Numerical investigation of tunneling in saturated soil: the role of construction and operation periods

This paper numerically investigates the slurry shield tunneling in fully saturated soils with different hydraulic conductivities in short- and long-term scales. A fully coupled hydromechanical three-dimensional model that accounts for the main aspects of tunnel construction and the hydromechanical interactions due to tunneling process is developed. An elasto-plastic constitutive model obeying a double hardening rule, namely hardening soil model, is employed in the numerical simulations. The research mainly focuses on assessing the influence of soil hydraulic conductivity and the method to simulate backfill grouting in the tail void on the evolution of ground subsidence, excess pore water pressure and lining forces. Two different consolidation schemes have been taken into account to computationally address the tunnel construction in soil with low and high hydraulic conductivities. In addition, different methods are employed to simulate the tail void grouting as a hydromechanical boundary condition and to study its effects on the model responses. Finally, the influences of infiltration of the fluidized particles of grouting suspension into the surrounding soil and its corresponding time–space hydraulic conductivity evolution on the displacements and lining forces are studied.     

Shield Tunneling in Rock–Soil Interface Composite Formations

With increased demand for the tunnel construction in rock–soil interface composite formations, the influence on surrounding environment especially the excavation face instability during construction and ground settlement in the long term has gained great attention. The researches about environmental disturbance by shield tunneling construction in single ground as the soil or rock conditions have been developed continuously. However, due to the complexity and uncertainty of the interaction between rock–soil interface composite formations and shield machines, works on these special conditions have not been carried out sufficiently. In this paper the theoretical, experimental and numerical researches on the excavation face stability and ground settlement are discussed while the in situ datum are used to support them. First, the typical projects in rock–soil interface composite formations are listed and the difficulties met are summarized. Second, the failure model of excavation face and support pressure from the tunneling shield in rock–soil interface composite formations are discussed. Then, a comprehensive survey of the factors of ground settlement during and after construction and some effective prediction models are made. Finally, the existing problems and directions for future research are introduced.     

盾构施工引起的固结沉降分析

盾构在低渗透性土层中开挖,常常伴随着地表下沉,究其原因为超孔隙水压力消散引起固结沉降的结果。为对盾构施工引起土体的固结沉降进行研究,首先,根据隧道施工前后土体应力的变化值,应用Henkel超孔隙水压力理论,推导了隧道开挖引起的初始超孔隙水压力的计算公式,并采用数值分析方法,考虑了由于土体的固结引起的沉降变形。研究成果应用到上海地铁2号线,根据具体的地质条件进行理论计算分析。结果表明,隧道开挖引起的初始超孔隙水压力最大值位于隧道起拱线处,地表固结沉降预测值与实测值吻合较好。     

考虑盾构铰接作用的小半径曲线隧道开挖诱发地层沉降分析

目前针对小半径曲线隧道开挖诱发地层沉降的理论研究均将盾构机视为一个连续的整体,未考虑盾构机铰接装置带来的影响,由此不能正确评估小曲率盾构开挖路径变化带来的超挖效应等。首先,根据盾构机铰接位置以及盾构机与小曲率隧道开挖路径的几何位置关系,得到了小曲率隧道开挖过程中不同盾构铰接位置超挖量及盾构铰接角计算公式;其次,基于镜像法及Mindlin解,求解了铰接盾构施工时因超挖地层损失、盾尾地层损失、开挖面不均匀推力、盾壳不均匀摩擦力及盾尾处注浆压力等共同影响的地层沉降;最后,采用工程监测数据与理论解进行对比验证,得到较好的一致性。此外,针对隧道转弯半径、前盾长度、盾构铰接角及超挖量等进行了参数分析。分析结果表明：不考虑盾构铰接装置的影响将过高估计地层损失而导致地层沉降预测值偏大。随着转弯半径的减小,前盾长度、盾构铰接角及超挖量的增加,地层沉降增大,但其值变化均对开挖面前方沉降影响较小,对开挖面后方沉降影响较大。在开挖面后方,随着与开挖面距离的增大,当转弯半径取值较小,前盾长度、盾构铰接角及超挖量取值较大时,纵向地表沉降呈先增大后减小趋势。     

隧道开挖的双重介质水力耦合模型有限元分析

基于混合物理论孔隙-裂隙岩体的双重孔隙介质水力耦合计算的微分方程,利用伽辽金有限元法提出了相应的有限元公式,并基于岩体分类指标（RQD,RMR）提出了与岩体应变状态相关的渗透系数计算公式。编制了裂隙岩体双重介质流固耦合的2-D有限元程序,给出的验证算例表明,该程序是合理和实用的。同时将该程序用于隧道开挖的模拟计算,探讨渗流效应对开挖隧道围岩变形与渗流场的影响。计算结果表明,在隧道设计中不考虑渗流的影响是偏于不安全的。     

顶管施工中土体损失引起的沉降预测

顶管施工过程中不可避免地会产生土体损失,进而引起地面沉降。对前人工作进行总结,提出一个可以计算土体中任一点沉降的通用经验公式。假定土体不排水,考虑土体泊松比以及采用椭圆形非等量径向土体移动模式,对Sagaseta公式进行了修正。算例分析表明,在开挖面后方较远处,修正Sagaseta公式与Peck公式和Loganathan公式的计算结果较吻合。修正Sagaseta公式与累积概率曲线的变形规律一致,开挖面上方地面沉降量都为最大地面沉降量的一半,但累积概率曲线的影响范围小、收敛速度快;该方法也适用于盾构法施工。     

A discrete numerical approach for modeling face stability in slurry shield tunnelling in soft soils

In this paper, a numerical simulation method for evaluating tunnelling-induced ground movement is presented. The method involves discrete element simulation of TBM slurry shield advancement and considers explicitly soil excavation from the face, effects of varying face support pressure, and the influence of tunnel cover depth. For the cases studied, it is found that for tunnel cover depths (C/D) between 0.7 and 2.1, ground deformations inducing by the tunnelling can be controlled within a certain extent and tunnel face stability can ensured, provided the support pressure ratio (N) lies between 0.8 and 1.5. The proposed method is reasonably benefited to modeling the face stability in shield-driven tunnels in soft soils.     

土压平衡盾构施工的顶进推力模型试验研究

在盾构的掘削过程中,千斤顶顶进推力是一个重要的施工参数,它不仅决定着施工速度,而且还影响着刀盘的切削扭矩、转动速度等其他参量。但是,目前对千斤顶顶进推力的变化规律,尤其是土体与盾壳之间摩擦阻力的研究还不够深入。以上海地区粉砂地层为参照原型,借助于模型试验方法,通过对盾构机工作参数和地层特性参数进行不同的组合试验,研究了土压平衡盾构推进过程中顶进推力变化的规律,以及土体与盾壳之间摩擦作用的机理及其影响因素。在此基础上推导了盾构千斤顶顶进推力的计算公式。     

盾构法施工过程的有限元模拟

在综合考虑了现有的有限元模拟方法的基础上,对部分仿真模拟细节进行了改进,改进了水平荷载的施加方法,用"等代层"来模拟盾尾建筑空隙,用预设单元的刚度迁移来模拟盾构的推进过程。通过对某地铁隧道盾构施工过程的模拟,分析了盾构推进过程中地表土体的位移与变形,计算得到的隧道横断面和隧道纵向地面沉降分布曲线与实测数据比较接近,结果证明了模拟方法是可行的。     

隧道开挖问题中的流固耦合模型及数值模拟

隧道工程中的地下水问题是富水地层中普遍存在的重要问题,地下水流动对隧道围岩稳定性有重要影响。给出了描述隧道开挖过程中力学与水力特征及表征方法,根据岩体的基本结构特征及代表性单元体（REV）是否存在提出了流固耦合模型的建立方法;提出了隧道水力耦合数值分析中的耦合计算模型的建立方法;利用数值法研究了隧道开挖渗流与应力耦合问题,得到变形和渗流场的变化规律。结果表明,隧道开挖引起的渗流影响边界大于力学影响边界,由于渗流引起的渗流力增加了围岩的应力、位移,从围岩-支护结构共同作用原理考虑,进行隧道支护结构设计时是应该考虑渗流效应的。     

Time dependent deformations during tunnelling and stability of tunnel faces in fine-grained soils under groundwater

The measures required for driving a tunnel below the groundwater table depend on the permeability of the soil. In coarse-grained, highly permeable soils additional measures, for example compressed-air support combined with a reduction of the permeability of the soil, e.g. induced by grouting, are necessary. Compared to this, it is possible to do without such measures in fine-grained, cohesive soils because of the increased short-term stability of the tunnel face under undrained conditions. In this publication the results of 3-dimensional finite-element calculations are presented to show the influence of the permeability of the soil and also the rate of the tunnel driving on the deformations around the tunnel as well as on the ground surface. The calculated deformations can furthermore be considered as an indicator for the time dependent stability of the tunnel face due to a higher redistribution of stresses and by that an enlargement of the plasticized zone. Usually the stability of the tunnel face is reduced by the presence of water because of the flow of water towards the tunnel. In low permeable soils undrained conditions prevail immediately after an excavation step. In this case relatively high stability-ratios may occur. The stability of the tunnel face will be reduced with increasing time until reaching the lower boundary of possible values, possibly leading to failure. If calculations are done under the assumption of drained conditions, the real stability of the tunnel face during construction may substantially exceed that of the calculated one. On the other hand, if calculations are done for undrained conditions, the effective stability may lie on the unsafe side [10]. There is therefore a big demand to optimize the method of investigating deformations around the tunnel, so as to ensure a safe tunnel excavation on the one hand and to guarantee a cost-effective process on the other. In this paper the tunnelling process is modelled by a step-by-step excavation under atmospheric conditions. The soil is described by a material model which distinguishes between primary and unload-reload stress paths and also accounts for stress-dependent stiffness parameters. The failure criterion is described by the Mohr-Coulomb criterion that considers cohesion, friction angle and angle of dilatancy.     

地面出入式盾构法隧道施工引起的土体垂直变形

对地面出入式盾构法隧道施工引起的土体垂直变形计算方法进行研究。考虑盾构轴线与水平面的夹角 （即隧道埋深变化）,对林存刚公式进行修正,结合正面附加推力、盾壳摩擦力、附加注浆压力和土体损失的共同作用,提出全新的土体垂直变形计算公式。算例分析结果表明：在隧道埋深较浅工况下,新方法计算结果与林存刚公式的计算结果差异较大,新方法计算得到的开挖面前方地面隆起和后方地面沉降均较大;盾构上仰掘进时,随着 增大,由正面附加推力、盾壳摩擦力及土体损失引起的纵向土体垂直变形曲线呈上移趋势,由附加注浆压力引起的纵向土体垂直变形曲线则呈下移趋势;地面沉降最大值变小,但地面横向沉降槽范围逐渐变大。     

平行小净距盾构与CRD法黄土地铁隧道施工力学研究

西安轨道交通工程是目前首例在我国黄土地区修建的地铁隧道,一号线枣园北路站至汉城路站K12+792.744～K12+889.899区间隧道为同时满足双线正常行车和右线停车线扩大断面的功能需要,选取了左线小断面隧道为盾构法与右线大断面隧道为CRD法相结合的施工方案。针对该地铁隧道的施工过程,进行了三维动态数值模拟和施工力学分析,通过分析施工引起的地表变形、中间土体应力和围岩塑性区的特征和规律,从而研究得出CRD法与盾构法隧道先后施工相互影响的规律性成果：先行大断面隧道采取CRD法施工对后行小断面盾构隧道上方地表沉降的影响较后者对前者的影响大;后行隧道的贯通使得先行隧道开挖形成的地表变形轴线向后行隧道侧偏移了约0.5倍净距,并且地表变形的横向影响范围和地表沉降量均有增大,主要表现在靠后行隧道一侧;先行大断面隧道的开挖较后者对中间土体应力影响大,对相邻洞土体的影响在同掌子面处最为显著。结合西安地铁隧道工程实践开展的数值模拟分析研究,可为今后在黄土地区修建地铁隧道提供具有指导意义的研究成果和宝贵的工程实践经验。     

基于Peck公式的双线盾构引起的土体沉降预测

基于Peck公式,对双线水平平行盾构隧道施工中土体损失引起的三维土体沉降计算方法进行研究。考虑先行隧道施工对后行隧道的影响和两条隧道开挖面的不同位置,建立修正的三维Peck公式;通过分别计算先行盾构隧道和后行盾构隧道施工引起的土体沉降,叠加得到双线水平平行盾构施工引起的总的三维土体沉降。算例分析结果表明：预测值与实测值比较吻合;随着两条隧道开挖面前后距离的逼近,地面最大沉降量会逐渐增大;随着土体深度z的增大,沉降略增大、沉降槽宽度则略减小;当两条隧道轴线水平距离L较小时,地面沉降量较大,符合正态分布规律;随着L的增大,最大地面沉降量会逐渐减小,沉降曲线形状慢慢由V型转变成W型。     

越江隧道施工过程的渗流-应力耦合分析

隧道开挖和由开挖引起的地下水渗流引起围岩应力重新分布,对隧道围岩的稳定性有重要的影响。本文把隧道开挖过程与渗流场边界的变化紧密联系起来,根据渗流场边界建立了合理的三维有限元分析模型,对规划完成的某越江隧道开挖过程的水-力耦合效应进行了研究,建立了稳定流条件下渗流-应力耦合的基本方程,分析了孔隙水压力随隧道开挖过程的变化规律和水力耦合对围岩位移、应力及支护结构应力的影响程度。数值计算结果表明,渗透系数大的岩层渗流速度和位移受渗流的影响较大,渗流使隧道围岩的位移和应力及支护结构的应力都有较大的增加,水下隧道的设计和施工应该考虑渗流效应。     

软土地层TBM开挖面支护压力计算模型及可视化

隧道掘进机（TBM）近年来在世界范围内得到了广泛应用,通常通过完全充满压力仓的泥土或泥浆来支护开挖面。但在较差的地层和水力条件下,开挖面失稳时有发生。事实上,TBM开挖面的支护压力的大小直接决定了施工安全及地表变形。基于所建立的开挖面支护压力计算模型,并考虑复合地层下土体分层带来的影响,通过计算机编程方法,建立了界面友好、使用便捷的开挖面支护压力可视化计算平台(TBM Studio);并结合阿拉斯加隧道、钱江隧道工程实例进行了不同模型结果的验证分析,给出了各模型计算结果的差异性;讨论了软土复合地层条件下,土体自稳性对开挖面稳定的影响,认为软土地层中定量确定有效支护压力和水头高度至关重要,研究为正确评价TBM开挖面稳定性提供了相应的计算模型。     

盾构法隧道施工的精细模拟

在分析了现有的部分细节仿真中存在问题基础上,提出在盾构开挖面前方设置开挖卸荷单元,来模拟开挖面土体的三维移动,改进了千斤顶推力的施加方法.通过施加已知结点位移模拟刀盘超挖和盾尾脱空引起的地层损失,并通过设置横向和纵向三维Goodman接触面来模拟盾构前行、盾尾脱空及注浆作用下土体与结构间的接触.利用推荐的方法对一算例进行分析.结果证明了模拟方法的合理性.     

盾构隧道开挖面稳定的可靠度研究

目前,盾构隧道开挖面稳定性评价方法均是确定性方法。为了考虑土体参数的变异性,提出用可靠方法来评价其稳定程度。采用数值模拟方法,研究了隧道开挖面极限支护压力。基于BP神经网络预测大量给定地层参数工况下的开挖面极限支护压力,对其进行统计,得其概率分布特征。在理论分析的基础上,结合工程实际,探讨了盾构施工土压力的确定原理。建立了隧道开挖面稳定的极限状态方程,对其进行了可靠度分析。该研究除能够科学、合理地评价开挖面的稳定程度外,对于盾构施工过程中合理地设定开挖面支护压力也具有一定的参考作用。     

双线平行盾构隧道施工引起的三维土体变形研究

基于双线水平平行盾构施工中土体损失引起的土体变形二维解析解,建立土体变形三维解析解。取不同的纵向位置作为变量,建立土体损失率沿纵向的变化方程;考虑先行隧道施工对后行隧道的影响,分别计算两条盾构隧道施工引起的土体变形,叠加得到双线平行盾构施工引起的土体总变形。其方法能够计算土体深层沉降和水平位移,较精确地反映土体三维变形。算例分析结果表明：预测值与实测值较为吻合;土体沉降随着离开挖面距离的增加而不断增大,最终在x = -40 m左右时趋于稳定;随着先行隧道与后行隧道开挖距离的接近,最大土体总沉降量逐渐增大;土体沉降会随着深度z的增大而略微增加,但沉降槽宽度将略微减小;随着两条隧道轴线水平距离L的增大,最大土体沉降逐渐减小,沉降曲线形状慢慢由V型转变成W型,不再符合正态分布规律。