移植操作胁迫对天鹅湖大叶藻存活、生长及光合色素含量的影响

2009年4月利用植株枚订移植法在山东荣成天鹅湖海域开展大叶藻植株移植,于5~10月监测移植大叶藻植株的存活率,并逐月采集自然和移植大叶藻植株,比较了植株生长、叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量的变化,分析了移植操作胁迫对大叶藻存活、生长、叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量的影响。结果显示,移植后1~2个月,移植植株的平均成活率较高,至移植后4个月,平均成活率降至57.8%,之后保持稳定。移植后6个月内,叶长移植植株均极显著低于自然植株;根长和茎节长在移植后1个月时移植植株显著低于自然植株,移植2个月后与自然植株无明显差异,甚至显著高于自然植株;叶绿素含量和类胡萝卜素含量在移植后1个月时移植植株显著低于自然植株,移植2个月后则与天然植株无明显不同,甚至显著高于自然植株,但10月份移植植株的叶绿素含量明显下降。结果表明,移植操作对大叶藻植株的地上部分产生了严重的胁迫作用和较长的胁迫时间,而移植植株的地下部分及叶片叶绿素和类胡萝卜素在经过短期胁迫后,能够通过自身的补偿机制分别实现快速生长和显著增加,从而利于植株的扎根、固着和提高植株的光合作用能力。     

盐度对滨海湿地盐地碱蓬生理指标和反射光谱的响应分析

为探讨盐度对碱蓬生理指标和反射光谱的响应,以滨海湿地盐地碱蓬(Suaedasalsa)为研究对象,采用自然光照盆栽试验方法研究8种盐度(0(对照,CK)、5、10、15、20、25、30和35)对碱蓬幼苗的生理指标(株高、鲜质量、干质量、叶绿素含量、可溶性总糖和蛋白质质量比)和反射光谱的响应。研究结果表明:盐度对碱蓬植株生理指标存在显著响应,低中盐度(0～25)对植株生长有促进作用,而高盐度(30～35)对植株生长起到抑制作用;25盐度下,碱蓬株高、鲜质量、干质量、叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性总糖质量比均高于其他盐度和对照组;不同盐度处理下的碱蓬植株蛋白质质量比均高于对照组;盐度对碱蓬反射光谱存在明显响应,碱蓬在绿光和近红外波段的反射率随着盐度的增加而逐渐减小;通过相关分析判断出碱蓬株高、鲜质量、干质量、叶绿素含量、可溶性总糖和蛋白质质量比的诊断波段,分别是547、555、548、556、546和2 300 nm。碱蓬高光谱特征指数MTCI、MNDVI1、DCNI、TCARI/OSAVI和R546在不同盐度下存在明显差异,可作为盐分胁迫的高光谱响应诊断指标。分析盐度对碱蓬生理指标和反射光谱的响应,可为深入研究碱蓬对退化滨海湿地生态修复具有重要参考意义。     

红树植物白骨壤叶片衰老过程中叶肉细胞Ca2+水平的变化

用焦锑酸钙沉淀的电镜细胞化学方法，研究了白骨壤叶片衰老过程中叶肉细胞Ca^2 水平的变化．结果表明，在白骨壤幼叶和成熟叶叶肉细胞中，焦锑酸钙沉淀颗粒大量出现在液池和细胞间隙中，细胞壁中也可见少量沉淀，而细胞基质中则看不到焦锑酸钙沉淀．在衰老叶中，细胞基质和细胞膜上焦锑酸钙沉淀增加，而液泡和细胞间隙中的锑酸钙沉淀则显著减少，并且叶绿体外膜部分破损，结构破坏，核膜与液泡膜内部结构模糊，叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气扎手率和蒸腾速率显著下降．Ca^2 的区域性分布的变化与植物叶片衰老密切相关。     

营养盐对中肋骨条藻和新月菱形藻部分生化组成和性质的影响

１９９５年５月－１９９６年３月,通过一次（分批）培养实验研究了中肋骨条藻和新月菱形藻部分生化组成和性质随培养介质中硝酸盐和磷酸盐水平的变化。结果表明,在氮限制条件下,藻体叶绿素α含量和碱性磷酸酶活力较低,与生长速率呈正相关;碳水化合物含量先随硝酸盐浓度增加而升高,当叶绿素α含量较低时降低。在磷限制条件下,藻体叶绿素α、碳水化合物含量和碱性磷酸酶活力均升高。碳水化合物的积累较氮限制时显著。各生化指标     

石菖蒲叶绿素荧光特性对淹水胁迫的响应

水位波动是控制湿地特征的关键因子,是影响湿地系统植物群落生存和发展的主导因子。植物是湿地结构和功能的核心,研究水位波动对湿地植物的影响对于湿地植被恢复以及湿地生态系统的构建具有重要的意义。实验结果显示,淹水处理对石菖蒲叶片叶绿素、丙二醛、初始荧光(F0)、最大光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学淬灭系数（qP）、相对光合电子传递速率（rETR）产生显著影响。与对照处理相比,半淹处理显著提高植株中初始荧光（F0）、光合电子传递速率(ETR)(P<0.05),并且植株叶绿素、F0、Fv/Fm、qP、rETR均高于对照处理;全淹处理则显著增加植株丙二醛（MDA）含量(P<0.05),显著降低叶绿素、最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm)、光化学淬灭系数（qP）(P<0.05),并使植株叶绿素、F0、Fv/Fm、qP、rETR均低于对照处理。由此可见,石菖蒲具有一定的抗淹能力,适宜的水位高度利于石菖蒲的光合作用,可促进其生长,但不能进行全淹     

台湾海峡及其邻近海域表层水叶绿素a含量时空变化特征

从物理过程和营养输送方面讨论了2006～2007年台湾海峡及其邻近海域表层水叶绿素a含量的时空变化特征及其调控因素.结果表明,台湾海峡表层水体从南至北叶绿素a含量的季节变化存在着明显差异.在北部海区叶绿素a含量平均值以春季居高,冬季最低;中部海区以秋季最高,夏季最低;南部较反常,以冬季最高,夏季最低.浙闽沿岸流、海峡暖流及上升流所造成的营养盐输入方式的差异可能是决定海峡叶绿素a含量季节分布南北差异的关键因素.分析结果还表明,春、夏季叶绿素a含量的分布在南部和北部海域均主要受营养盐限制,秋季叶绿素a含量在南部和北部海域分别主要受到磷酸盐含量和水温的影响,冬季叶绿素a含量在南部和北部海域分别主要受到硝酸盐含量和水温的影响.     

台湾海峡及其邻近海域表层水叶绿素α含量时空变化特征

从物理过程和营养输送方面讨论了2006～2007年台湾海峡及其邻近海域表层水叶绿素口含量的时空变化特征及其调控因素．结果表明,台湾海峡表层水体从南至北叶绿素。含量的季节变化存在着明显差异．在北部海区叶绿素口含量平均值以春季居高,冬季最低;中部海区以秋季最高,夏季最低;南部较反常,以冬季最高,夏季最低．浙闽沿岸流、海峡暖流及上升流所造成的营养盐输入方式的差异可能是决定海峡叶绿素口含量季节分布南北差异的关键因素．分析结果还表明,春、夏季叶绿素口含量的分布在南部和北部海域均主要受营养盐限制,秋季叶绿素口含量在南部和北部海域分别主要受到磷酸盐含量和水温的影响,冬季叶绿素α含量在南部和北部海域分别主要受到硝酸盐含量和水温的影响．     

春季东海不同水域的表层叶绿素含量

利用１９９４年春季在东海及台湾海峡首次获得的表层水中绿素含量大面走航连续观测资料，结合温盐分布及以往的有关东海及台湾海峡的海流和上升流的结论，分析了春季东海表层叶绿素含量在不同水域的分布特征。结果表明，叶绿素含量分布与水文结构关系密切。叶绿素含量值随不同海流流域而变，但在各海流流域内基本不变，黑潮表层水的叶绿素含量最低，其次是台湾暖流表层水，长江冲淡水与江浙沿岸流域的叶绿素含量较高；黑潮西侧弱流剧     

大气CO2浓度升高对鳗草植株生长的影响

在人工模拟大气CO_2浓度升高的调节系统条件下,研究了4个不同大气CO_2浓度(380×10~(-6)(对照组,当前大气CO_2浓度)、750×10~(-6)(对应21世纪末大气CO_2浓度)、1 900×10~(-6)(对应23世纪末大气CO_2浓度)、变化组(CO_2浓度由380×10~(-6)逐步升高至1 900×10~(-6)))对鳗草(Zostera marina)存活、生长、光合色素含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活力、可溶性糖含量及叶片和茎节气道面积的影响,分析了鳗草植株应对大气CO_2浓度升高的生长响应和生理适应过程。研究显示,经过30 d培育实验,大气CO_2浓度升高对鳗草植株的存活率( 98%)、生产力和叶片光合色素含量等指标无明显影响;大气CO_2浓度升高显著提高了植株叶片延伸率和茎节直径,均在1 900×10~(-6)时达到最大值,分别是对照组的1.4和1.1倍;随大气CO_2浓度升高,鳗草植株的叶绿素a/叶绿素b、可溶性糖含量和气道面积等指标均呈现逐渐升高的趋势,在1 900×10~(-6)时达到最大值,显著高于对照组(P0.05)。研究结果表明,大气CO_2浓度升高对鳗草植株的生长、光合作用、物质代谢和气体交换等生理过程具有促进作用,且CO_2浓度越高促进作用越显著。     

木榄胚轴萌发及幼苗生长与生理对水渍和底质条件的响应

采用模拟半日潮系统研究了水渍和底质条件对红树植物木榄(Bruguieragymnorrhiza)的影响。水位上升和淹水时间延长导致红树林底质的酸化,且壤质底质的酸化比沙质底质严重;对木榄的萌苗速度无显著影响;促进木榄的早期生长,尤其是导致最初2个月茎高生长的增加,但后2个月木榄的相对生长率受抑制;地下部/地上部生物量比值下降,沙质底质中尤为如此;粗根比例明显增加;叶绿素含量增加,叶绿素a/b比值无显著影响;叶面积减少;壤质底质上生长植株的叶片气孔密度增加,沙质底质无显著变化;根N含量无显著变化,P含量显著增加。     

渤海冬夏季营养盐和叶绿素a的分布特征

在2000年8月和2001年1月对渤海进行的两个航次的调查取样的基础上,分析渤海营养盐和叶绿素a的分布特征,各海区营养盐的结构以及营养盐和叶绿素a的关系。结果表明,冬季营养盐的浓度高于夏季,硅酸盐有明显的垂向结构,40多年来渤海中部硝酸盐呈现增加趋势;莱州湾浮游植物生长处于磷限制,其它海区处于氮限制;冬季叶绿素a的浓度也高于夏季,叶绿素a的季节差异可能与夏季浮游动物对浮游植物的大量摄食有关。     

Bio-Optical Relationship of Case I Waters: The Difference between the Low- and Mid-Latitude Waters and the Southern Ocean

Both historic and currently operational chlorophyll algorithms of the satellite-borne ocean color sensors, such as SeaWiFS, were evaluated for in situ spectral radiation and chlorophyll data in some Case I waters, including the waters in the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean. Chlorophyll a concentration of the data set (n = 73) ranged from 0.04 to 1.01 mg m^–3. The algorithms had higher accuracy for the low- and mid-latitude waters (RMSE: 0.163–0.253), specifically the most recently developed algorithms of OCTS and Sea WiFS showed 0.163 and 0.170 of Root Mean Square Errors, respectively. However, these algorithms had large errors (0.422–0.621) for the Southern Ocean data set and underestimated the surface chlorophyll by more than a factor of 2.6. The absorption coefficients in the blue spectral region retrieved from remote sensing reflectance varied in a nonlinear manner with chlorophyll a concentration, and the value in the Southern Ocean was significantly lower than that in the low- and mid-latitude waters for each chlorophyll a concentration. The underestimation of chlorophyll a concentration in the Southern Ocean with these algorithms was caused by the lower specific absorption coefficient in the region compared with the low- and mid-latitude waters under the same chlorophyll a concentration.     

漳江口桐花树叶片光合色素含量和叶绿素荧光参数与盐度的关系

对生长在漳江口红树林湿地国家级自然保护区不同盐度环境中（FZ1：7.95-10.00;FZ2：11.10-15.25;FZ3：15.60-20.08;FZ4：20.58-23.54）优势红树植物桐花树的光合色素含量和叶绿素荧光特征进行了研究,结果表明盐度最低的样地FZ1比其他样地具有更高的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和胡萝卜素含量（p〈0.05）.Fv/Fm、Fv/F0和PIABS表现出同样的规律：FZ1、FZ2较高,尤其FZ1最高,与FZ3、FZ4有极显著水平差异（p〈0.01）.叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线（O-J-I-P）起始部分变化不大,其余部分均是FZ3比其他3个样地低.比活性参数ABS/CS、TRo/CS各样地间无显著差异;ETo/RC、RC/CSo是FZ3比其他样地下降,尤其是与FZ1、FZ2有极显著差异.DIo/CS则是FZ3比其他样地高,尤其是与FZ1、FZ2有极显著差异.这些结果表明,在保护区内盐度7.95‰-15.25‰环境中的桐花树叶片光合色素含量较高,光合器官对光能的吸收、转化和利用效率更高.     

细胞结构对浮游植物光学特性的影响

藻细胞抽象为细胞质和叶绿体构成的两层球体结构, 结合Aden-Kerker散射理论, 分析了藻细胞各物理属性对其光学特性的影响, 同时也与均匀球体藻细胞的光学特性进行了对比分析。分析结果表明, 与均匀球体结构相比, 叶绿体为外裹层的细胞结构将显著增强其后向散射效率及后向散射比率, 而叶绿体为内核层的细胞结构因打包效应将削弱藻细胞的吸收效率; 当叶绿体为外裹层时, 细胞粒径大小、叶绿体相对体积、叶绿体复折射率的虚部都对藻细胞的吸收效率会产生显著影响; 同时, 细胞粒径大小和叶绿体复折射率实部是决定细胞后向散射效率和后向散射比率的两个重要指标。     

2008年夏季白令海粒度分级叶绿素a和初级生产力

2008年7月我国第三次北极科学考察中在白令海不同区域设立BR断面、NB断面和BS断面,对200 m以浅海水进行叶绿素a浓度和初级生产力的现场观测,对部分观测站进行微型、微微型光合浮游生物的粒级结构分析,结果表明,在白令海叶绿素a和初级生产力区域性特征明显,深海海盆中BR断面表层叶绿素a浓度为0.190～0.976μg...     

Seasonal change of oceanographic conditions and chlorophyll <Emphasis Type="Italic">a</Emphasis> vertical distribution in the southwestern Okhotsk Sea during the non-iced season

Seasonal changes in oceanographic conditions related to primary productivity was investigated in the southwestern Okhotsk Sea during non-iced seasons, using the observation data conducted in 2000∼2006. Based on hydrographic characteristics, the studied area could be classified into two regions, the Coastal Region which is influenced under the Soya Warm Current and the Forerunner Water of the Soya Warm Current, and the Offshore Region where the Intermediate Cold Water was located in the subsurface layer. This study is the first report on seasonal change of nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations in the offshore region of the southwestern Okhotsk Sea. Variability of concentrations of chlorophyll a and nutrients is temporally and regionally high in the Coastal Region. The maximum chlorophyll a concentration in April was observed at the surface layer of both regions. The most remarkable feature on the vertical structure in the Offshore Region was the consistent existence of the Intermediate Cold Water and the development of seasonal thermocline in the subsurface layer during summer and autumn. The stratification formed within the euphotic zone in the Offshore Region resulted in the formation of the subsurface chlorophyll a maximum (SCM) from May to October. Throughout the research period, although less amplitude of nutrients at the surface was observed in the Coastal Region than that in the Offshore Region, comparable amplitude of chlorophyll a concentration was observed between regions. These results suggested differences of environmental conditions for primary production between the two regions. Depending on the presence of SCM, relationships between chlorophyll a concentration at the sea surface and chlorophyll a standing stock within the euphotic layer were different. At most stations with SCM, the surface chlorophyll a concentration was lower than 0.6 mg m-3. This suggests that the presence of SCM and the chlorophyll a standing stock within the euphotic layer may be estimated using the surface chlorophyll a concentration from spring to autumn in the studied area.     

Identification and classification of vertical chlorophyll patterns in the Benguela upwelling system and Angola-Benguela front using an artificial neural network

Information on the vertical chlorophyll structure in the ocean is important for estimating integrated chlorophyll a and primary production from satellite. For this study, vertical chlorophyll profiles from the Benguela upwelling system and the Angola-Benguela front were collected in winter to identify characteristic profiles. A shifted Gaussian model was fitted to each profile to estimate four parameters that defined the shape of the curve: the background chlorophyll concentration (B ₀), the height parameter of the peak (h), the width of the peak (σ) and the depth of the chlorophyll peak (z_m ). A type of artificial neural network called a self-organizing map (SOM) was then used on these four parameters to identify characteristic profiles. The analysis identified a continuum of chlorophyll patterns, from those with large surface peaks (>10 mg m^?3) to those with smaller near-surface peaks (<2 mg m^?3). The frequency of occurrence of each chlorophyll pattern identified by the SOM showed that the most frequent pattern (～12%) had a near-surface peak and the least frequent pattern (～2%) had a large surface peak. These characteristic profile shapes were then related to pertinent environmental variables such as sea surface temperature, surface chlorophyll, mixed layer depth and euphotic depth. Partitioning the SOM output map into environmental categories showed large peaks of surface chlorophyll dominating in water with cool temperature, high surface chlorophyll concentration and shallow mixed layer and euphotic depth. By contrast, smaller peaks of subsurface chlorophyll were in water with warmer temperature, lower surface chlorophyll concentration, intermediate mixed layer and deep euphotic depth. These relationships can be used semi-quantitatively to predict profile shape under different environmental conditions. The SOM analysis highlighted the large variability in shape of vertical chlorophyll profiles in the Benguela. This suggests that an ideal typical chlorophyll profile, as used in the framework of biogeochemical provinces, may not be applicable to this dynamic upwelling system.     

Parallel structure among environmental gradients and three trophic levels in a subarctic estuary

We assessed spatial and temporal variability in the physical environment of a subarctic estuary, and examined concurrent patterns of chlorophyll α abundance (fluorescence), and zooplankton and forage fish community structure. Surveys were conducted in lower Cook Inlet, Alaska, during late July and early August from 1997 through 1999. Principle components analysis (PCA) revealed that spatial heterogeneity in the physical oceanographic environment of lower Cook Inlet could be modeled as three marine-estuarine gradients characterized by temperature, salinity, bottom depth, and turbidity. The gradients persisted from 1997 through 1999, and PCA explained 68% to 92% of the variance in physical oceanography for each gradient-year combination. Correlations between chlorophyll α abundance and distribution and the PCA axes were weak. Chlorophyll was reduced by turbidity, and low levels occurred in areas with high levels of suspended sediments. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was used to order the sample sites based on species composition and to order the zooplankton and forage fish taxa based on similarities among sample sites for each gradient-year. Correlations between the structure of the physical environment (PCA axis 1) and zooplankton community structure (DCA axis 1) were strong (r = 0.43-0.86) in all years for the three marine-estuarine gradients, suggesting that zooplankton community composition was structured by the physical environment. The physical environment (PCA) and forage fish community structure (DCA) were weakly correlated in all years along Gradient 2, defined by halocline intensity and surface temperature and salinity, even though these physical variables were more important for defining zooplankton habitats. However, the physical environment (PCA) and forage fish community structure (DCA) were strongly correlated along the primary marine-estuarine gradient (#1) in 1997 (r = 0.87) and 1998 (r = 0.82). The correlation was poor (r = 0.32) in 1999, when fish community structure changed markedly in lower Cook Inlet. Capelin (Mallotus villosus), walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), and arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias) were caught farther north than in previous years. Waters were significantly colder and more saline in 1999, a La Niña year, than in other years of the study. Interannual fluctuations in environmental conditions in lower Cook Inlet did not have substantial effects on zooplankton community structure, although abundance of individual taxa varied significantly. The abundance and distribution of chlorophyll α, zooplankton and forage fish were affected much more by spatial variability in physical oceanography than by interannual variability. Our examination of physical-biological linkages in lower Cook Inlet supports the concept of “bottom-up control,” i.e., that variability in the physical environment structures higher trophic-level communities by influencing their distribution and abundance across space.