青藏高原热状况和海温异常对亚洲季风季节转换年际变化的影响

本文根据季节转换前后副高脊面附近经向温度梯度变号的本质,利用相关分析和合成分析等方法研究了季节转换年际变化与外部影响因子的联系. 结果表明,冬春季青藏高原热状况和ENSO（El Nio/Southern Oscillation,厄尔尼诺/南方涛动）是决定亚洲季风区季节转换年际变化的主要因素. 当冬、春季海温呈现El Nio异常时,Walker环流减弱,于是西太平洋暖池区对流活动受到抑制,而赤道东太平洋对流活动加强则强迫赤道印度洋地区产生绝热下沉运动,使得印度洋地区大气偏暖,结果增大了南北向温度梯度,季节转换往往偏晚. 反之,季节转换偏早. 初春高原上空对流层中高层的气温异常对于判断季节转换迟早有很好的指示意义.     

Modeling the East Asian climate during the last glacial maximum

Climatologists have been paying much attention to the global and regional climatic charac-teristics during the LGM. A lot of paleodata were obtained in East Asia during the LGM[1—5] and laid the firm foundation of reconstructing East Asian paleoclimate t…     

Possible dynamics of normal fault earthquakes in the upper crust of the south part of the Qinghai-Xizang plateau

A numerical model for generating normal fault earthquakes in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau’s upper crust is constructed with 3-D elasto-viscous finite element method. Based on the numerical simulation calculation, some conclusions were got: If the effective viscosity of the upper crust material is less than that of lower strata of the crust in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, even under the strong push of India continent, the stress state of the upper crust can still be extensional in south part of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Numerical simulations show that the stress state changes with the depth of the lithosphere, from extensional stress state in upper crust to compressive in the lower part. Extensional stress state may exist mainly in the upper crust of the south part of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.     

Method development for estimating soil organic carbon content in an alpine region using soil moisture data

The high soil organic carbon(SOC) content in alpine meadow can significantly change soil hydrothermal properties and further affect the soil temperature and moisture as well as the surface water and energy budget. Therefore, this study first introduces a parameterization scheme to describe the effect of SOC content on soil hydraulic and thermal parameters in a land surface model(LSM), and then the SOC content is estimated by minimizing the difference between observed and simulated surface-layer soil moisture. The accuracy of the estimated SOC content was evaluated using in situ observation data at a soil moisture and temperature-measuring network in Naqu, central Tibetan Plateau. Sensitivity experiments show that the optimum time window for stabilizing the estimation results cannot be shorter than three years. In the experimental area, the estimated SOC content can generally reflect the spatial distribution of the measurements, with a root mean square error of 0.099 m^3 m^-3, a mean bias of 0.043 m^3 m^-3, and a correlation coefficient of 0.695. The estimated SOC content is not sensitive to the temporal frequency of the soil moisture data input. Even if the temporal frequency is as low as that of current soil moisture products derived from passive microwave satellites, the estimation result is still stable. Therefore, by combining a high-quality satellite soil moisture product and a parameter optimization method, it is possible to obtain grid-scale effective parameter values, such as SOC content,for an LSM and improve the simulation ability of the LSM.     

Possible dynamics of normal－fault earthquakes in the upper crust of the south part of the Qinghai－Xizang Plateau

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Evaluating model of frozen soil environment change under engineering actions

The change of frozen soil environment is evaluated by permafrost thermal stability, thermal thaw sensibility and surface landscape stability and the quantitatively evaluating model of frozen soil environment is proposed in this paper. The evaluating model of frozen soil environment is calculated by 28 ground temperature measurements along Qinghai-Xizang Highway. The relationships of thermal thaw sensibility and freezing and thawing processes and seasonally thawing depth, thermal stability and permafrost table temperature, mean annual ground temperature and seasonally thawing depth, and surface landscape stability and freezing and thawing hazards and their forming possibility are analyzed. The results show that thermal stability, thermal thaw sensibility and surface landscape stability can be used to evaluate and predict the change of frozen soil environment under human engineering action.     

中国21kaBP气候模拟的初步试验

本文使用含有陆面过程的９层大气环流谱模式（ＡＧＣＭ＋ＳＳｉＢ）,在地球轨道参数和下垫面边界条件驱动下,对２１ｋａＢＰ的气候进行模拟试验。结果表明,２１ｋａＢＰ时中国东部干旱,西部和青藏高原湿润,全国普遍降温。该模拟结果基本捕捉了由古湖泊资料和孢粉资料重建的气候特征。对模式输出的大气环流场和降水场的分析揭示出,２１ｋａＢＰ东亚夏季风环流明显减弱,而青高原夏季风环流增强;冬季风环流较现在略有增强。该模     

Assimilation and High Resolution Forecasts of Surface and Near Surface Conditions for the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games

A dynamical model was experimentally implemented to provide high resolution forecasts at points of interests in the 2010 Vancouver Olympics and Paralympics Region. In a first experiment, GEM-Surf, the near surface and land surface modeling system, is driven by operational atmospheric forecasts and used to refine the surface forecasts according to local surface conditions such as elevation and vegetation type. In this simple form, temperature and snow depth forecasts are improved mainly as a result of the better representation of real elevation. In a second experiment, screen level observations and operational atmospheric forecasts are blended to drive a continuous cycle of near surface and land surface hindcasts. Hindcasts of the previous day conditions are then regarded as today’s optimized initial conditions. Hence, in this experiment, given observations are available, observation driven hindcasts continuously ensure that daily forecasts are issued from improved initial conditions. GEM-Surf forecasts obtained from improved short-range hindcasts produced using these better conditions result in improved snow depth forecasts. In a third experiment, assimilation of snow depth data is applied to further optimize GEM-Surf’s initial conditions, in addition to the use of blended observations and forecasts for forcing. Results show that snow depth and summer temperature forecasts are further improved by the addition of snow depth data assimilation.     

Research on the 3—D Seismic Structures in Qinghai—Xizang Plateau

Based on the recording data from the analogue and broadband digital seismic stations in and around Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet)Platean,the three dimensiomal 3-D) seismic velocity stroctures in Qinghai-Xizang Plateau were obtained by using the regional body wave tomography and surface wave tomography.The results from these two tomography methods have similar characteristics for P-and S-wave velocity structures in crust and upper mantle.They show that there are remarkahle low velocity zones in the upper crust of L hasa block in the southern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and the lower crust and upper mantle of Qiangtang block in the northern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.These phenomena may be related to the different steps of collision process in southern and northern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.     

Transpiration and evaporation of grassland using land surface modelling

Partitioning transpiration (T) from evapotranspiration (ET) is a key process for understanding the interaction between land surfaces and the atmosphere. This paper reports daily partitioning results for a grassland over a 10-year period, obtained using the Community Land Model 3.5 (CLM3.5) land surface model. Hourly forcing data were collected from a long-term observation system located in the northeast of Japan ( http://doi.org/10.24575/0001.198108 ). To test the model behavior, total ET was validated using eddy correlation measurements combined with the energy balance method. The results were compared with previous research using an isotope approach for partitioning. The results demonstrate that our model can capture the dynamics of ET and its components at this location. Evaporation (E), originating from the ground and canopy, varied inter-annually, and from 2006 to 2015, average annual E was approximately 285 mm/year from the ground and 45 mm/year from the canopy. Average, T, was approximately 302 mm/year, accounting for approximately 48% of the total ET. Inter-annual results demonstrate that the water flux transported by vegetation ranges from 17 to 83% during the April–October period. A sensitivity test conducted with forcing data indicates air temperature, incident solar radiation, and longwave radiation exhibited a notable effect on all ET components. Relative humidity exhibited the only negative feedback to both evaporation and transpiration, contrary to the other forcing parameters. Our study reemphasized the effectiveness of CLM3.5 in partitioning T from ET and in understanding the complex interaction between land surfaces and the atmosphere.     

Modelling and analysis of the impact of irrigation on local arid climate over northwest China

This study focuses on how irrigation processes affect local climate over arid areas. The chosen study area is northwest China, a typical arid region where three dominant land‐use types are irrigated cropland, grassland, and desert. Observational analysis indicates that the highest precipitation, the coolest surface temperatures, and the slowest warming trend are seen over irrigated cropland from 1979 to 2005. The single column atmospheric model (SCAM), developed by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), was used to investigate and better understand the differences in long‐term climate conditions and change over the above three land‐use types. The results indicate that local climate conditions are predominantly controlled by large‐scale forcing in this arid region and that local land surface forcing related to vegetation cover change and irrigation processes also has a significant impact. This study strongly suggests that a realistic climate forecast for this region can be achieved only with both accurate large‐scale and local climate forcing. The irrigated cropland of the region generates stronger evaporation that cools the surface and slows the warming trend more than does the evaporation from the natural grassland and desert. Stronger evaporation also significantly increases precipitation, potentially alleviating the stress of irrigation demands in arid regions. A series of sensitivity SCAM simulations indicate that a drier and warmer climate occurs with decreasing vegetation cover in the irrigated cropland region. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Feedbacks between vegetation restoration and local precipitation over the Loess Plateau in China

The implementation of large-scale vegetation restoration over the Chinese Loess Plateau has achieved clear improvements in vegetation fraction, as evidenced by large areas of slopes and plains being restored to grassland or forest.However, such large-scale vegetation restoration has altered land-atmosphere exchanges of water and energy, as the land surface characteristics have changed. These variations could affect regional climate, especially local precipitation. Quantitatively evaluating this feedback is an important scientific question in hydrometeorology. This study constructs a coupled land-atmosphere model incorporating vegetation dynamics, and analyzes the spatio-temporal changes of different land use types and land surface parameters over the Loess Plateau. By considering the impacts of vegetation restoration on the water-energy cycle and on land-atmosphere interactions, we quantified the feedback effect of vegetation restoration on local precipitation across the Loess Plateau, and discussed the important underlying processes. To achieve a quantitative evaluation, we designed two simulation experiments, comprising a real scenario with vegetation restoration and a hypothetical scenario without vegetation restoration.These enabled a comparison and analysis of the net impact of vegetation restoration on local precipitation. The results show that vegetation restoration had a positive effect on local precipitation over the Loess Plateau. Observations show that precipitation on the Loess Plateau increased significantly, at a rate of 7.84 mm yr~(-2), from 2000 to 2015. The simulations show that the contribution of large-scale vegetation restoration to the precipitation increase was about 37.4%, while external atmospheric circulation changes beyond the Loess Plateau contributed the other 62.6%. The average annual precipitation under the vegetation restoration scenario over the Loess Plateau was 12.4% higher than that under the scenario without vegetation restoration. The above research results have important theoretical and practical significance for the ecological protection and optimal development of the Loess Plateau, as well as the sustainable management of vegetation restoration.     

Research on the method for retrieving soil moisture using thermal inertia model

1 Introduction Thermal inertia is a bulk property that shows the re- sistance of a material to an input or output of heat. This plays a very important role in certain geological and hydrological studies, and climate modeling. In the 1970s, a simple thermal inertia model was proposed by Watson et al.[1―3]. Pratt (1979)[4] improved the thermal inertia model based on application tests where more factors were considered such as solar ra- diance, thermal conductivity effect, average humidity of g…     

2008年汶川地震近断裂区域变形场的空间分布

应用Yoshimitsu Okada及Steketee静态断裂位错模型及目前汶川地震研究成果,理论上反演龙门山近断裂区域在汶川地震中从震源深处至地表的变形(应变)场分布.通过矢量合成及坐标变换方法将Yoshimitsu Okada单一静态断裂位错模型应用于龙门山断裂带错裂研究中,重点研究汶川地震中因龙门山中央主断裂中、北段和山前断裂中段共同错动形成的应变场.模拟揭示了应变场平面和垂直分量的空间分布特征.研究发现:应变场垂直分量的幅值在震源深处大于地表,但在地表分布范围较大;应变场沿断裂走向分量的幅值和影响范围由震源深度至地表均逐渐增加;应变场垂直于断裂走向分量的变化情况类似于垂直向应变场;震源深度附近的大变形可能为龙门山断裂在地震中强烈挤压形成的塑性变形.研究表明从震源至地表,所有应变场分量从断裂两侧附近位置至远离断裂,幅值均迅速衰减;其中地表部分的最大变形与现有计算成果近似,变形场的变化特征与地表科考近似,断裂两盘变形方向与震后InSAR资料揭示的情况一致.     

A preliminary study on vegetation-erosion dynamics and its applications

The development of vegetation in mountainous and hilly areas depends on the local climate, precipitation, soil texture, parent material, topography, soil erosion, types of land use and human activities. Among them, soil erosion is an important natural factor and impacts the vegetation development directly and indirectly, changing the morphology and even changing the cli-mate. An erosion-induced efflux of carbon is about 1.14 billion tons per year totally from soil to the at-mosphere, which gen…     

青藏高原中东部地区土壤湿度模拟性能评估以及误差分析

土壤湿度不仅是地表水循环的重要组成部分,而且对天气和气候也有重要影响,它的模拟误差严重阻碍了人们对水循环的认知.本文首先评估了1°×1°水平分辨率的全球陆面数据同化产品(Global Land Data Assimilation System,GLDAS)对青藏高原中部那曲地区和东部玛曲地区土壤湿度的模拟性能;鉴于GLDAS较粗的分辨率无法精细描述分析区域土壤湿度空间分布特征,于是我们基于通用陆面过程模式(Community Land Surface Model,Version 4.5),开展了高分辨率0.1°×0.1°的模拟,并对高分辨率模拟土壤湿度误差的原因进行了深入分析.结果表明:(1)GLDAS陆面数据同化产品和高分辨率陆面模式模拟结果都可以反映出土壤湿度的季节变化特征,但在非冻结期均存在不同程度的干偏差,尤其是在玛曲地区;(2)对比观测和模拟的土壤湿度发现,观测数据表现出强烈的空间异质性,而模拟结果呈现出的是空间均一性.按照模拟误差进行归类分组,对比模拟性能优劣的两组站点发现,模式物理过程不是模拟性能差异的主要因素,而两组站点间地表特征参数中的土壤质地和地形参数,以及驱动数据均没有体现出空间异质性,这可能是土壤湿度模拟结果没有表现出空间异质性的原因.     

降水条件下的典型干旱区陆面特征模拟验证

利用“我国西北干旱区陆－气相互作用观测试验"在敦煌双墩子戈壁站取得的观测资料及最近的一些研究成果对陆面模式中反照率、相似性函数及地表粗糙度(动量粗糙度,标量粗糙度)3个方面的参数化方案进行了改进,然后对一次典型降水过程的陆面特征及近地层的风、温、湿进行了模拟.结果表明：改进的模式能对降水条件下的干旱区陆面特征进行较好的模拟,其中对辐射、地表温度的模拟相当好,而对能量的模拟虽然还有要改进的地方,但总体结果令人满意;另外改进后的模式对近地层的温度和湿度的模拟也有明显的改善.     

Spatial distribution of surface energy fluxes over the Loess Plateau in China and its relationship with climate and the environment

China's Loess Plateau is located at the edge of the Asian summer monsoon in a transition zone of climate and ecology. In the Loess Plateau, climate and environments change along with space, which has an obvious impact on the spatial distribution of surface energy fluxes. Because of scarce land-surface observation sites and short observation time in this area, previous studies have failed to fully understand the land-surface energy balance characteristics over the entire the Loess Plateau and their effect mechanisms. In this paper, we first test the simulation ability of the Community Land Model(CLM) model by comparing its simulated data with observed data. Based on the simulation data for the Loess Plateau over the past thirty years, we then analyze the spatial distribution of surface energy fluxes and compare the pattern differences between the area averages for the driest year and wettest year. Furthermore, we analyze the relationship between the spatial distribution of the components of the surface energy balance with longitude, latitude, altitude, precipitation and temperature. The main results are as follows: the spatial distribution of surface energy fluxes are significantly different, with the surface net radiation and sensible heat flux increasing from south to north and latent heat flux and soil heat flux decreasing from southeast to northwest. The sensible heat flux at the driest point is nearly twice as high as that at the wettest point, whereas the latent heat flux and soil heat flux at the driest point are half as much as that at the wettest point. The impact of variations of annual precipitation on the components of the surface energy balance is also obvious, and the maximum magnitude of the changes to the sensible heat flux and latent heat flux is nearly 30%. To a certain extent, geographical factors(including longitude, latitude, and altitude) and climate factors(including temperature and precipitation) affect the surface energy fluxes. However, the surface net radiation is more closely related to latitude and altitude, sensible heat flux is more closely related to the monsoon rainfall and latitude, and latent heat flux and soil heat flux are more closely related to the monsoon rainfall.     

南京城市化进程对大气边界层的影响研究

为了研究城市化进程对城市边界层结构的影响,通过高分辨率的卫星遥感资料获得土地利用类型,以及地表反照率、植被指数等地表参数,以南京为例,运用数值模拟手段进行了研究,结果显示这是一种可行的手段.数值模拟结果表明,随着城市的发展,城市反照率减小、植被减少、地表湿度减小,蒸发耗热减少,感热通量增加140 W/m2,城市波恩比增加.地表和大气之间热量交换加强,湍流热量通量增大了一倍,湍流交换发展加剧,14：00混合层高度抬高了500 m.地表湍流水汽通量和空气中水汽含量都减小,这也使更多的热量用于加热地表和大气,使地温、气温的日变化幅度增加.