Using impervious surfaces to detect urban expansion in Beijing of China in 2000s

The change of impervious surface area(ISA) can effectively reveal the gradual process of urbanization and act as a key index for monitoring urban expansion. Experiencing rapid growth of the built environment in the 2000 s, urban expansion of Beijing has not been fully characterized through ISA. In this study, Landsat TM images of Beijing in 2001 and 2009 were obtained, and the eight-year urban expansion process in Beijing was analyzed using the ISA extracted by means of the vegetation-imperious surface-soil(V-I-S) model. From the spatial variation in ISA, the ring structure of urban expansion in Beijing was significant during the study period, with decreasing urban density from the city center to the periphery. In the ring road analysis, the most dramatic changes of ISA were found between the fifth ring and the sixth ring. This area has experienced the most new residential development, and is currently the main source of urban expansion. The typical profile lines revealed the directional characteristics of urban expansion. The east-west profile was the most urbanized axes in Beijing, while ISA change in the east-north profile was more significant than in the other five profiles. Moreover, the transition matrix of ISA levels revealed an increase in urban density in the low density built areas; the Moran′s I index showed a clear expansion of the central urban area, which spread contiguously; and the standard deviational ellipse indicated the northeast was the dominant direction of urban expansion. These findings can provide important spatial control guidelines in the next round of national economic and social development planning, overall urban and rural planning, and land use planning.     

近20年来福州城市热环境变化遥感分析

城市热环境是城市微气候的重要组成部分,已成为近年来的研究热点。受制于卫星传感器较低的热红外波段空间分辨率,此类数据反演得到的地表温度难以反映城市热环境的实际情况。为解决这一困境,本文利用空间降尺度HUTS算法反演得到30 m空间分辨率的福州市中心城区1994年5月12日、2003年5月29日和2016年7月27日3个时相的地表温度影像。在此基础上,结合土地利用等数据对热环境的时空变化做定量分析,并进一步引入景观指数,分析近20年间福州市中心城区高温度等级斑块的形态变化。结果表明：① 近20年间随着城市拓展,福州市建成区的高温区域面积从35.75 km²增加到184.11 km²,高温度等级斑块不断从市中心向四周扩散;② 市中心的特高温斑块和高温斑块趋向破裂、分散,聚集程度下降,次高温斑块的面积与占比均大幅提升,成为建成区内高温区域的主要组成部分;③ 城市热岛比例指数URI由0.39上升到0.52,热岛效应明显加强。总体上,近20 a间福州市建成区的热环境变化较大,其中鼓楼区南部、台江区和晋安区南部的高温区域聚集现象有所改善,而仓山区、马尾区和闽侯县的大部分区域在经历快速城市化过程后温度等级明显升高。     

1992-2010年基于DMSP-OLS图像的环渤海城市群空间格局变化分析

从DMSP-OLS数据提取城市区域的经验阈值法存在固有的缺陷,经验阈值对不同的空间区域不具备通用性,不适用的经验阈值,将导致城区面积提取具有较大误差,可采用统计数据对经验阈值进行修正以降低误差。本文在大时空尺度条件下以少量样本城市的统计数据对经验阈值方法进行了修正;另采用Elvidge二次多项式模型对DMSP-OLS时间序列数据进行了校正。在此基础上选取总斑块数量、景观总面积、平均斑块大小、最大斑块面积比、斑块密度、景观形状指数、总边界长度、平均边界密度和斑块平均回旋半径共9个景观生态学指标,采用FRAGSTATS 3.3软件计算分析了1992-2010年环渤海区域城市发展的空间格局变化特征。结果表明:1992-2010年间,环渤海区域城市化进程持续较快发展,城市建成区总面积增加了2.14倍,平均城市建成区面积增加了76%,提取到的城市斑块平均回旋半径增加了约26.5%,并且城市景观斑块的复杂度明显上升,可检测到的城镇总个数增加了82%。但是,每100km2内孤立的城市景观斑块数却降低了约76%;大城市持续扩张的相对速度慢于中小城市,城市区域边界密度和整体城市分布景观格局破碎度逐渐降低,核心城市与周围卫星城市的景观斑块的联通性逐步增加。     

珠海市城区景观空间格局特征分析

本文以遥感影像、野外调查和统计资料为数据源, 在ArcGIS 支持下, 建立以珠海市主城区为起点设置的不同方向的两个空间样带, 结合景观格局指数和空间梯度分析方法, 分析了珠海市城区景观空间格局沿梯度变化的规律。结果表明:珠海市城区15 年来城乡建设用地、道路和林地的面积均呈增加趋势, 农田、裸地, 水体、灌丛和滩涂等类型面积减小, 证明了研究时段内城市扩展在城乡交界区域明显;随着空间样带由城区中心向外围移动, 样带上建设用地的面积均下降, 农田面积逐渐上升, 表明了珠海城市化的发展具有一定的梯度性和方向性。通过空间格局梯度变化特征的分析, 能够定量化地分析珠海城市化进程的发展, 对于珠海的城市规划与管理具有重要理论意义。     

福州市地表温度热点及时空变化分析

中国作为世界第一大发展中国家,近年来城镇化发展迅速,大量自然地表转化为人工地表,从而引起了一系列环境问题,其中以城市热岛问题最为显著。因此如何缓解因城市化进程的加快引起的城市热岛效应已成为热门研究方向。为精确分析城市空间格局对热集聚的影响,本研究利用2000年5月4日的Landsat ETM+和2016年7月27日获取的Landsat OLI两期遥感影像,获取福州市的土地覆盖信息并进行精度验证。在地表温度（Land Surface Temperature, LST）反演基础上通过热点分析（Getis-Ord Gi*）,并结合不透水面（Impervious Surface Area, ISA）信息来研究城市化进程中福州市16 年来 LST的变化特性,空间集聚特性及其产生的尺度效应。热点分析结果显示：① 通过分析福州市内各地和热点中心的距离与LST的关系可较好地反映空间热聚集。2000 年在距热点中心0.97、1.03、0.95 km范围内热聚集明显;2016 年则增长到分别在距热点中心半径1.89、2.01、2.10、2.05、2.13 km范围内热集聚显著且热点区数量也从3 个增加至5 个。热集聚区（热点区和较热区）总面积在此期间从15.7%增至47.3%;② 由于热点图中的热点区和冷点区的形成不单取决于LST的高低,因此热点分析与空间自相关分析方法相比,能更直观地分析土地覆盖变化对LST的影响,了解城市内部热强度变化的细节。本研究采用的热点分析方法可用于城市环境保护与规划,将来还可作为城市土地规划与热环境影响的分析依据。同时可利用热点分析图模拟城市微气候,估算城市绿地降温程度等。此外,未来还可基于此进一步探讨更多时相以及不同城市的对比分析,特别是对不同城市类型如带状城市,多中心城市及中心城市等的研究。     

大连市城区绿地时空特征的热环境效应研究

本文选择大连市沙河口和西岗区为研究区,以Landsat ETM、SPOT等数据为基础,通过遥感解译和反演得到1999年和2013年研究区内绿地及地表温度空间分布及演变特征,结合温度-植被指数（TVX）空间分析法测度城区发展过程中绿色空间减退所引起的热环境效应,以提出更有针对性的城市气候变化适应性规划。研究结果表明：（1）1999-2013年,研究区绿地面积减少43.8%,绿地斑块增加42.9%,城市绿地呈现面积减少、空间分布碎化的演变特征。其中,森林绿地、公园绿地和街区绿地转化为建设用地的贡献率分别为43.8%、42.9%和13.3%,街区绿地因原始面积小且转化率高,被建设用地侵占最为严重。（2）1999-2013年,研究区地表温度最高值上升5.2 K,地表温差增加1.7 K,地温聚集区间由301.6 ~304.7 K上升至306.5~310.9 K,热环境效应加剧。（3）TVX模型追踪结果显示,快速城市化过程中研究区内城市绿地转化为建设用地引起植被覆盖度下降和地表温度上升,其中街区绿地被侵占造成的地表热环境效应大于公园绿地和森林绿地。     

福州市城市不透水面景观指数与城市热环境关系分析

城市化致使城市环境问题的产生,城市热环境问题就是其中之一。本文从不透水面方面研究对城市热环境的影响。根据福州市1989年和2001年LandsatTM/ETM+遥感影像数据,利用线性光谱分解法提取两时相不透水面信息,并离散化分级为中低、中、中高、高密度区4个区域,分别计算这4个区域的地表温度(LST)、归一化植被指数(NDVI),并进行相关性分析;根据阈值法和范围法分别计算不透水面的PD、AI、LPI等景观指数,结果表明:两时段内不透水面的面积有所增加,在高密度区增加明显;不透水面与地表温度的呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.66和0.71;不透水面景观指数对FISA敏感,景观指数整体的变化趋势与地表温度的变化趋势相一致,FISA值越大,温度越高,且各斑块的形状越来越复杂,空间的连续性越强;聚集度越高,人类活动也越强。     

秦淮河流域近30年不透水面景观格局时空演变研究

不透水面作为表征城市化的重要指标,具有极其重要的生态学意义。本文选取多时相Landsat影像,以秦淮河流域为研究区,通过旋转森林算法得到9年土地利用覆盖图,并综合不透水率动态变化分析、土地利用变化轨迹分析、景观格局指数分析探究大流域尺度在近30年间不透水面景观格局的演变过程,旨在揭示其在城市化背景下的时空演变规律。研究结果表明：近30年来,秦淮河流域城市化进程推动下的景观格局变化显著,不透水面积增长近4倍,景观优势度大幅提升;城市化格局演变在2001-2003年前后具有明显差异,前期城市扩张以南京城区与江宁区为主,后期南京城区不透水面扩张大大减缓,而溧水区与句容市扩张速度大幅提升;城市化建设后期,流域内不透水面斑块形状复杂度降低、散布与并列情况减少、斑块的连通性、聚集度逐步增加,其中连通性水平较高的地区主要集中在南京城区和江宁区。     

Non-coordination in China＇s Urbanization： Assessment and Affecting Factors

Urbanization is a comprehensive concept, a trinity process that population urbanization, economic urbanization and space urbanization, is based on the interactions and mutual influences among the in which, people are the central and leading players in this process, while economic activities serve as the driving force and space is the carrier-the physical or material setting as well as the product. So the coordination among these processes is crucial for a country or region＇s sustainable development. China is experiencing rapid growth of cities and a surge in urban population, with the basic national condition of many people and little land, which calls for a systematic study of the issue of coordinated urbanization from theoretical, methodological and practical perspectives. Based on the concept of urbanization and non-coordination of urbanization, this article built a quantitative method to identify and evaluate the urbanization and non-coordination of urbanization, and made an empirical analysis in China between 2000 and 2008. The results show that the non-coordination overall level of China＇s urbanization declined during the study period, because population urbanization, economic urbanization, and space urbanization exhibited different trajectories of change. This study also reveals that performance assessment system, household registration system, and urban land expropriation system, etc., are the main affecting factors. At the end, we put forward some suggestions to achieve sustainable development of China＇s urbanization from the aspects of improving the local government＇s obiective function, imolementing the urban plalming svstem, enforcing public particination asnects and so on.     

The Interaction of Population,Industry and Land in Process of Urbanization in China: A Case Study in Jilin Province

Urbanization is a complex process that covers a wide range of topics, of which population, industry and land urbanization are three important aspects. Jilin Province is an important agricultural province in China. The contradiction between population, industry and land urbanization is especially prominent here, and its coupling development is of great practical significance. In this paper, the coupling degree of population-industry-land urbanization in Jilin Province in 1990, 2000 and 2010 is measured by coupling mode. The spatial pattern of the coupling degree is analyzed by trend surface analysis and global and local spatial autocorrelation. The influence factors and their spatial differentiation are discussed using multiple linear regression (MLR) model and geographic weighted regression (GWR) model. The results show that: 1) the coupling degree of population-industry-land urbanization in Jilin Province is at a low level. Judging from the change of time scale, the urbanization of most research units is becoming more and more coordinated. From the comparison of spatial scales, there is significant spatial difference in the research units of different administrative levels. 2) Judging from the global change trend, the coupling degree of population-industry-land urbanization in the central region is higher than that in western and eastern regions. The coordination of urbanization in the central region is relatively good, and the distribution of the cold and hot spots is basically the same as that overall. 3) The spatial pattern of the coupling degree is related to the cold and hot spot distribution of the influence coefficient of urban population density and per capita urban construction land. The variation of the coupling degree spatial pattern is synchronous with the spatial change of the urban population density influence coefficient. 4) The degree of agglomeration of the urban population is the main factor promoting the coupling pattern of population-industry-land urbanization in Jilin Province, and the extent of its influence is gradually increasing. In addition, the level of city administrative, the efficiency of urban expansion and the capacity of market consumption also have an important influence on the coupling pattern.     

武汉城市化进程对湖泊景观格局的空间非平稳性影响分析

武汉城市化过程中的土地利用变化对其湖泊生态系统产生了一系列负面影响,深入研究并分析其影响的空间非平稳性对优化武汉城市化建设和环境保护规划极具现实意义。本文运用景观生态学理论和地理加权回归建模方法,分别构建城市化测度指标和多种类型景观格局指标,衡量武汉城市化进程对于湖泊特征、景观格局的影响,从而揭示了1996~2013年间武汉城市化进程与湖泊景观格局之间的空间非平稳性关系,结果表明:1武汉城市化进程对其不同地理区域的湖泊景观格局影响存在差异,具体表现为城市化强度越大的地区,其引起并解释湖泊景观格局变化的能力越强;2在武汉市大部分地区(超过其总面积的70%),尤其集中在中部及其周边地区,城市化与湖泊景观面积、密度、连通度、斑块分维数的变化均存在负相关,且具有呈方向性的梯度变化趋势。3在某些有针对性保护的区域,如北部黄陂区,景观面积、景观连通度、斑块分维数与城市化强度指数呈现出正相关。针对上述特征本研究提出武汉市湖泊防治的对策和建议。     

2005-2016年北京中心城区热岛时空格局及影响因子多元建模

城市热岛效应作为城市范围的一种典型气候特征,在近年来受到了广泛的关注。了解城市热岛时空演变及形成原因对缓解城市热环境和提高人居舒适性有着重要意义。以北京市中心城区为例,首先,基于Landsat卫星2005、2010、2016年的热红外影像数据反演得到地表温度,采用均值标准差方法对地表温度进行划分得到多等级的热岛强度,分析城市热岛的空间格局和随时间的演变规律;其次,提取不透水层、植被、裸土和水体4种典型地物类型,统计不同年份下各热岛强度之间的转移信息并计算相关的热力景观格局指数;接着,依据离市中心的距离将中心城区分为30级缓冲区,统计分析每一级缓冲区内各地物类型的面积比例与热岛强度信息。最后,以各地物类型的统计数据,结合离市中心的距离,建立各影响因子与热岛强度之间的多元关系模型,综合分析地物类型和市中心的距离变化对城市热岛的影响。结果表明：北京中心城区整体热岛强度呈逐年增长的趋势,高等级热岛强度的热力斑块面积逐步扩张,热力景观类型的多样性随时间推移呈下降态势。不透水层对热岛强度的影响较大,具体表现为不透水层盖度越高,热岛强度越大;热岛强度随离市中心距离的增大逐渐降低。     

城市人群聚集消散时空模式探索分析——以深圳市为例

城市中人群的移动是带有目的性的,城市空间结构功能也存在差异,导致人群在城市中出现聚集或消散的现象,而且该现象会随着时间不断变化。本文基于海量的手机位置数据,以深圳市为例,采用自相关分析识别出城市中人群聚集与消散的区域,然后将这些区域一天中人群聚散组合成时间序列矩阵,采用自组织图聚类方法（SOM）进行聚类得到9种典型的人群聚集、消散时空模式,结合土地利用现状数据,分析解释了每种聚散模式最可能出现的土地利用组合。该研究从聚集和消散的角度探索了城市人群移动的时空模式,进一步帮助理解城市不同区域人群的移动模式以及与城市空间结构功能之间的关系,对城市规划、交通管理具有参考和指导意义。     

Predicting Surface Urban Heat Island in Meihekou City,China: A Combination Method of Monte Carlo and Random Forest

Given the rapid urbanization worldwide, Urban Heat Island(UHI) effect has been a severe issue limiting urban sustainability in both large and small cities. In order to study the spatial pattern of Surface urban heat island(SUHI) in China’s Meihekou City, a combination method of Monte Carlo and Random Forest Regression(MC-RFR) is developed to construct the relationship between landscape pattern indices and Land Surface Temperature(LST). In this method, Monte Carlo acceptance-rejection sampling wa...     

Spatio-temporal Analysis of Urban Spatial Interaction in Globalizing China —— A Case Study of Beijing-Shanghai Corridor

This paper aims to explore urban geography with a new perspective. Endowed with the urban geography connotations, an improved data field model is employed to integrate temporal dimension into spatial process of cities in a typical region in this article. Taking the Beijing-Shanghai Corridor including 18 cities as an example, the authors chose the city centricity index (CCI) and the spatial data field model to analyze the evolution process and features of sub-region and urban spatial interaction in this corridor based on the data of 1991, 1996 and 2002. Through the analysis, we found that: 1) with the improvement of the urbanization level and the development of urban economy, the cities' CCI grew, the urban spatial radiative potential enhanced and the radiative range expanded gradually, which reflects the urban spatial interaction's intensity has been increasing greatly; 2) although the spatial interaction intensity among the cities and sub-regions in the Beijing-Shanghai Corridor was growing constantly, the gap of the spatial interaction strength among different cities and sub-regions was widening, and the spatial division between the developed areas and the less developed areas was obvious; and 3) the intensity of the spatial interaction of Beijing, Shanghai and their urban agglomerations was far greater than that in small cities of other parts of the corridor, and it may have a strong drive force on the choice of spatial location of the economic activities.     

青藏高原城镇化格局的时空分异特征及影响因素

研究青藏高原城镇化格局的时空分异及其影响因素,有利于推动青藏高原现代人类活动时空过程的认知,对青藏高原就地就近城镇化及可持续发展具有参考意义。根据历次人口普查数据,本研究构建青藏高原县市尺度城镇化空间数据集,参考城镇化发展阶段,采用LISA空间类型划分法和空间计量回归模型,系统分析1990-2010年青藏高原内部城镇化格局的时空分异特征及影响因素。主要结论包括：① 青藏高原整体城镇化水平偏低,2017年底,青藏高原主体部分青海省和西藏自治区的常住人口城镇化水平分别为53.07%和30.8%,低于全国同期水平的58.52%,但青藏高原内不乏高水平城镇化地区,而且各地区间城镇化水平的空间差异缩小;② 青海西部柴达木盆地是高水平城镇化集聚区,羌塘地区是低水平城镇化集聚区,地级行政中心所在县市多呈现自身高、周边低的城镇化格局;③ 与内地相似,第二、三产业从业机会是推动青藏高原城镇化发展重要因素,社会公共服务资源对城镇化拉动作用开始凸显。研究结果可以为青藏高原人类活动研究和青藏高原就地就近城镇化可持续发展政策提供参考。     

Evolutionary Pattern and Effect of Administrative Division Adjustment During Urbanization of China: Empirical Analysis on Multiple Scales

The adjustment of administrative divisions is one of the important factors guiding China’s urbanization, which has profound economic and social effects for regional development. In this paper, we comprehensively describe the process of the adjustment of administrative divisions at provincial and municipal levels in China and summarize the effects on the basic structure and patterns of the spatial development. We quantitatively assess the effects on fields such as urbanization and social economy through the use of multidimensional scaling. The results show that: 1) Upgrading county to municipality (or city-governed district) is the main way of adjusting the administrative divisions. It is also an important factor in the spatial differentiation of interprovincial urbanization. China’s population urbanization can be divided into four patterns including interprovincial migration, provincial migration, natural growth, and growth caused by the adjustment of administrative divisions, which is also the main reason for the increased Chinese urbanization rate at the provincial level. 2) Taking the city of Beijing as an example, we generalize five adjustment patterns made to administrative divisions: the set-up of sub-districts, the set-up of regional offices, the upgrading of townships to sub-districts, the upgrading of townships to towns, and the set-up of towns and the addition of new regional offices. We summarize the municipal urban spatial structure, including the sub-district office area in the central urban area, the regional office area in the new urban area, the mixed area of villages, towns, and sub-district offices in the suburb area, and the township area in the outer suburb area. 3) The adjustment of administrative divisions triggers a significant circulative accumulation effect, resulting in the spatial locking of population and industrial agglomeration. It affects the evolution of the urban spatial form and plays an important role in shaping the urban spatial structure to move to the characteristic of multicenter. In general, the adjustment of administrative divisions was an important factor affecting the inflated statistical level of urbanization and also an important driving force for the evolution of Chinese urban spatial organization structure.     

夜光遥感大数据视角下的中国城市化时空特征

社会经济的高速发展直接驱动了中国过去几十年的持续快速城市化进程。城市化是一个典型的复杂地理现象,伴随着高密度人口聚集、土地利用改变、基础设施建设和生态环境变化等系列人和自然交互过程的发生。深入理解城市发展的时空演化规律对研究、规划、管理和相关政策制定在内的诸多领域都有十分重要的意义。近些年来,由于快速发展的夜光遥感大数据具有空间清晰的与城市化有关的社会经济活动强度的感知信息,其为探索城市和城市化问题提供了新的研究途径。虽然有许多成果对利用夜光遥感数据进行城市化的研究进行了探讨,但大部分集中在城市化面积、人口规模和其他社会经济变量的定量相关和数值统计分析上,仍然缺乏对中国过去几十年来的城市化时空特征的综合多角度分析和理解。本研究利用1992-2013年的夜光遥感时间序列大数据,从夜光照亮面积、亮度变化时间转折点、不同亮度区的空间结构转换和亮度信号的空间扩散速度4个方面进行了定量化的信息提取与分析。研究结果从夜光辐射遥感大数据的视角综合揭示了中国在过去研究期间包括城市空间扩展、城市化发展的时间分布、城市空间结构演化和城市化活动空间扩散速度在内的定量时空特征。本研究的结果可以为深入理解中国城市化的时空模式与演化特征提供新的参考。     

基于生态空间胁迫的大都市区增长情景模拟

大都市区增长是当前中国城镇化发展的一种主要模式,如何确定其最佳空间增长形态是新型城镇化关注的重要内容之一。本研究立足于未来“生态城市”建设理念,从自然资源生态敏感性和城市发展适宜性角度构建双重约束条件,利用元胞自动机模型构建了生态空间胁迫下的城市增长过程模拟框架,探讨了边缘性增长、生态性增长与协调性增长3种发展模式,并从建设适宜性、生态安全性与斑块紧凑性等角度构建评价指标对模拟方案进行定量化对比。最后,以长江中游城市群的南昌大都市区进行实例应用,结果表明,协调性空间增长模式能最大程度降低城市建设对生态安全空间的侵蚀,大都市区在制定城市增长边界等空间政策时宜参考此种发展模式,基于生态空间胁迫分析的城市增长过程建模是一种有用的规划决策情景分析工具。     

内蒙古自治区人居环境综合适宜性评价及空间优化

科学评价区域人居环境适宜性,是开展国土空间开发适宜性评价的前提,对提高区域资源环境承载能力,促进人与自然和谐发展至关重要。本文以内蒙古自治区为案例,基于栅格尺度从自然与人文2个方面对人居环境适宜性进行评价;将适宜性因子作为城乡建设用地扩展的限制条件,采用MCR模型对城乡建设用地进行模拟,提出区域人居环境空间优化方案,主要结论有：水文与气候条件对内蒙古自治区人居环境的整体限制作用较强;内蒙古自治区人居环境临界适宜与不适宜区占比最高,达到52.8%;高度适宜区占比最低为9%,主要分布在前套平原及西辽河平原,全区人居环境适宜性水平整体偏低。内蒙古自治区城乡建设用地人居环境比较适宜与高度适宜区占绝对优势,适宜比例超过73%,从适宜性空间分布来看,南部整体优于北部,东部整体优于西部,地带性特征明显。内蒙古自治区城乡人居环境不适宜与临界适宜主要表现为自然条件不适宜及对自然保护区的不合理占用。内蒙古自治区城乡建设用地模拟结果显示远期呼包地区一体化连片趋势明显,内蒙古自治区可逐步形成以呼包鄂都市区、赤通都市区为主体,以文化特色鲜明、公共设施完善的中心城镇及中心乡村为依托,以人居环境不适宜区为间隔,城乡...