Spatiotemporal change in China’s climatic growing season: 1955–2000

The timing, length, and thermal intensity of the climatic growing season in China show statistically significant changes over the period of 1955 to 2000. Nationally, the average start of the growing season has shifted 4.6–5.5 days earlier while the average end has moved 1.8–3.7 days later, increasing the length of the growing season by 6.9–8.7 days depending on the base temperature chosen. The thermal intensity of the growing season has increased by 74.9–196.8 growing degree-days, depending on the base temperature selected. The spatial characteristics of the change in the timing and length of the growing season differ from the geographical pattern of change in temperatures over this period; but the spatial characteristics of change in growing degree-days does resemble the pattern for temperatures, with higher rates in northern regions. Nationally, two distinct regimes are evident over time: an initial period where growing season indicators fluctuate near a base period average, and a second period of rapidly increasing growing season length and thermal intensity. Growing degree-days are highly correlated with March-to-November mean air temperatures in all climatic regions of China; the length of the growing season is likewise highly correlated with March-to-November mean air temperatures except in east, southeast and southwest China at base temperature of 0°C and southeast China at base temperature of 5°C. The growing season start date appears to have the greater influence on the length of the growing season. In China, warmer growing seasons are also likely to be longer growing seasons.     

气候变暖对水稻生育期影响的情景分析

温度是影响作物发育速度的基本因子之一，温度的高低决定生育期的长短。利用全国水稻生态试验资料，分析了不同气候带的水稻生育期与温度的关系。结果指出，水稻生育期平均气温升高1℃，生育期日数平均缩短7.6日。温室效应使气温升高1～4℃，将导致我国各地水稻的一季稻和早稻生育期缩短；东部地区目前的生育期等日期线北移；东北地区北移1～5个纬度；黄淮地区北移3～6个纬度。通过调整种植季节，选用合适的水稻生态类型，以水调温措施，可以减少生育期缩短的日数。     

近40年中国气候生长期的变化

利用中国642个站点1961~2000年的逐日平均气温记录, 分析研究了中国1961~2000年气候生长期的变化趋势。结果表明, 在近40年中, 气候生长期在全国范围平均增加了6.6天, 北方地区平均增加10.2天, 南方地区平均增加4.2天, 青藏高原增加最多, 达到18.2天。20世纪90年代是气候生长期增加最大, 增长最明显的时期, 1998年是近40年气候生长期最长的年份。对气候生长期变化趋势空间分布特点的进一步分析表明, 华北和青藏高原北部是气候生长期增加最大, 增长最明显的地区, 尤其以河北省和青海西北部最为显著。南方各省份除了四川西北、云贵高原、安徽、江苏外, 其它地区的气候生长期变化趋势不明显。     

Fluctuations in the length of the growing season in Minnesota

Fluctuations in growing season length and in the dates of the last spring freeze and first fall freeze between 1899 and 1982 were studied for five rural Minnesota stations with long, high quality records. A general increase in growing season length was found, but there was substantial variation in the pattern of fluctuations among the stations. The increase in growing season length is not clearly and uniformly related to changes in the dates of first and last freezes. The interannual variability of growing season duration is on the order of the increase in duration so that the change would not be readily apparent to a casual observer. Our results do not correspond well with certain other studies of growing season length nor with fluctuations in hemispheric mean temperature. We conclude that extreme care must be used in extrapolating results of growing season length studies in space and in relating them to mean temperature fluctuations.     

Estimating daily global solar radiation during the growing season in Northeast China using the ?ngstr?m–Prescott model

Daily global solar radiation is an important input required in most crop models. In the present study, a sunshine-based model, the ?ngstr?m–Prescott model, is employed to estimate daily global solar radiation on a horizontal surface during the growing season in Northeast China. Data from six control groups are used. The controls include the entire sequence, precipitation days, and non-precipitation days both during the growing season and year-round. Estimations are validated by comparing the calculated values with the corresponding measured values. The results indicate that estimating daily global solar radiation during the growing season using data only from the growing season is better than using year-round data. Classifying days with respect to precipitation and non-precipitation is also unnecessary. The performance on estimating daily global solar radiation during the growing season using the entire data in growing season performs best. A sunshine-based equation is obtained using our method to estimate growing season daily radiation for all meteorological stations in Northeast China. The approved approach is expected to be beneficial to crop models and other agricultural purposes.     

Impact of climate change on mid-twenty-first century growing seasons in Africa

Changes in growing seasons for 2041–2060 across Africa are projected using a regional climate model at 90-km resolution, and confidence in the predictions is evaluated. The response is highly regional over West Africa, with decreases in growing season days up to 20% in the western Guinean coast and some regions to the east experiencing 5–10% increases. A longer growing season up to 30% in the central and eastern Sahel is predicted, with shorter seasons in parts of the western Sahel. In East Africa, the short rains (boreal fall) growing season is extended as the Indian Ocean warms, but anomalous mid-tropospheric moisture divergence and a northward shift of Sahel rainfall severely curtails the long rains (boreal spring) season. Enhanced rainfall in January and February increases the growing season in the Congo basin by 5–15% in association with enhanced southwesterly moisture transport from the tropical Atlantic. In Angola and the southern Congo basin, 40–80% reductions in austral spring growing season days are associated with reduced precipitation and increased evapotranspiration. Large simulated reductions in growing season over southeastern Africa are judged to be inaccurate because they occur due to a reduction in rainfall in winter which is over-produced in the model. Only small decreases in the actual growing season are simulated when evapotranspiration increases in the warmer climate. The continent-wide changes in growing season are primarily the result of increased evapotranspiration over the warmed land, changes in the intensity and seasonal cycle of the thermal low, and warming of the Indian Ocean.     

南水北调华北受水区植被与降水的关系研究

华北地区年际归一化植被指数(NDⅥ)的变化与降水的年际变化有相当强的正相关,降水量增加会显著的改善植被覆盖.华北的NDⅥ变化显示了很强的季节变化特征,6月是华北农作物种植和生长的关键时期,但该月的需水量并不大,农作物生长旺季在7～8月.北京、邢台和潍坊的7月份农作物增长最快,月平均相对NDⅥ增长速度为0.4,8月的为0.2,因此,在7～8月农作物生长需水量最大,相当降水量接近180 mm,因此,在调配农业用水时应充分考虑这些因子.       

Growing season length as an indicator of climatic variations?

The growing season is considered by some to be a simple and yet significant indicator of the impact of hemispheric temperature variations at the local level. Yet, the effect of the use of different definitions of the growing season has never been determined.In the present paper, time series of the length of differently defined growing seasons at four Wisconsin stations are compared. The results show that their lengths have fluctuated in a variety of patterns over the past 80 years. Two growing seasons which showed a significant trend did not agree on its direction. The reason for this disparity is that trends in maximum and minimum temperatures are not necessarily of the same sign at different times of the year. These findings suggest that the length of the growing season is not the simple climatic indicator it has been assumed to be.     

张掖地区春小麦生长期的辐射平衡观测

张掖地区春小麦的反射率在整个生育期内比较稳定，变化范围在１５％－１９％；有效辐射在总辐射中所占比倒例随小麦的生长而迅速降低，从小麦的三叶期到抽穗期，该比例由３３％下降至２０％，抽穗以后，变化缓慢，最后降为１７％；与有效辐射的情况相反，净辐射在总辐射中的比例随小麦的生长而增加，比值从５０％增到６８％。     

Variations and trends of onset, cessation and length of climatic growing season over Xinjiang, NW China

In this study, we assess spatial patterns of variations and trends of onset, cessation, and length of growing season using mean air temperature data recorded at 51 stations in Xinjiang province, NW China over the period 1959?C2008. Rank-based Mann?CKendall trend test and linear regression method are used to detect the significance and the magnitude of growing season change, respectively. Regionally, the average onset of the growing season has shifts 5.3?days earlier while the average ending date has moved 7.1?days later, increasing the length of the growing season by an average of 12.6?days. This study reveals a quite different result from previous studies. While the lengthening of the growing season in Xinjiang in the past 50?years is similar to that of previous studies, we find that the lengthening can be mainly attributed to delay of cessation in autumn rather than advance of onset in spring. The extended growing season will have strong implications in regional agricultural production of Xinjiang.     

湖南晚稻干旱评估

从作物水分供需出发,构建湖南省晚稻干旱指数模型,通过典型年份干旱指数与相应的旱情资料对比分析,确定了湖南晚稻干旱等级指标,并利用该模型分析湖南不同区域在晚稻各个生育阶段的干旱情况。就生长阶段而言,快速生长期、生长中期、成熟期可能出现极旱几率明显高于生长初期,一般在40%以上;从地区分布看,湘中、湘北重旱出现几率明显高于湘西和湘南。评估结果可为减轻晚稻干旱危害提供参考。     

1961～2018年中国生长季变化

在全球变暖背景下,中国区域生长季发生了改变,但以往研究时段偏短、数据分辨率低且空间覆盖相对有限.本文利用0.25°×0.25°高水平分辨率日平均气温资料CN05.1,研究了1961～2018年中国生长季开始日、结束日和长度的气候态特征、变化趋势及其与季节平均温度的关系.结果表明,1961～2018年中国平均生长季开始日...     

Three-year Variations of Water, Energy and CO$_2$ Fluxes of Cropland and Degraded Grassland Surfaces in a Semi-arid Area of Northeastern China

Based on 3 years （2003-05） of the eddy covariance （EC） observations on degraded grassland and cropland surfaces in a semi-arid area of Tongyu （44°25′N, 122°52′E, 184 m a.s.1.）, Northeast China, seasonal and annual variations of water, energy and CO2 fluxes have been investigated. The soil moisture in the thin soil layer （at 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 m） clearly indicates the pronounced annual wet-dry cycle; the annual cycle is divided into the wet （growing season） and dry seasons （non-growing season）. During the growing season （from May to September）, the sensible and latent heat fluxes showed a linear dependence on the global solar radiation. However, in the non-growing season, the latent heat flux was always less than 50 W m^-2, while the available energy was dissipated as sensible, rather than latent heat flux. During the growing season in 2003-05, the daily average sensible and latent heat fluxes were larger on the cropland surface than on the degraded grassland surface. The cropland ecosystem absorbed more CO2 than the degraded grassland ecosystem in the growing season in 2003-05. The total evapotranspiration on the cropland was more than the total precipitation, while the total evapotranspiration on the degraded grassland was almost the same as the total annual precipitation in the growing season. The soil moisture had a good correlation with the rainfall in the growing season. Precipitation in the growing season is an important factor on the water and carbon budget in the semi-arid area.     

小麦生育期计算机模拟系统初步研究

在小麦生长发育的数值模拟研究的基础上,将小麦生育期划分为４个阶段,分别制定了数学模型中和子程序,确定模型的参数,模拟出每一阶段的生育期天数,并且就每一阶段的温光条件对生育期各阶段的影响给出了分析与决策,该系统对了解小麦生长发育与气象条件的定量关系,对不同发育期小麦采取有效的措施具有参考意义,也是计算机应用小麦生产的一种尝试,系统采用中文菜单操作,界面友好,可人机交互,结构化,模块化技术使系统具有蝗     

1981—2020年沈阳地区春玉米生长季水热资源时空特征

利用沈阳地区7个气象站点逐日气象数据以及春玉米生育期数据,对1980—2020年春玉米播种期、苗期、拔节期、抽雄期、成熟期和全育期的生长度日(GDD)、高温度日(HDD)、降水量及其气候倾斜率的时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明：春玉米全育期生长度日呈上升趋势,各生育期生长度日空间分布差异不太显著,总体上呈由北向南递增趋势,高值主要分布在浑南区和苏家屯区,低值分布在康平县和法库县。春玉米全育期高温度日呈递增趋势,除康平县在成熟期高温度日呈减少趋势,其他各地生育期高温度日均呈增加趋势,空间上由西北向东南不断递增。沈阳地区在近40 a春玉米全生育期均呈降低趋势,空间上由东南向西北呈递减趋势,在苗期各地降水均呈增加趋势,其他时期均以减少趋势为主。沈阳地区春玉米全育期热量资源呈增加趋势,但降水量呈减少趋势,此种趋势增大了该地区极端高温和气象干旱风险。     

Specification of thermal growing season in temperate China from 1960 to 2009

A number of studies have reported an extension of the thermal growing season in response to the warming climate during recent decades. However, the magnitude of extension depends heavily on the threshold temperature used: for a given area, a small change in the threshold temperature results in significant differences in the calculated thermal growing season. Here, we specified the threshold temperature for determining the thermal growing season of local vegetation across 326 meteorological stations in temperate China by using vegetation phenology based on satellite imagery. We examined changes in the start, end, and length of the thermal growing season from 1960 to 2009. The threshold temperatures for determining the start and end increased strongly with increasing mean annual temperature. Averaged across temperate China, the start of the thermal growing season advanced by 8.4?days and the end was delayed by 5.7?days, resulting in a 14.1-day extension from 1960 to 2009. The thermal growing season was intensively prolonged (by 0.59?day/year) since the mid-1980s owing to accelerated warming during this period. This extension was similar to that determined by a spatially fixed threshold temperature of 5?°C, but the spatial patterns differed, owing to differences in the threshold temperature and to intra-annual heterogeneity in climate warming. This study highlights the importance of specifying the temperature threshold for local vegetation when assessing the influences of climate change on thermal growing season, and provides a method for determining the threshold temperature from satellite-derived vegetation phenology.     

Finite-time normal mode disturbances and error growth during Southern Hemisphere blocking

The structural organization of initially random errors evolving in a barotropic tangent linear model, with time-dependent basic states taken from analyses, is examined for cases of block development, maturation and decay in the Southern Hemisphere atmosphere during April, November, and December 1989. The statistics of 100 evolved errors are studied for six-day periods and compared with the growth and structures of fast growing normal modes and finite-time normal modes (FTNMs). The amplification factors of most initially random errors are slightly less than those of the fastest growing FTNM for the same time interval.During their evolution, the standard deviations of the error fields become concentrated in the regions of rapid dynamical development, particularly associated with developing and decaying blocks. We have calculated probability distributions and the mean and standard deviations of pattern correlations between each of the 100 evolved error fields and the five fastest growing FTNMs for the same time interval. The mean of the largest pattern correlation, taken over the five fastest growing FTNMs, increases with increasing time interval to a value close to 0.6 or larger after six days. FTNM 1 generally, but not always, gives the largest mean pattern correlation with error fields. Corresponding pattern correlations with the fast growing normal modes of the instantaneous basic state flow are significant but lower than with FTNMs.Mean pattern correlations with fast growing FTNMs increase further when the time interval is increased beyond six days.     

Fluctuations in the onset,termination and length of the growing season in northern Nigeria

Summary A simple water balance method is used to compute the dates of the onset and termination and length of the growing season from long-term rainfall series in northern Nigeria. For most of the stations, the time series of onset and termination dates and growing season length are homogeneous and random, and can be taken as normally distributed. There is a progressive decrease in the length of the growing season from a mean of about 200 days in the south to less than 155 days in the extreme northern part. While there is no statistically significant trend in the onset dates, there is some evidence for statistically significant decreasing trend in the termination dates and the length of the growing season over the region. The results indicate that recent trends in the length of the growing season are more sensitive.to large interannual fluctuations in the start of the rains than to variations in the cessation dates.With 7 Figures     

作物长势评估指数的设计与应用

合理有效地开展作物长势评估,可以及时反映作物生长状况及其对天气气候条件的响应。由于WOFOST模型、ORYZA2000模型在模拟冬小麦、玉米和水稻生长发育过程具备较强机理性,研究基于2001年以来全国冬小麦、玉米、水稻主产区逐日模拟的作物发育进程、叶面积指数和地上总生物量,通过隶属函数构建评估指数,开展高时空分辨率的作物长势评估。结果表明:长势综合评估指数在作物生长前期以发育进程、叶面积指数和地上总生物量三要素加权集合表征,中后期以发育进程和地上总生物量与穗重相关性的加权集合表征;长势评估指数与常规地面观测和遥感长势监测一致性较好,可以反映天气气候条件影响。在作物生长季内,以日为单位构建了作物长势评估指数数据库;根据长势评估指数将作物长势分为长势好、长势偏好、长势持平、长势偏差、长势差,实现空间上的长势监测、对比;以空间集成的方式,开展省级作物长势对比分析;利用长势评估指数变化反映典型天气气候条件对作物生长发育的影响。上述基于作物模型的作物长势评估指数符合现代化农业气象科研与业务服务发展的需求。