture

The effects of rate of strain on strength and deformation characteristics of soil–lime were investigated. Five strain rates (0.1, 0.8, 2.0, 4.0 and 7.0 %/min), five lime contents (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 %) by dry soil weight and three cell pressures (100, 200 and 340 kN/m²) were carried. Triaxial tests, under unconsolidated condition, were used to study the effect of strain rate on strength and initial modulus of elasticity of soil and soil–lime mixture after two curing periods 7 and 21 days, respectively. A total of 405 triaxial specimens have been tested, where 225 specimens have been tested with first curing period (7 days). The testing program includes nine specimens for each strain rate, and each lime content was carried out, including natural soil with zero lime content. Another set of triaxial tests with a total of 180 specimens for the second curing period (21 days) was prepared at optimum moisture content, and the corresponding maximum dry density was also tested. The effects of strain rate and curing period on each of stress–strain behavior, type of failure, deviator stress at failure, cohesion and angle of internal friction and initial modulus of elasticity were studied thoroughly for the natural soil as well as soil–lime mixtures. For natural soil, the test results showed that the undrained shear strength, the initial modulus of elasticity and the cohesion increase significantly as the strain rate increase, while for soil–lime mixture at different curing periods, the undrained shear strength, initial modulus of elasticity and the cohesion increases to a maximum and then decreases as the strain rate and lime content increase. Also, the same variables and angle of internal friction increase with increasing curing period.     

土基模量随季节变化规律及其数值的确定

土基回弹模量作为路面设计的重要力学参数,在我国路面设计方法中选取最不利季节的土基回弹模量值作为土基的设计强度,没有考虑一年中含水量变化对土基强度的影响,本文通过分析土基回弹模量随季节含水量的变化规律,借鉴AASHTO设计方法中不同季节模量对路面造成的相对损伤思想,推导出等效回弹模量计算公式uf=0.95107E-5d,提出用等效土基回弹模量值代替最不利季节模量值作为土基强度设计值,不仅能够提高土基自身的抗变形能力,还可以很有效的提高沥青路面结构的整体设计强度。     

Effect of Matric Suction on Resilient Modulus of Compacted Aggregate Base Courses

This research was conducted to investigate the effect of matric suction on resilient modulus of unbound aggregate base courses. The study characterized the water characteristic curves and resilient modulus versus matric suction relationships of aggregate base courses that were compacted at different water contents and between 98 and 103 % of the modified Proctor density. The soil–water characteristic curve (SWCC) and the relationship between resilient modulus (M _r ) and matric suction (ψ) were established for different unbound granular and recycled asphalt pavement materials. This relationship is important for predicting changes in modulus due to changes in moisture of unbound pavement materials. Resilient modulus tests were conducted according to the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) 1-28A procedure at varying water contents, and the measured SWCC was used to determine the corresponding matric suction. Three reference summary resilient moduli (SRM) were considered: at optimum water content, optimum water content +2 % and optimum water content ?2 %. The Bandia and Bargny limestones are characterized by a higher water-holding capacity which explains why the modulus of limestone was more sensitive to water content than for basalt or quartzite. Limestones tend to be more sensitive to changes in water content and thus to matric suction. The shape of the SWCC depends on the particle size distribution and the cementation properties from dehydration of the aggregates. Material properties required as input to the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (M-EPDG) to predict changes in resilient modulus in response to changes in moisture contents in the field were determined for implementation in the M-EPDG process. Results show that the SRM was more correlated with matric suction than with compaction water content (for resilient modulus testing). The empirical models commonly used to predict the SWCC such as the Perera et al. (Prediction of the SWCC based on grain-size-distribution and index properties. GSP 130 Advances in Pavement Engineering, ASCE, 2005) and the M-EPDG (NCHRP in Guide for mechanistic-empirical design of pavement structures. National cooperative highway research program. ARA, Inc., ERES Consultants Division, Champaign, IL, 2004) models tend to underestimate the SWCC and cannot provide reasonable estimation. SRM normalized with respect to the SRM at the optimum water content varied linearly with the logarithm of matric suction. Empirical relationships between SRM and matric suction on semi-logarithmic scale were established and are reported.     

冻融及含水率对压实黏质土力学性质的影响

针对自然环境因素对季冻区路基强度与稳定性的影响,以京哈高速公路四平-长春段沿线的黏质土为研究对象,对不同含水率的土样进行0～16次冻融循环试验。通过室内三轴试验,分析了冻融次数和含水率对压实黏质土试样力学特性的影响规律,并探讨了其影响机制。研究结果表明,当试样的含水率小于最佳含水率时,随着冻融次数和含水率的增加,压实黏质土的应力-应变曲线由应变软化型向应变硬化型转变,试样的破坏形式逐渐由脆性破坏转为塑性破坏;压实黏质土的极限强度、弹性模量和黏聚力整体上均随冻融次数的增加而呈衰减趋势,内摩擦角与冻融次数的关系并无规律可循,但各个力学参数均在经历8次冻融循环后基本趋于稳定;含水率对压实黏质土的力学性质影响显著,极限强度、弹性模量、黏聚力和内摩擦角均随含水率的增加大幅减小。综合考虑冻融循环和含水率对压实黏质土力学性质的影响规律,建议季冻区路基应做好排水工作以降低路基含水率水平,并将经历8次冻融循环后的力学指标作为工程设计参考值。     

干密度对路基性能的影响研究

通过滤纸法试验,测得3种干密度下的土-水特征曲线,拟合得到3种干密度下的Van Genuchten模型参数,分析干密度对土-水特征曲线及Van Genuchten模型参数的影响。通过室内回弹模量试验,分析压实度和含水率对回弹模量的影响,并建立回弹模量与压实度和含水率之间的关系式。基于水力耦合机制,结合试验结果建立地下水位变化作用下的路基湿度及变形的动态响应模型,计算地下水位从-6 m上升到-3 m后,路基的含水率和回弹模量分布以及路基的变形。计算结果表明,干密度对土-水特征曲线Van Genuchten模型参数产生显著影响,饱和体积含水率随着干密度的增大线性减小,残余体积含水率随着干密度的增大线性增大,参数a与进气值的倒数线性相关,参数n随干密度的增大线性增大;回弹模量随着含水率的增大而减小,随着干密度的增大而增大;地下水位上升导致路基土的含水率显著增加,回弹模量明显下降,引起不可忽视的路基变形;不同填筑压实度下,地下水位变化引起的路基变形差异很明显,控制路基土的压实度是提高路基土性能的有效途径。     

冻融循环对不同塑性指数路基土弹性模量的影响研究

在季节性冻土区,不同状态（塑性指数,围压等）路基土在通车运营期间经历冻融循环后,其物理力学性质会发生变化,但目前针对冻融循环对其的影响研究还不够广泛和深入,不能给季冻区路基设计提供准确的数据支持,故路基设计时并未将这种变化考虑其中,只取设计前期所采土样的试验值。取季节性冻土区3种不同塑性指数路基土,在室内采用最佳含水率制备成最大压实度试样,在封闭条件下经历0～7次完整冻融循环过程后,进行不同围压下的三轴压缩试验,在偏应力-应变曲线中通过直线段应力-应变关系得到弹性模量数据,结果表明,同种土相同冻融循环次数下,弹性模量随围压增加而增加;相同围压下弹性模量随冻融循环次数基本呈下降趋势。采用指数函数对所有弹性模量数据进行多元非线性拟合,建立不同塑性路基土弹性模量与围压及冻融循环次数的关系,拟合效果理想,可为缺乏相关资料的季冻区路基设计提供参考。     

The influence of materials on the breaching process of natural dams

In this study, a series of natural dam overtopping laboratory tests are reported. In these tests, the effect of seven different sediment mixtures on the breaching process was investigated. According to the test results, three stages of the breaching process of natural dams made of different materials were observed. Backward erosion was the primary cause for the incising slopes. The effects of backward erosion became stronger with the larger fines contents of the materials. With an increase in the median diameter (d ₅₀) of particles, the breaching time became longer. However, the peak discharge became smaller. With an increase in the fines contents (p), the median diameter of the particles and the void ratio were changed, which resulted in a decrease in the breaching time and an increase in the peak discharge. The breaching time and peak discharge were more sensitive to the median diameter than to the fines contents. The relation between breach width and depth was found to follow a logistic function \( W\kern0.5em =\kern0.5em \frac{\zeta }{1\kern0.5em +\kern0.5em {e}^{\left(-k\left(D\kern0.5em -\kern0.5em {D}_0\right)\right)}} \). The parameters ζ, k, and D ₀ are defined by a linear relationship with the median diameter and fines content. A breach of the side slope occurred as a tensile failure when the fines contents of the materials were large; otherwise, shear failure occurred. Furthermore, when the materials had fewer fines contents, the volume of the collapsed breach side slope became larger.     

考虑吸力效应的非饱和黏土回弹模量预估模型

回弹模量是反映路基弹性支撑能力的重要指标,并受运营期间基质吸力变化的显著影响。通过3种压实黏土试样的土-水特征曲线试验和重复动三轴试验,研究了回弹模量与基质吸力的相关性,并基于非饱和土有效应力原理,提出了考虑吸力效应的回弹模量预估模型。结果表明：基质吸力与回弹模量之间具有较强的非线性相关性,可采用指数形式进行两者的拟合;含水率由最佳含水率-4%提升至最佳含水率+4%时,受基质吸力减小的影响,回弹模量降幅达到29.1%～39.0%;在 土-水特征曲线过渡区,采用以饱和度表征的有效应力参数,可较好地反映基质吸力对于回弹模量的贡献,预估效果优于采用残余含水率或进气值相关的有效应力参数;在相同饱和度的情况下,黏粒含量越多、塑性指数越高,基质吸力对有效应力的贡献比例越小。     

Heave Studies on Fly Ash-Stabilised Expansive Clay Liners

Clay liners or compacted earthen barriers are important barrier materials used for preventing contaminant transport through soils. A low hydraulic conductivity (k) is a significant parameter that governs the design and construction of clay liners. Compacted expansive clays, which are montmorillonite clays, also have a very low hydraulic conductivity (k). When expansive clays are blended with fly ash, an industrial waste, the hydraulic conductivity (k) further reduces as the ash-clay blends result in increased dry densities at increased fly ash contents. Hence, fly ash-stabilised expansive clay can also be proposed as a unique clay liner material. As expansive clays undergo heave when they come into contact with water, it is necessary to study the heave behaviour of fly ash-stabilised expansive clay liners. This paper presents heave studies on fly ash-stabilised expansive clay liners. Fly ash in different contents by dry weight of the expansive clay was added to the clay, and the ash-clay blend was compacted as a liner overlying a natural field soil layer. Compacted lateritic clay was used for simulating the natural field soil into which contaminants migrate. Calcium chloride (CaCl₂) solution of varying concentration (5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 mM) was used as the permeating fluid in the heave studies. The rate of heave and the amount of heave of the fly ash-stabilised expansive clay liners were monitored. Deionised water (DIW) was also used as inundating fluid for comparative study. Heave (mm) decreased with increase in solute concentration for all fly ash contents. For a given solute concentration, heave decreased up to a fly ash content of 20 % and thereafter it increased when the fly ash content was increased to 30 %. Heave of the fly ash-stabilised expansive clay liners was correlated with their permeability, liquid limit (LL) and free swell index (FSI) pertaining to the respective fly ash content and CaCl₂ concentration.     

Influence of Water Content on Mechanical Properties of Improved Clayey Soil Using Steel Slag

The use of steel slag fines has been fully investigated and developed as it has similar chemical composition and mineralogy to that of Portland cement. Researchers from home and abroad have done lots of research on steel slag, such as its production, processing, properties, mechanical behavior, cementitious property and so on. This paper describes influence of water content on mechanical properties of improved clayey soil using steel slag and a series of tri-axial compression tests are carried out to study the influence of water content to the admixture of clayey soils and steel slag. Through the test data statistics and analysis, the basic rules of the mechanical properties of these mixed soils were gotten, especially, the optimum steel slag and water content. Through tri-axial compression tests, there are several kinds of specimen failure forms in different conditions of steel slag and water content. The stiffness of steel slag is larger than clayey soil, so the specimen with steel slag would break with an oblique angle whereas the clayey soil specimen would be compressed. Drawn from the experiment, while water content increases, cohesion c increases and internal friction angel φ decreases; however, in general, the maximum stress difference firstly increases, and then decreases. Under the same water content, with the curing period and steel slag content increase, cohesion c increases, internal friction angel φ decreases, however, the stress difference increases. By analyzing the specimen failure forms and the relations of stress difference and axial strain, the relations between stress difference max (σ₁ ? σ₃) and steel slag content and relations between the secant modulus E₅₀ and steel slag content are gotten. It is concluded that when the water content is about 18 % and steel slag content is about 30 %, the stress difference and secant modulus E₅₀ is larger than other cases. Therefore, in soft soil foundation treatment, such steel slag and water content could be chosen in order that the soil strength would be improved. So, judging from the results, the foundation settlement will be reduced by mixing appropriate steel slag and water content.     

Mechanical Properties and Deformation and Failure Characteristics of Surrounding Rocks of Tunnels Excavated in Soft Rocks

As soft rocks are likely to soften, slime and swell while contacting water, the existence of soft rocks is harmful for stability of surrounding rocks and supporting structures of tunnels. Through uniaxial and triaxial tests under dry condition and triaxial test with different moisture contents, the mechanical properties and failure modes of soft rocks were studied under conditions that the schistosity plane of the rock samples was vertical to, presented an oblique angle with, and paralleled to the loading direction. The results showed that peak strengths in natural and water-bearing states increased with increasing confining pressures, while those in water-bearing state were 40% lower than those in natural state. The samples were mainly subjected to ductile failure in both natural and water-bearing states while the samples in natural state exhibited a certain brittle failure characteristic in post-peak phase. With the increase of confining pressures, the post-peak curve gradually became gentle after certain brittle failure while the post-peak stresses had an insignificant change. In comparison, the samples in water-bearing state showed significant post-peak disparity, that is, exhibited strong ductile failure characteristic. Moreover, the fitting relationship between triaxial compressive strength and moisture of soft rocks can be expresses as σ ₁ = Aω + B (A < 0, B > 0) while that between elasticity modulus and moisture can be expresses as E = Aω + B (A < 0, B > 0).     

Effect of Fines Type and Content of Sand on Correlation Between Shear Wave Velocity and Liquefaction Resistance

The use of shear wave velocity (V _s) measurements as an in situ test for evaluation of liquefaction potential has increased substantially due to its advantages. Relatively large numbers of studies have been performed to establish the correlation between V _s and liquefaction resistance (CRR) of clean sands. Usually, natural sands contain silt and/or clay, and previous studies have shown that both the amount of fines and their nature influence the values of CRR as well as V _s. Therefore, the CRR–V _s correlations may also be affected by fines content and type of sandy soils. However, effect of fines content and especially fines type of sandy soils on the correlation between V _s and CRR is inadequately addressed in the literature. In this study, cyclic triaxial and bender element tests were conducted on samples of sand containing various amounts of different types of fines, and the effects of fines on the values of CRR and V _s are investigated. The results show that G ₀ and CRR reduce even when small amounts of fines are added to sand. Therefore, use of plasticity index (PI) of the fines fraction is better than the PI of the overall soil when trying to assess the effects of fines. Using obtained experimental data as well as the established semiempirical CRR–V _s relationship, the CRR–V _s correlation was developed for all the tested soils, and the effect of fines type on the correlation is also examined. Based on the results obtained in this study, CRR–V _s correlation is affected by both the amount and the plasticity of the fines present in the sand, and this correlation is soil specific.     

Fractal features of soil particle-size distributions and their relationships with soil properties in gravel-mulched fields

Soil particle-size distribution (PSD) is an important index for soil classification because it has large influences on soil hydrological characteristics, salinity, fertility, erodibility, nutrient content, swelling/shrinking, and degradation. We present a case study of the fractal characteristics of soil PSD and its relationship with soil properties of gravel-mulched fields in an arid area of northwestern China using single-fractal calculation. Particle size was unimodally distributed within the narrow range of 20–100 μm, with silt as the most common component. Horizontally, silt content was the highest, followed by sand and clay contents. Vertically, clay content increased with depth, while there were no obvious change rules for both silt and sand contents. The volume fractal dimension (D) of PSD ranged from 2.4307 to 2.5260, increased with the content of fine particles but decreased with the content of coarse particles. D was correlated positively with soil-water content and salt content and negatively with bulk density. The saturated soil-water content was strongly correlated negatively with silt content (p < 0.01) and positively with sand content (p < 0.01). The results indicate that D can be a potential indicator of the physical and chemical properties of soil and can also provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance for the effective use and management of the region.     

循环荷载下水泥土桩复合体动力参数试验研究

水泥土桩被广泛应用于软土路基加固工程中。然而,人们对水泥桩与桩间土形成的加固体的动力特性尚缺乏认识,无法合理评价水泥土桩复合地基的长期性能。基于此,本文开展水泥土桩复合体大型动三轴试验,研究围压、静偏应力、置换率及分级加卸载路径对其动力参数的影响,并分析了动力参数的波动性。试验结果表明:随着静偏应力增加,复合单元体的动弹模量减小,阻尼比增大,临界动应力比减小。随着置换率增加,动弹模量略有增加,阻尼比略有减小。逐级卸载造成复合单元体的动力参数劣化。阻尼比具有较强的波动性,复合单元体阻尼比的变异系数是动弹模量的2.8～7.0倍。相比于软土,复合体动弹模量提高了2～6倍,静偏应力越大,提高系数越大。     

The effects of petroleum-contaminated soil on photosynthesis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Amorpha fruticosa</Emphasis> seedlings

A pot experiment was conducted to monitor the dynamic response of photosynthesis of Amorpha fruticosa seedlings to different concentrations of petroleum-contaminated soils from April to September. The results showed that the photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of seedlings significantly decreased in 5–20 g kg^?1 petroleum-contaminated soil during the three given sampling period of July 31 (early), August 30 (mid-term) and September 29 (late). However, the intercellular CO₂ concentration significantly increased in 10 g kg^?1 contaminated soil, while declined in 20 g kg^?1 contaminated soil during the early sampling period as well as in 20 g kg^?1 contaminated soil during the late sampling period. The leaf relative water content of seedlings significantly increased in 20 g kg^?1 contaminated soil during the early sampling period, while it dropped dramatically in 15–20 g kg^?1 contaminated soil during the late sampling period. The contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and the total chlorophyll of seedlings showed a sharp decline during the three sampling periods in contaminated soil. Comprehensively, considering the negative effects of petroleum on the photosynthesis, growth performance and remediation effect on petroleum of A. fruticosa seedlings, this plant was tolerant of petroleum-contaminated soil and was potentially useful for the phytoremediation of petroleum-contaminated sites in northern Shaanxi, China.     

Hydraulic Conductivity of Fly Ash-Amended Mine Tailings

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fly ash addition on hydraulic conductivity (k) of mine tailings. Mine tailings used in this study were categorized as synthetic tailings and natural tailings; two synthetic tailings were developed via blending commercially-available soils and natural tailings were collected from a garnet mine located in the U.S. Two fly ashes were used that had sufficient calcium oxide (CaO) content (17 and 18.9 %) to generate pozzolanic activity. Hydraulic conductivity was measured on pure tailings and fly ash-amended tailings in flexible-wall permeameters. Fly ash was added to mine tailings to constitute 10 % dry mass of the mixture, and specimens were cured for 7 and 28 days. The influence of fly ash-amendment on k of mine tailings was attributed to (1) molding water content and (2) plasticity of the mine tailings. Tailings that classified as low-plasticity silts with clay contents less than 15 % exhibited a decrease in k when amended with fly ash and prepared wet of optimum water content (w _opt ). Tailings that classified as low-plasticity clay exhibited a one-order magnitude increase in k with addition of fly ash for materials prepared dry or near w _opt . The decrease in k for silty tailings was attributed to formation of cementitious bonds that obstructed flow paths, whereas the increase in k for clayey tailings was attributed to agglomeration of clay particles and an overall increase in average pore size. The results also indicated that the effect of curing time on k is more pronounced during the early stages of curing (≤7 days), as there was negligible difference between k for 7 and 28-days cured specimens.